Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60844-8

Multicenter Study

. 2014 Sep 13;384(9947):1005-70.

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60844-8. Epub 2014 Jul 22.

Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Christopher J L Murray¹, Katrina F Ortblad¹, Caterina Guinovart¹, Stephen S Lim¹, Timothy M Wolock¹, D Allen Roberts¹, Emily A Dansereau¹, Nicholas Graetz¹, Ryan M Barber¹, Jonathan C Brown¹, Haidong Wang¹, Herbert C Duber¹, Mohsen Naghavi¹, Daniel Dicker¹, Lalit Dandona², Joshua A Salomon³, Kyle R Heuton¹, Kyle Foreman⁴, David E Phillips¹, Thomas D Fleming¹, Abraham D Flaxman¹, Bryan K Phillips¹, Elizabeth K Johnson¹, Megan S Coggeshall¹, Foad Abd-Allah⁵, Semaw Ferede Abera⁶, Jerry P Abraham⁷, Ibrahim Abubakar⁸, Laith J Abu-Raddad⁹, Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh¹⁰, Tom Achoki¹¹, Austine Olufemi Adeyemo¹², Arsène Kouablan Adou¹³, José C Adsuar¹⁴, Emilie Elisabet Agardh¹⁵, Dickens Akena¹⁶, Mazin J Al Kahbouri¹⁷, Deena Alasfoor¹⁷, Mohammed I Albittar¹⁸, Gabriel Alcalá-Cerra¹⁹, Miguel Angel Alegretti²⁰, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu²¹, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho²², Samia Alhabib²³, Raghib Ali²⁴, Francois Alla²⁵, Peter J Allen²⁶, Ubai Alsharif²⁷, Elena Alvarez²⁸, Nelson Alvis-Guzman²⁹, Adansi A Amankwaa³⁰, Azmeraw T Amare³¹, Hassan Amini³², Walid Ammar³³, Benjamin O Anderson²², Carl Abelardo T Antonio³⁴, Palwasha Anwari³⁵, Johan Arnlöv³⁶, Valentina S Arsic Arsenijevic³⁷, Ali Artaman³⁸, Rana J Asghar³⁹, Reza Assadi⁴⁰, Lydia S Atkins⁴¹, Alaa Badawi⁴², Kalpana Balakrishnan⁴³, Amitava Banerjee⁴⁴, Sanjay Basu⁴⁵, Justin Beardsley⁴⁶, Tolesa Bekele⁴⁷, Michelle L Bell⁴⁸, Eduardo Bernabe⁴⁹, Tariku Jibat Beyene⁵⁰, Neeraj Bhala⁵¹, Ashish Bhalla⁵², Zulfiqar A Bhutta⁵³, Aref Bin Abdulhak⁵⁴, Agnes Binagwaho⁵⁵, Jed D Blore⁵⁶, Berrak Bora Basara⁵⁷, Dipan Bose⁵⁸, Michael Brainin⁵⁹, Nicholas Breitborde⁶⁰, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela⁶¹, Ferrán Catalá-López⁶², Vineet K Chadha⁶³, Jung-Chen Chang⁶⁴, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang⁶⁵, Ting-Wu Chuang⁶⁶, Mercedes Colomar⁶⁷, Leslie Trumbull Cooper⁶⁸, Cyrus Cooper⁶⁹, Karen J Courville⁷⁰, Benjamin C Cowie⁷¹, Michael H Criqui⁷², Rakhi Dandona⁷³, Anand Dayama⁷⁴, Diego De Leo⁷⁵, Louisa Degenhardt⁷⁶, Borja Del Pozo-Cruz⁷⁷, Kebede Deribe⁵⁰, Don C Des Jarlais⁷⁸, Muluken Dessalegn⁷⁹, Samath D Dharmaratne⁸⁰, Uğur Dilmen⁸¹, Eric L Ding⁸², Tim R Driscoll⁸³, Adnan M Durrani⁸⁴, Richard G Ellenbogen⁸⁵, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov⁸⁶, Alireza Esteghamati⁸⁷, Emerito Jose A Faraon³⁴, Farshad Farzadfar⁸⁸, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad⁸⁹, Daniel Obadare Fijabi⁹⁰, Mohammad H Forouzanfar¹, Urbano Fra Paleo¹⁴, Lynne Gaffikin⁹¹, Amiran Gamkrelidze⁹², Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé⁹³, Johanna M Geleijnse⁹⁴, Bradford D Gessner⁹⁵, Katherine B Gibney⁹⁶, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed Ginawi⁹⁷, Elizabeth L Glaser⁹⁸, Philimon Gona⁹⁹, Atsushi Goto¹⁰⁰, Hebe N Gouda¹⁰¹, Harish Chander Gugnani¹⁰², Rajeev Gupta¹⁰³, Rahul Gupta¹⁰⁴, Nima Hafezi-Nejad⁸⁷, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh¹⁰⁵, Mouhanad Hammami¹⁰⁶, Graeme J Hankey¹⁰⁷, Hilda L Harb³³, Josep Maria Haro¹⁰⁸, Rasmus Havmoeller¹⁰⁹, Simon I Hay²⁴, Mohammad T Hedayati¹¹⁰, Ileana B Heredia Pi¹¹¹, Hans W Hoek¹¹², John C Hornberger¹¹³, H Dean Hosgood¹¹⁴, Peter J Hotez¹¹⁵, Damian G Hoy¹¹⁶, John J Huang⁴⁸, Kim M Iburg¹¹⁷, Bulat T Idrisov¹¹⁸, Kaire Innos¹¹⁹, Kathryn H Jacobsen¹²⁰, Panniyammakal Jeemon¹²¹, Paul N Jensen²², Vivekanand Jha⁵², Guohong Jiang¹²², Jost B Jonas¹²³, Knud Juel¹²⁴, Haidong Kan¹²⁵, Ida Kankindi⁵⁵, Nadim E Karam¹²⁶, André Karch¹²⁷, Corine Kakizi Karema¹²⁸, Anil Kaul¹²⁹, Norito Kawakami¹³⁰, Dhruv S Kazi¹³¹, Andrew H Kemp¹³², Andre Pascal Kengne¹³³, Andre Keren¹³⁴, Maia Kereselidze⁹², Yousef Saleh Khader¹³⁵, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa¹³⁶, Ejaz Ahmed Khan¹³⁷, Young-Ho Khang¹³⁸, Irma Khonelidze⁹², Yohannes Kinfu¹³⁹, Jonas M Kinge¹⁴⁰, Luke Knibbs¹⁰¹, Yoshihiro Kokubo¹⁴¹, S Kosen¹⁴², Barthelemy Kuate Defo¹⁴³, Veena S Kulkarni¹⁴⁴, Chanda