A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium

doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70772-8

Review

. 2015 Jan;15(1):85-94.

doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70772-8. Epub 2014 Sep 29.

A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium

William Checkley¹, A Clinton White Jr², Devan Jaganath³, Michael J Arrowood⁴, Rachel M Chalmers⁵, Xian-Ming Chen⁶, Ronald Fayer⁷, Jeffrey K Griffiths⁸, Richard L Guerrant⁹, Lizbeth Hedstrom¹⁰, Christopher D Huston¹¹, Karen L Kotloff¹², Gagandeep Kang¹³, Jan R Mead¹⁴, Mark Miller¹⁵, William A Petri Jr⁹, Jeffrey W Priest⁴, David S Roos¹⁶, Boris Striepen¹⁷, R C Andrew Thompson¹⁸, Honorine D Ward¹⁹, Wesley A Van Voorhis²⁰, Lihua Xiao⁴, Guan Zhu²¹, Eric R Houpt⁹

Affiliations

¹ Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: wcheckl1@jhmi.edu.
² Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
³ Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁴ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵ National Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales, Swansea, UK.
⁶ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA.
⁷ Environmental Microbial Food Safety Laboratory, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.
⁸ Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁹ Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
¹¹ Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
¹² Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
¹³ Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
¹⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA.
¹⁵ Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁷ Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
¹⁸ School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹⁹ Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center Boston, MA, USA.
²⁰ Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division, Departments of Medicine, Global Health, and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
²¹ Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.

PMID: 25278220
PMCID: PMC4401121
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70772-8

Review

A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium

William Checkley et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Jan.

. 2015 Jan;15(1):85-94.

doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70772-8. Epub 2014 Sep 29.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: wcheckl1@jhmi.edu.
² Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
³ Program in Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁴ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵ National Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales, Swansea, UK.
⁶ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA.
⁷ Environmental Microbial Food Safety Laboratory, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.
⁸ Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
⁹ Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
¹¹ Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
¹² Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
¹³ Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
¹⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA.
¹⁵ Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁷ Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
¹⁸ School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹⁹ Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center Boston, MA, USA.
²⁰ Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division, Departments of Medicine, Global Health, and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
²¹ Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.

PMID: 25278220
PMCID: PMC4401121
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70772-8

Abstract

Cryptosporidium spp are well recognised as causes of diarrhoeal disease during waterborne epidemics and in immunocompromised hosts. Studies have also drawn attention to an underestimated global burden and suggest major gaps in optimum diagnosis, treatment, and immunisation. Cryptosporidiosis is increasingly identified as an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in low-resource settings and high-income countries have confirmed the importance of cryptosporidium as a cause of diarrhoea and childhood malnutrition. Diagnostic tests for cryptosporidium infection are suboptimum, necessitating specialised tests that are often insensitive. Antigen-detection and PCR improve sensitivity, and multiplexed antigen detection and molecular assays are underused. Therapy has some effect in healthy hosts and no proven efficacy in patients with AIDS. Use of cryptosporidium genomes has helped to identify promising therapeutic targets, and drugs are in development, but methods to assess the efficacy in vitro and in animals are not well standardised. Partial immunity after exposure suggests the potential for successful vaccines, and several are in development; however, surrogates of protection are not well defined. Improved methods for propagation and genetic manipulation of the organism would be significant advances.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests

We declare no competing interests.

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References

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1. Current WL, Reese NC, Ernst JV, Bailey WS, Heyman MB, Weinstein WM. Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons. Studies of an outbreak and experimental transmission. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:1252–57. - PubMed
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1. Sallon S, Deckelbaum RJ, Schmid II, Harlap S, Baras M, Spira DT. Cryptosporidium, malnutrition, and chronic diarrhea in children. Am J Dis Child. 1988;142:312–15. - PubMed

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[1] White AC., Jr Cryptosporidiosis and the ears of the hippopotamus. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1373–74. - PubMed

[2] White AC., Jr Cryptosporidiosis and the ears of the hippopotamus. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:1373–74. - PubMed

[3] Current WL, Reese NC, Ernst JV, Bailey WS, Heyman MB, Weinstein WM. Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons. Studies of an outbreak and experimental transmission. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:1252–57. - PubMed

[4] Current WL, Reese NC, Ernst JV, Bailey WS, Heyman MB, Weinstein WM. Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons. Studies of an outbreak and experimental transmission. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:1252–57. - PubMed

[5] Soave R, Danner RL, Honig CL, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:504–11. - PubMed

[6] Soave R, Danner RL, Honig CL, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:504–11. - PubMed

[7] D’Antonio RG, Winn RE, Taylor JP, et al. A waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in normal hosts. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:886–88. - PubMed

[8] D’Antonio RG, Winn RE, Taylor JP, et al. A waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in normal hosts. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:886–88. - PubMed

[9] Sallon S, Deckelbaum RJ, Schmid II, Harlap S, Baras M, Spira DT. Cryptosporidium, malnutrition, and chronic diarrhea in children. Am J Dis Child. 1988;142:312–15. - PubMed

[10] Sallon S, Deckelbaum RJ, Schmid II, Harlap S, Baras M, Spira DT. Cryptosporidium, malnutrition, and chronic diarrhea in children. Am J Dis Child. 1988;142:312–15. - PubMed

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A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium

Affiliations

A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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