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Review
. 2014 Jul 22:5:353.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00353. eCollection 2014.

Recognition of human oncogenic viruses by host pattern-recognition receptors

Nelson C Di Paolo  1
Affiliations
Review

Recognition of human oncogenic viruses by host pattern-recognition receptors

Nelson C Di Paolo. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

Human oncogenic viruses include Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papilloma virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus, Kaposi's associated sarcoma virus, and Merkel cell polyomavirus. It would be expected that during virus-host interaction, the immune system would recognize these pathogens and eliminate them. However, through evolution, these viruses have developed a number of strategies to avoid such an outcome and successfully establish chronic infections. The persistent nature of the infection caused by these viruses is associated with their oncogenic potential. In this article, we will review the latest information on the interaction between oncogenic viruses and the innate immune system of the host. In particular, we will summarize the available knowledge on the recognition by host pattern-recognition receptors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns present in the incoming viral particle or generated during the virus' life cycle. We will also review the data on the recognition of cell-derived danger associated molecular patterns generated during the virus infection that may impact the outcome of the host-pathogen interaction and the development cancer.

Keywords: PRRs; cancer; innate immunity; innate sensors; oncogenic viruses.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Molecular sensors that have been proposed to detect oncolytic viruses (to the best of our knowledge, no sensor has been yet definitively shown for MCPyV). It should be noted that most of the interactions between the described oncolytic viruses and the proposed sensor awaits verification in relevant in vivo models. Question marks are intended to denote those sensors for which there is particularly conflicting data; please see specific sections in text for further details.
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