Kulkarni¹⁴⁵, Kaushalendra Kumar¹⁴⁶, Ravi B Kumar¹⁴⁷, G Anil Kumar⁷³, Gene F Kwan¹⁴⁸, Taavi Lai¹⁴⁹, Arjun Lakshmana Balaji⁵⁶, Hilton Lam¹⁵⁰, Qing Lan¹⁵¹, Van C Lansingh¹⁵², Heidi J Larson¹⁵³, Anders Larsson³⁶, Jong-Tae Lee¹⁵⁴, James Leigh¹⁵⁵, Mall Leinsalu¹¹⁹, Ricky Leung¹⁵⁶, Yichong Li¹⁵⁷, Yongmei Li¹⁵⁷, Graça Maria Ferreira De Lima¹⁵⁸, Hsien-Ho Lin¹⁵⁹, Steven E Lipshultz¹⁶⁰, Shiwei Liu¹⁶¹, Yang Liu¹⁶², Belinda K Lloyd¹⁶³, Paulo A Lotufo¹³², Vasco Manuel Pedro Machado¹⁶⁴, Jennifer H Maclachlan⁷¹, Carlos Magis-Rodriguez¹⁶⁵, Marek Majdan¹⁶⁶, Christopher Chabila Mapoma¹⁶⁷, Wagner Marcenes¹⁶⁸, Melvin Barrientos Marzan¹⁶⁹, Joseph R Masci¹⁷⁰, Mohammad Taufiq Mashal¹⁷¹, Amanda J Mason-Jones¹⁷², Bongani M Mayosi¹⁷³, Tasara T Mazorodze¹⁷⁴, Abigail Cecilia Mckay¹⁷⁵, Peter A Meaney¹⁷⁶, Man Mohan Mehndiratta¹⁷⁷, Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez¹¹¹, Yohannes Adama Melaku¹⁷⁸, Ziad A Memish¹⁷⁹, Walter Mendoza¹⁸⁰, Ted R Miller¹⁸¹, Edward J Mills¹⁸², Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad¹⁸³, Ali H Mokdad¹, Glen Liddell Mola¹⁸⁴, Lorenzo Monasta¹⁸⁵, Marcella Montico¹⁸⁵, Ami R Moore¹⁸⁶, Rintaro Mori¹⁸⁷, Wilkister Nyaora Moturi¹⁸⁸, Mitsuru Mukaigawara¹⁸⁹, Kinnari S Murthy⁷³, Aliya Naheed¹⁹⁰, Kovin S Naidoo¹⁹¹, Luigi Naldi¹⁹², Vinay Nangia¹⁹³, K M Venkat Narayan¹⁶², Denis Nash¹⁹⁴, Chakib Nejjari¹⁹⁵, Robert G Nelson¹⁹⁶, Sudan Prasad Neupane¹⁹⁷, Charles R Newton¹⁹⁸, Marie Ng¹, Muhammad Imran Nisar¹⁹⁹, Sandra Nolte²⁷, Ole F Norheim²⁰⁰, Vincent Nowaseb²⁰¹, Luke Nyakarahuka¹⁶, In-Hwan Oh²⁰², Takayoshi Ohkubo²⁰³, Bolajoko O Olusanya²⁰⁴, Saad B Omer¹⁶², John Nelson Opio²⁰⁵, Orish Ebere Orisakwe²⁰⁶, Jeyaraj D Pandian²⁰⁷, Christina Papachristou²⁷, Angel J Paternina Caicedo²⁹, Scott B Patten²⁰⁸, Vinod K Paul²⁰⁹, Boris Igor Pavlin²¹⁰, Neil Pearce¹⁵³, David M Pereira²¹¹, Aslam Pervaiz²¹², Konrad Pesudovs²¹³, Max Petzold²¹⁴, Farshad Pourmalek²¹⁵, Dima Qato²¹⁶, Amado D Quezada¹¹¹, D Alex Quistberg²², Anwar Rafay²¹⁷, Kazem Rahimi²⁴, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar²¹⁸, Sajjad Ur Rahman²¹⁹, Murugesan Raju²²⁰, Saleem M Rana²²¹, Homie Razavi²²², Robert Quentin Reilly²²³, Giuseppe Remuzzi²²⁴, Jan Hendrik Richardus²²⁵, Luca Ronfani¹⁸⁵, Nobhojit Roy²²⁶, Nsanzimana Sabin²²⁷, Mohammad Yahya Saeedi¹⁷⁹, Mohammad Ali Sahraian²²⁸, Genesis May J Samonte²²⁹, Monika Sawhney²³⁰, Ione J C Schneider²³¹, David C Schwebel²³², Soraya Seedat²³³, Sadaf G Sepanlou²³⁴, Edson E Servan-Mori¹¹¹, Sara Sheikhbahaei⁸⁷, Kenji Shibuya²³⁵, Hwashin Hyun Shin²³⁶, Ivy Shiue²³⁷, Rupak Shivakoti²³⁸, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir²³⁹, Donald H Silberberg²⁴⁰, Andrea P Silva²⁴¹, Edgar P Simard²⁴², Jasvinder A Singh²³², Vegard Skirbekk¹⁴⁰, Karen Sliwa²⁴³, Samir Soneji²⁴⁴, Sergey S Soshnikov²⁴⁵, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy²⁴⁶, Vasiliki Kalliopi Stathopoulou²⁴⁷, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis²⁴⁸, Soumya Swaminathan²⁴⁹, Bryan L Sykes²⁵⁰, Karen M Tabb²⁵¹, Roberto Tchio Talongwa²⁵², Eric Yeboah Tenkorang²⁵³, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi²⁵⁴, Alan J Thomson²⁵⁵, Andrew L Thorne-Lyman²⁵⁶, Jeffrey A Towbin²⁵⁷, Jefferson Traebert²⁵⁸, Bach X Tran²⁵⁹, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene²⁶⁰, Miltiadis Tsilimbaris²⁶¹, Uche S Uchendu²⁶², Kingsley N Ukwaja²⁶³, Selen Begüm Uzun⁸¹, Andrew J Vallely²⁶⁴, Tommi J Vasankari²⁶⁵, N Venketasubramanian²⁶⁶, Francesco S Violante²⁶⁷, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov²⁶⁸, Stein Emil Vollset²⁶⁹, Stephen Waller²⁷⁰, Mitchell T Wallin²⁷¹, Linhong Wang¹⁶¹, XiaoRong Wang²⁷², Yanping Wang²⁷³, Scott Weichenthal²³⁶, Elisabete Weiderpass²⁷⁴, Robert G Weintraub²⁷⁵, Ronny Westerman²⁷⁶, Richard A White²⁷⁷, James D Wilkinson²⁷⁸, Thomas Neil Williams⁴, Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes²⁷⁹, John Q Wong²⁸⁰, Gelin Xu²⁸¹, Yang C Yang²⁸², Yuichiro Yano²⁸³, Gokalp Kadri Yentur⁵⁷, Paul Yip²⁸⁴, Naohiro Yonemoto²⁸⁵, Seok-Jun Yoon¹⁵⁴, Mustafa Younis²⁸⁶, Chuanhua Yu²⁸⁷, Kim Yun Jin²⁸⁸, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki²⁸⁹, Yong Zhao²⁹⁰, Yingfeng Zheng²⁹¹, Maigeng Zhou¹⁶¹, Jun Zhu²⁷³, Xiao Nong Zou²⁹², Alan D Lopez⁵⁶, Theo Vos¹

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA.
² Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
³ Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁴ Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Cairo-University, Cairo, Egypt.
⁶ College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁷ University of Texas School of Medicine San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
⁸ University College London, London, UK.
⁹ Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
¹⁰ Institute of Community and Public Health-Birzeti University, Ramallah, West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory.
¹¹ Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana.
¹² Evidence For Action (MamaYe), Freetown, Western Area, Sierra Leone.
¹³ Association Ivoirienne Pour Le Bien Etre Familial, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
¹⁴ University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
¹⁵ Institution of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁶ Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
¹⁷ Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman.
¹⁸ Independent, Damascus, Syria.
¹⁹ Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Neurociencias (CISNEURO), Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
²⁰ Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Social, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
²¹ Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
²² University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
²³ National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
²⁴ University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
²⁵ School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.
²⁶ Ministry of Health, Belmopan, Cayo, Belize.
²⁷ Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
²⁸ Government, Madrid, Spain.
²⁹ Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
³⁰ Albany State University, Albany, GA, USA.
³¹ Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
³² Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran.
³³ Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon.
³⁴ College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
³⁵ UNFPA, Kabul, Afghanistan.
³⁶ Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
³⁷ Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
³⁸ Median Inc, Windsor, ON, Canada.
³⁹ South Asian Public Health Forum, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁴⁰ Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
⁴¹ Ministry of Health, Wellness, Human Services and Gender Relations, Castries, St. Lucia.
⁴² Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁴³ Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
⁴⁴ University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁴⁵ Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁴⁶ Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁴⁷ Madawalabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia.
⁴⁸ Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁴⁹ King's College London, London, UK.
⁵⁰ Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁵¹ Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.
⁵² Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
⁵³ Aga Khan University Medical Center, Nairobi, Kenya.
⁵⁴ University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
⁵⁵ Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda.
⁵⁶ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁵⁷ General Directorate of Health Research, Ankara, Turkey.
⁵⁸ World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.
⁵⁹ Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria.
⁶⁰ University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
⁶¹ Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia.
⁶² Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency (AEMPS), Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain.
⁶³ National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India.
⁶⁴ National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁵ General Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁶⁶ Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁷ UNICEM, Montevideo, Uruguay.
⁶⁸ Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁶⁹ MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
⁷⁰ Hospital Dr. Gustavo N. Collado, Chitre, Herrera, Panama.
⁷¹ Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁷² University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
⁷³ Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
⁷⁴ Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁷⁵ Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁷⁶ University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁷⁷ University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁷⁸ Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
⁷⁹ Africa Medical and Research Foundation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁸⁰ University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
⁸¹ Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey.
⁸² Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁸³ Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁸⁴ National Institutes of Health, Montgomery Village, MD, USA.
⁸⁵ Harborview and University of Washington Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁸⁶ The Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
⁸⁷ Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁸⁸ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁸⁹ Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹⁰ Heller Graduate School, Waltham, MA, USA.
⁹¹ Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁹² National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁹³ Clinique Coopérative de Parakou, Parakou, Borgou, Benin.
⁹⁴ Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.
⁹⁵ Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France.
⁹⁶ Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁹⁷ College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
⁹⁸ Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Waltham, MA, USA.
⁹⁹ University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Diabetes Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁰¹ University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
¹⁰² Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles.
¹⁰³ Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, India.
¹⁰⁴ Kanawha Charleston Health Department, Charleston, WV, USA.
¹⁰⁵ Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
¹⁰⁶ Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA.
¹⁰⁷ School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹⁰⁸ Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰⁹ Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹¹⁰ Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
¹¹¹ National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
¹¹² Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, Netherlands.
¹¹³ Cedar Associates, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
¹¹⁴ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
¹¹⁵ Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
¹¹⁶ School of Population Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Public Health Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia.
¹¹⁷ Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹¹⁸ Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
¹¹⁹ National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia.
¹²⁰ George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
¹²¹ Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India.
¹²² Tianjin Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China.
¹²³ Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
¹²⁴ The National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹²⁵ Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
¹²⁶ University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon.
¹²⁷ Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig site, Germany.
¹²⁸ Malaria & Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Kigali, Rwanda.
¹²⁹ Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA.
¹³⁰ School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan.
¹³¹ University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
¹³² University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹³³ South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
¹³⁴ Cardiology, Hadassah Ein Kerem University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
¹³⁵ Jordan University of Science and Technology, Al-Ramtha, Jordan.
¹³⁶ Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Qatar.
¹³⁷ Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
¹³⁸ Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
¹³⁹ University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
¹⁴⁰ Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁴¹ Department of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiologic Informatics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
¹⁴² Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy & Humanities, NIHRD, Jakarta, Indonesia.
¹⁴³ University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
¹⁴⁴ Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA.
¹⁴⁵ Rajrajeshwari Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
¹⁴⁶ International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
¹⁴⁷ Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
¹⁴⁸ Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁴⁹ Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia.
¹⁵⁰ Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines.
¹⁵¹ National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
¹⁵² IAPB and Vision 2020 LA, Weston, FL, USA.
¹⁵³ London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Bloomsbury, UK.
¹⁵⁴ Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁵⁵ University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁵⁶ University at Albany, The State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA.
¹⁵⁷ Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
¹⁵⁸ Unidade Local de Saude de Matosinhos, Public Health Department, Porto, Portugal.
¹⁵⁹ Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁶⁰ Wayne State University, Miami, FL, USA.
¹⁶¹ National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
¹⁶² Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹⁶³ Eastern Health Clinical School, VIC, Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
¹⁶⁴ Northern Region Health Administration, Public Health Department, Porto, Portugal.
¹⁶⁵ Centro Nacional para la Prevención y el Control del VIH/SIDA, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹⁶⁶ Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
¹⁶⁷ University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
¹⁶⁸ Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.
¹⁶⁹ University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines.
¹⁷⁰ Elmhurst Hospital Center, Mount Sinai Services, Elmhurst, NY, USA.
¹⁷¹ Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan.
¹⁷² University of York, York, UK.
¹⁷³ University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
¹⁷⁴ AIDC EC, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
¹⁷⁵ EmergentCorp, Belize City, Belize.
¹⁷⁶ Pereleman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁷⁷ Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, India.
¹⁷⁸ Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
¹⁷⁹ Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁸⁰ UNFPA, Lima, Peru.
¹⁸¹ Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton MD, USA; Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹⁸² University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
¹⁸³ University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq.
¹⁸⁴ University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, NCD, Papua New Guinea.
¹⁸⁵ Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste, Italy.
¹⁸⁶ University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
¹⁸⁷ National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁸⁸ Egerton University, Egerton, Rift Valley, Kenya.
¹⁸⁹ Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁹⁰ International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
¹⁹¹ University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
¹⁹² Azienda Ospedaliera papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.
¹⁹³ Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
¹⁹⁴ School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁹⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco.
¹⁹⁶ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
¹⁹⁷ Norwegian Center for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁹⁸ Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
¹⁹⁹ Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
²⁰⁰ University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
²⁰¹ Polytechnic of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
²⁰² Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
²⁰³ Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
²⁰⁴ Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria.
²⁰⁵ Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Northern Uganda, Uganda.
²⁰⁶ Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
²⁰⁷ Christian Medical College Ludhiana, Ludhiana, India.
²⁰⁸ University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
²⁰⁹ AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
²¹⁰ Independent, Waigani, NCD, Papua New Guinea.
²¹¹ 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine and ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
²¹² Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
²¹³ Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
²¹⁴ Centre for Applied Biostatistics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
²¹⁵ University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
²¹⁶ College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
²¹⁷ Contech Intl., Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
²¹⁸ Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
²¹⁹ Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
²²⁰ University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
²²¹ Department of Public Health, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
²²² Center for Disease Analysis, Louisville, CO, USA.
²²³ Private consultant, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
²²⁴ IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Bergamo, Italy.
²²⁵ Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
²²⁶ BARC Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
²²⁷ Rwanda Bio-Medical Center, Kigali, Rwanda.
²²⁸ MS Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
²²⁹ National HIV/AIDS & STI Surveillance and Strategic Information Unit, National Epidemiology Center, Department of Health, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines.
²³⁰ Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
²³¹ Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
²³² University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
²³³ Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
²³⁴ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
²³⁵ University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
²³⁶ Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
²³⁷ Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
²³⁸ Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
²³⁹ Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.
²⁴⁰ University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
²⁴¹ Instituto Nacional de Epidemiología Dr Juan H Jara, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²⁴² Surveillance and Health Services Research Program American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.
²⁴³ Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
²⁴⁴ Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA.
²⁴⁵ Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
²⁴⁶ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
²⁴⁷ Centre Hospitalier Nord Deux-Sevres, Bressuire, France.
²⁴⁸ KEELPNO (Centre for Disease Control, Greece, dispatched to "Alexandra" General Hospital of Athens), Athens, Greece.
²⁴⁹ National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
²⁵⁰ Department of Criminology, Law and Society (and Sociology), University of California-Irvine, Chicago, IL, USA.
²⁵¹ University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA.
²⁵² Ministry of Health-MINSANTE, Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon.
²⁵³ Memorial University, St John's, NL, Canada.
²⁵⁴ Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
²⁵⁵ Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada.
²⁵⁶ The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
²⁵⁷ Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
²⁵⁸ University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
²⁵⁹ Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
²⁶⁰ Department of Population Sciences and Development, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
²⁶¹ Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
²⁶² Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, USA.
²⁶³ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakailiki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
²⁶⁴ The Kirby Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
²⁶⁵ UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.
²⁶⁶ Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
²⁶⁷ University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
²⁶⁸ Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
²⁶⁹ Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
²⁷⁰ Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
²⁷¹ VA Medical Center and Georgetown University Neurology Department, Washington, DC, USA.
²⁷² Shandong University Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, China.
²⁷³ National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China.
²⁷⁴ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁷⁵ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
²⁷⁶ University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
²⁷⁷ Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Division of Infectious Disease Control and Department of Health Statistics, Division of Epidemiology, Oslo, Norway.
²⁷⁸ University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
²⁷⁹ Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
²⁸⁰ Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, Pasig City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
²⁸¹ Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.
²⁸² University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
²⁸³ Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
²⁸⁴ The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
²⁸⁵ National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodira, Tokyo, Japan.
²⁸⁶ Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA.
²⁸⁷ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
²⁸⁸ TCM MEDICAL TK SDN BHD, Nusajaya, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
²⁸⁹ Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
²⁹⁰ Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
²⁹¹ Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
²⁹² Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.

PMID: 25059949
PMCID: PMC4202387
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60844-8

Multicenter Study

Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Christopher J L Murray et al. Lancet. 2014.

. 2014 Sep 13;384(9947):1005-70.

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60844-8. Epub 2014 Jul 22.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA.
² Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle, WA, USA; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
³ Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁴ Imperial College London, London, UK.
⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Cairo-University, Cairo, Egypt.
⁶ College of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
⁷ University of Texas School of Medicine San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
⁸ University College London, London, UK.
⁹ Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
¹⁰ Institute of Community and Public Health-Birzeti University, Ramallah, West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territory.
¹¹ Ministry of Health, Gaborone, Botswana.
¹² Evidence For Action (MamaYe), Freetown, Western Area, Sierra Leone.
¹³ Association Ivoirienne Pour Le Bien Etre Familial, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
¹⁴ University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
¹⁵ Institution of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁶ Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
¹⁷ Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman.
¹⁸ Independent, Damascus, Syria.
¹⁹ Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Neurociencias (CISNEURO), Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
²⁰ Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Social, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
²¹ Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
²² University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
²³ National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
²⁴ University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
²⁵ School of Public Health, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.
²⁶ Ministry of Health, Belmopan, Cayo, Belize.
²⁷ Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
²⁸ Government, Madrid, Spain.
²⁹ Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
³⁰ Albany State University, Albany, GA, USA.
³¹ Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
³² Kurdistan Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran.
³³ Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon.
³⁴ College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines.
³⁵ UNFPA, Kabul, Afghanistan.
³⁶ Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
³⁷ Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
³⁸ Median Inc, Windsor, ON, Canada.
³⁹ South Asian Public Health Forum, Islamabad, Pakistan.
⁴⁰ Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
⁴¹ Ministry of Health, Wellness, Human Services and Gender Relations, Castries, St. Lucia.
⁴² Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁴³ Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
⁴⁴ University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁴⁵ Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁴⁶ Oxford University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
⁴⁷ Madawalabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia.
⁴⁸ Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
⁴⁹ King's College London, London, UK.
⁵⁰ Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁵¹ Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.
⁵² Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
⁵³ Aga Khan University Medical Center, Nairobi, Kenya.
⁵⁴ University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
⁵⁵ Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda.
⁵⁶ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁵⁷ General Directorate of Health Research, Ankara, Turkey.
⁵⁸ World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.
⁵⁹ Danube-University Krems, Krems, Austria.
⁶⁰ University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
⁶¹ Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia.
⁶² Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance, Spanish Medicines and Healthcare Products Agency (AEMPS), Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain.
⁶³ National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India.
⁶⁴ National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁵ General Practice and Primary Health Care Academic Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁶⁶ Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for International Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶⁷ UNICEM, Montevideo, Uruguay.
⁶⁸ Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
⁶⁹ MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
⁷⁰ Hospital Dr. Gustavo N. Collado, Chitre, Herrera, Panama.
⁷¹ Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁷² University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
⁷³ Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
⁷⁴ Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁷⁵ Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁷⁶ University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁷⁷ University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁷⁸ Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
⁷⁹ Africa Medical and Research Foundation in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁸⁰ University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
⁸¹ Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey.
⁸² Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, USA.
⁸³ Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁸⁴ National Institutes of Health, Montgomery Village, MD, USA.
⁸⁵ Harborview and University of Washington Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁸⁶ The Institute of Social and Economic Studies of Population at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
⁸⁷ Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁸⁸ Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
⁸⁹ Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹⁰ Heller Graduate School, Waltham, MA, USA.
⁹¹ Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁹² National Centre for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁹³ Clinique Coopérative de Parakou, Parakou, Borgou, Benin.
⁹⁴ Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.
⁹⁵ Agence de Medecine Preventive, Paris, France.
⁹⁶ Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
⁹⁷ College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
⁹⁸ Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Waltham, MA, USA.
⁹⁹ University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Diabetes Research, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁰¹ University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
¹⁰² Saint James School of Medicine, Kralendijk, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles.
¹⁰³ Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, India.
¹⁰⁴ Kanawha Charleston Health Department, Charleston, WV, USA.
¹⁰⁵ Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
¹⁰⁶ Wayne County Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA.
¹⁰⁷ School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹⁰⁸ Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁰⁹ Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹¹⁰ Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
¹¹¹ National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
¹¹² Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, Netherlands.
¹¹³ Cedar Associates, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
¹¹⁴ Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
¹¹⁵ Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
¹¹⁶ School of Population Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Public Health Division, Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia.
¹¹⁷ Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹¹⁸ Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
¹¹⁹ National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia.
¹²⁰ George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
¹²¹ Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India.
¹²² Tianjin Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China.
¹²³ Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
¹²⁴ The National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹²⁵ Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
¹²⁶ University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon.
¹²⁷ Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig site, Germany.
¹²⁸ Malaria & Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Kigali, Rwanda.
¹²⁹ Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA.
¹³⁰ School of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan.
¹³¹ University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
¹³² University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹³³ South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
¹³⁴ Cardiology, Hadassah Ein Kerem University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
¹³⁵ Jordan University of Science and Technology, Al-Ramtha, Jordan.
¹³⁶ Supreme Council of Health, Doha, Qatar.
¹³⁷ Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
¹³⁸ Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
¹³⁹ University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
¹⁴⁰ Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁴¹ Department of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiologic Informatics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
¹⁴² Center for Community Empowerment, Health Policy & Humanities, NIHRD, Jakarta, Indonesia.
¹⁴³ University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
¹⁴⁴ Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, USA.
¹⁴⁵ Rajrajeshwari Medical College & Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
¹⁴⁶ International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
¹⁴⁷ Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
¹⁴⁸ Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁴⁹ Fourth View Consulting, Tallinn, Estonia.
¹⁵⁰ Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health, Manila, Philippines.
¹⁵¹ National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
¹⁵² IAPB and Vision 2020 LA, Weston, FL, USA.
¹⁵³ London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Bloomsbury, UK.
¹⁵⁴ Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁵⁵ University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁵⁶ University at Albany, The State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA.
¹⁵⁷ Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
¹⁵⁸ Unidade Local de Saude de Matosinhos, Public Health Department, Porto, Portugal.
¹⁵⁹ Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
¹⁶⁰ Wayne State University, Miami, FL, USA.
¹⁶¹ National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
¹⁶² Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹⁶³ Eastern Health Clinical School, VIC, Australia; Turning Point, Eastern Health, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
¹⁶⁴ Northern Region Health Administration, Public Health Department, Porto, Portugal.
¹⁶⁵ Centro Nacional para la Prevención y el Control del VIH/SIDA, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹⁶⁶ Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Work, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia.
¹⁶⁷ University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
¹⁶⁸ Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.
¹⁶⁹ University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines.
¹⁷⁰ Elmhurst Hospital Center, Mount Sinai Services, Elmhurst, NY, USA.
¹⁷¹ Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan.
¹⁷² University of York, York, UK.
¹⁷³ University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
¹⁷⁴ AIDC EC, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
¹⁷⁵ EmergentCorp, Belize City, Belize.
¹⁷⁶ Pereleman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
¹⁷⁷ Janakpuri Superspecialty Hospital, New Delhi, India.
¹⁷⁸ Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
¹⁷⁹ Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
¹⁸⁰ UNFPA, Lima, Peru.
¹⁸¹ Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton MD, USA; Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
¹⁸² University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
¹⁸³ University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Iraq.
¹⁸⁴ University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, NCD, Papua New Guinea.
¹⁸⁵ Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste, Italy.
¹⁸⁶ University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
¹⁸⁷ National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁸⁸ Egerton University, Egerton, Rift Valley, Kenya.
¹⁸⁹ Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁹⁰ International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
¹⁹¹ University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
¹⁹² Azienda Ospedaliera papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy.
¹⁹³ Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
¹⁹⁴ School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁹⁵ Faculty of Medicine, Fez, Morocco.
¹⁹⁶ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
¹⁹⁷ Norwegian Center for Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁹⁸ Kenya Medical Research Institute Wellcome Trust Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
¹⁹⁹ Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
²⁰⁰ University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
²⁰¹ Polytechnic of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
²⁰² Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
²⁰³ Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
²⁰⁴ Center for Healthy Start Initiative, Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria.
²⁰⁵ Lira District Local Government, Lira Municipal Council, Northern Uganda, Uganda.
²⁰⁶ Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
²⁰⁷ Christian Medical College Ludhiana, Ludhiana, India.
²⁰⁸ University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
²⁰⁹ AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
²¹⁰ Independent, Waigani, NCD, Papua New Guinea.
²¹¹ 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine and ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
²¹² Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
²¹³ Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
²¹⁴ Centre for Applied Biostatistics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
²¹⁵ University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
²¹⁶ College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
²¹⁷ Contech Intl., Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
²¹⁸ Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
²¹⁹ Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
²²⁰ University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
²²¹ Department of Public Health, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
²²² Center for Disease Analysis, Louisville, CO, USA.
²²³ Private consultant, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
²²⁴ IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Bergamo, Italy.
²²⁵ Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
²²⁶ BARC Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
²²⁷ Rwanda Bio-Medical Center, Kigali, Rwanda.
²²⁸ MS Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
²²⁹ National HIV/AIDS & STI Surveillance and Strategic Information Unit, National Epidemiology Center, Department of Health, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines.
²³⁰ Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA.
²³¹ Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
²³² University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
²³³ Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
²³⁴ Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
²³⁵ University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
²³⁶ Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
²³⁷ Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
²³⁸ Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
²³⁹ Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.
²⁴⁰ University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
²⁴¹ Instituto Nacional de Epidemiología Dr Juan H Jara, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²⁴² Surveillance and Health Services Research Program American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.
²⁴³ Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.
²⁴⁴ Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA.
²⁴⁵ Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
²⁴⁶ Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
²⁴⁷ Centre Hospitalier Nord Deux-Sevres, Bressuire, France.
²⁴⁸ KEELPNO (Centre for Disease Control, Greece, dispatched to "Alexandra" General Hospital of Athens), Athens, Greece.
²⁴⁹ National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
²⁵⁰ Department of Criminology, Law and Society (and Sociology), University of California-Irvine, Chicago, IL, USA.
²⁵¹ University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA.
²⁵² Ministry of Health-MINSANTE, Yaounde, Centre, Cameroon.
²⁵³ Memorial University, St John's, NL, Canada.
²⁵⁴ Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
²⁵⁵ Adaptive Knowledge Management, Victoria, BC, Canada.
²⁵⁶ The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
²⁵⁷ Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
²⁵⁸ University of Southern Santa Catarina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
²⁵⁹ Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
²⁶⁰ Department of Population Sciences and Development, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
²⁶¹ Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
²⁶² Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, USA.
²⁶³ Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakailiki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
²⁶⁴ The Kirby Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
²⁶⁵ UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.
²⁶⁶ Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
²⁶⁷ University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
²⁶⁸ Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia.
²⁶⁹ Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
²⁷⁰ Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
²⁷¹ VA Medical Center and Georgetown University Neurology Department, Washington, DC, USA.
²⁷² Shandong University Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, China.
²⁷³ National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance, Chengdu, China.
²⁷⁴ Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁷⁵ University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
²⁷⁶ University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
²⁷⁷ Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Division of Infectious Disease Control and Department of Health Statistics, Division of Epidemiology, Oslo, Norway.
²⁷⁸ University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
²⁷⁹ Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
²⁸⁰ Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health, Pasig City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
²⁸¹ Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.
²⁸² University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
²⁸³ Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
²⁸⁴ The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
²⁸⁵ National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodira, Tokyo, Japan.
²⁸⁶ Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA.
²⁸⁷ Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
²⁸⁸ TCM MEDICAL TK SDN BHD, Nusajaya, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
²⁸⁹ Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt.
²⁹⁰ Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
²⁹¹ Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
²⁹² Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.

PMID: 25059949
PMCID: PMC4202387
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60844-8

Erratum in

Lancet. 2014 Oct 25;384(9953):1504
Lancet. 2014 Sep 13;384(9947):956

Abstract

Background: The Millennium Declaration in 2000 brought special global attention to HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria through the formulation of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 6. The Global Burden of Disease 2013 study provides a consistent and comprehensive approach to disease estimation for between 1990 and 2013, and an opportunity to assess whether accelerated progress has occured since the Millennium Declaration.

Methods: To estimate incidence and mortality for HIV, we used the UNAIDS Spectrum model appropriately modified based on a systematic review of available studies of mortality with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). For concentrated epidemics, we calibrated Spectrum models to fit vital registration data corrected for misclassification of HIV deaths. In generalised epidemics, we minimised a loss function to select epidemic curves most consistent with prevalence data and demographic data for all-cause mortality. We analysed counterfactual scenarios for HIV to assess years of life saved through prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and ART. For tuberculosis, we analysed vital registration and verbal autopsy data to estimate mortality using cause of death ensemble modelling. We analysed data for corrected case-notifications, expert opinions on the case-detection rate, prevalence surveys, and estimated cause-specific mortality using Bayesian meta-regression to generate consistent trends in all parameters. We analysed malaria mortality and incidence using an updated cause of death database, a systematic analysis of verbal autopsy validation studies for malaria, and recent studies (2010-13) of incidence, drug resistance, and coverage of insecticide-treated bednets.

Findings: Globally in 2013, there were 1·8 million new HIV infections (95% uncertainty interval 1·7 million to 2·1 million), 29·2 million prevalent HIV cases (28·1 to 31·7), and 1·3 million HIV deaths (1·3 to 1·5). At the peak of the epidemic in 2005, HIV caused 1·7 million deaths (1·6 million to 1·9 million). Concentrated epidemics in Latin America and eastern Europe are substantially smaller than previously estimated. Through interventions including PMTCT and ART, 19·1 million life-years (16·6 million to 21·5 million) have been saved, 70·3% (65·4 to 76·1) in developing countries. From 2000 to 2011, the ratio of development assistance for health for HIV to years of life saved through intervention was US$4498 in developing countries. Including in HIV-positive individuals, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·5 million (7·4 million to 7·7 million), prevalence was 11·9 million (11·6 million to 12·2 million), and number of deaths was 1·4 million (1·3 million to 1·5 million) in 2013. In the same year and in only individuals who were HIV-negative, all-form tuberculosis incidence was 7·1 million (6·9 million to 7·3 million), prevalence was 11·2 million (10·8 million to 11·6 million), and number of deaths was 1·3 million (1·2 million to 1·4 million). Annualised rates of change (ARC) for incidence, prevalence, and death became negative after 2000. Tuberculosis in HIV-negative individuals disproportionately occurs in men and boys (versus women and girls); 64·0% of cases (63·6 to 64·3) and 64·7% of deaths (60·8 to 70·3). Globally, malaria cases and deaths grew rapidly from 1990 reaching a peak of 232 million cases (143 million to 387 million) in 2003 and 1·2 million deaths (1·1 million to 1·4 million) in 2004. Since 2004, child deaths from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa have decreased by 31·5% (15·7 to 44·1). Outside of Africa, malaria mortality has been steadily decreasing since 1990.

Interpretation: Our estimates of the number of people living with HIV are 18·7% smaller than UNAIDS's estimates in 2012. The number of people living with malaria is larger than estimated by WHO. The number of people living with HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria have all decreased since 2000. At the global level, upward trends for malaria and HIV deaths have been reversed and declines in tuberculosis deaths have accelerated. 101 countries (74 of which are developing) still have increasing HIV incidence. Substantial progress since the Millennium Declaration is an encouraging sign of the effect of global action.

Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Figures

**Figure 1. UNAIDS compartmental model for estimating mortality in HIV-positive individuals in the absence of ART**
ART=antiretroviral therapy.

**Figure 2. HIV relative survival after seroconversion for male and female individuals aged 25–34 years based on the analysis of 13 ART-naive cohort studies**
Solid lines show means; shaded area shows 95% uncertainty intervals (uncertainty intervals not available for UNAIDS data). ART=antiretroviral therapy.

**Figure 3. HIV deaths in Thailand (A) and Russia (B) by age in 2005 for both sexes combined**
Data are for vital registration deaths assigned to HIV (red), deaths coded to garbage codes redistributed to HIV (blue), and misclassified deaths reassigned to HIV (green). The height of the bar is the final number of deaths in each age group.

**Figure 4. Vital registration inputs, and Spectrum and UNAIDS HIV mortality draws for Panama**

**Figure 5. Bayesian meta-regression estimates for tuberculosis prevalence (A), incidence (B), remission (C), excess mortality (D), and cause-specific mortality (E) for male individuals in Kenya, 2013**
For each observation in black, the length of the horizontal bar refers to the age interval of the observation and the length of the verticle bar refers to the uncertainty interval. To stabilise estimates, all data from 2008 to 2013 are included.

**Figure 6. Meta-analysis of published validation studies of verbal autopsy for malaria in adults (A) and children (B), both sexes combined**
The solid lines show 95% uncertainty intervals (ui); the dotted lines show the point estimate of the pooled estimate (the diamond). The age cutoff for children is <15 years.

**Figure 7. Global HIV incidence (A), prevalence (B), and mortality (C), 1990-2013, for all ages and both sexes combined**
Shaded areas are 95% uncertainty intervals.

**Figure 8. Global age-sex distribution of new HIV infections (A) and deaths (B) in 2013**

**Figure 9. Age-standardised HIV incidence (A) and prevalence (B) in 2013, both sexes**
ATG=Antigua and Barbuda. VCT=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Isl=Islands. FSM=Federated States of Micronesia. LCA=Saint Lucia. TTO=Trinidad and Tobago. TLS=Timor-Leste.

**Figure 10. Age-standardised HIV mortality in 2013, both sexes**
ATG=Antigua and Barbuda. VCT=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Isl=Islands. FSM=Federated States of Micronesia. LCA=Saint Lucia. TTO=Trinidad and Tobago. TLS=Timor-Leste.

**Figure 11. Years of life saved (YLS) through prophylactic treatment by region in 1990–2003 (A), 2004–08 (B), and 2009–13 (C), both sexes**
Treatment includes antiretroviral therapy, prevention of mother-to-child transmission, and co-trimoxazole prophylaxis.

**Figure 12. Comparison of 43 national HIV prevalence survey results for people aged 15–49 to prevalence estimates from the GBD 2013 and UNAIDS for the same year and age-group**
Each point corresponds to an estimate for a particular country, survey year, sex, and 5-year age group. The solid line indicates the line of equivalence.

**Figure 13. Global tuberculosis incidence (A), prevalence (B), and deaths (C), 1990-2013, for all ages and both sexes combined**
Shaded areas show 95% uncertainty intervals.

**Figure 14. Global age-sex distribution of tuberculosis incidence (A) and deaths (B) in HIV-negative individuals in 2013**

**Figure 15. Age-standardised tuberculosis incidence (A) and death rates (B) in HIV-negative individuals in 2013, both sexes**
ATG=Antigua and Barbuda. VCT=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Isl=Islands. FSM=Federated States of Micronesia. LCA=Saint Lucia. TTO=Trinidad and Tobago. TLS=Timor-Leste.

**Figure 16. Global malaria incidence (A) and deaths (B), 1990–2013, for all ages and both sexes combined**
Shaded areas are 95% uncertainty intervals.

**Figure 17. Global age-sex distribution of malaria incidence (A) and deaths (B) in 2013**

**Figure 18. Age-standardised malaria incidence (A) and death (B) rates in 2013, both sexes**
ATG=Antigua and Barbuda. VCT=Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Isl=Islands. FSM=Federated States of Micronesia. LCA=Saint Lucia. TTO=Trinidad and Tobago. TLS=Timor-Leste.

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Comment in

Time for a revolution in reporting of global health data.
Atun R. Atun R. Lancet. 2014 Sep 13;384(9947):937-8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61062-X. Epub 2014 Jul 22. Lancet. 2014. PMID: 25059946 No abstract available.
MDG 6 and beyond: from halting and reversing AIDS to ending the epidemic.
Sidibé M, Dybul M, Birx D. Sidibé M, et al. Lancet. 2014 Sep 13;384(9947):935-6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61222-8. Epub 2014 Jul 26. Lancet. 2014. PMID: 25073423 No abstract available.
GBD 2013 and HIV incidence in high income countries.
Supervie V, Archibald CP, Costagliola D, Delpech V, Hall HI, Lot F, van Sighem A, Wilson DP. Supervie V, et al. Lancet. 2015 Mar 28;385(9974):1177. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60626-2. Lancet. 2015. PMID: 25845784 No abstract available.
HIV incidence and mortality in China.
Jia Z, Ruan Y, Lu Z. Jia Z, et al. Lancet. 2015 Apr 18;385(9977):1510. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60753-X. Lancet. 2015. PMID: 25933281 No abstract available.
A 'needle in a haystack': Drug-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-Association or causality?
Scully M. Scully M. Br J Haematol. 2023 May;201(4):599-601. doi: 10.1111/bjh.18651. Epub 2023 Jan 20. Br J Haematol. 2023. PMID: 36661238

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References

1. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation . Financing Global Health 2013: Transition in an Age of Austerity. IHME; Seattle, WA: 2013.
1. Floyd K, Fitzpatrick C, Pantoja A, Raviglione M. Domestic and donor financing for tuberculosis care and control in low-income and middle-income countries: an analysis of trends, 2002-11, and requirements to meet 2015 targets. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1:e105–15. - PubMed
1. Creese A, Floyd K, Alban A, Guinness L. Cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS interventions in Africa: a systematic review of the evidence. Lancet. 2002;359:1635–43. - PubMed
1. Vassall A, Remme M. Financing tuberculosis control: promising trends and remaining challenges. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1:e62–63. - PubMed
1. Hecht R, Stover J, Bollinger L, Muhib F, Case K, de Ferranti D. Financing of HIV/AIDS programme scale-up in low-income and middle-income countries, 2009-31. Lancet. 2010;376:1254–60. - PubMed

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[1] Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation . Financing Global Health 2013: Transition in an Age of Austerity. IHME; Seattle, WA: 2013.

[2] Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation . Financing Global Health 2013: Transition in an Age of Austerity. IHME; Seattle, WA: 2013.

[3] Floyd K, Fitzpatrick C, Pantoja A, Raviglione M. Domestic and donor financing for tuberculosis care and control in low-income and middle-income countries: an analysis of trends, 2002-11, and requirements to meet 2015 targets. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1:e105–15. - PubMed

[4] Floyd K, Fitzpatrick C, Pantoja A, Raviglione M. Domestic and donor financing for tuberculosis care and control in low-income and middle-income countries: an analysis of trends, 2002-11, and requirements to meet 2015 targets. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1:e105–15. - PubMed

[5] Creese A, Floyd K, Alban A, Guinness L. Cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS interventions in Africa: a systematic review of the evidence. Lancet. 2002;359:1635–43. - PubMed

[6] Creese A, Floyd K, Alban A, Guinness L. Cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS interventions in Africa: a systematic review of the evidence. Lancet. 2002;359:1635–43. - PubMed

[7] Vassall A, Remme M. Financing tuberculosis control: promising trends and remaining challenges. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1:e62–63. - PubMed

[8] Vassall A, Remme M. Financing tuberculosis control: promising trends and remaining challenges. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1:e62–63. - PubMed

[9] Hecht R, Stover J, Bollinger L, Muhib F, Case K, de Ferranti D. Financing of HIV/AIDS programme scale-up in low-income and middle-income countries, 2009-31. Lancet. 2010;376:1254–60. - PubMed

[10] Hecht R, Stover J, Bollinger L, Muhib F, Case K, de Ferranti D. Financing of HIV/AIDS programme scale-up in low-income and middle-income countries, 2009-31. Lancet. 2010;376:1254–60. - PubMed

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Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

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Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

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