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. 2014 Feb 28;9(2):e89595.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089595. eCollection 2014.

Human adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells promote migration and early metastasis of triple negative breast cancer xenografts

Brian G Rowan  1 , Jeffrey M Gimble  2 , Mei Sheng  3 , Muralidharan Anbalagan  1 , Ryan K Jones  1 , Trivia P Frazier  1 , Majdouline Asher  1 , Eduardo A Lacayo  3 , Paul L Friedlander  3 , Robert Kutner  4 , Ernest S Chiu  5
Affiliations

Human adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells promote migration and early metastasis of triple negative breast cancer xenografts

Brian G Rowan et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background: Fat grafting is used to restore breast defects after surgical resection of breast tumors. Supplementing fat grafts with adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) is proposed to improve the regenerative/restorative ability of the graft and retention. However, long term safety for ASC grafting in proximity of residual breast cancer cells is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of human ASCs derived from abdominal lipoaspirates of three donors, on a human breast cancer model that exhibits early metastasis.

Methodology/principal findings: Human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells represents "triple negative" breast cancer that exhibits early micrometastasis to multiple mouse organs [1]. Human ASCs were derived from abdominal adipose tissue from three healthy female donors. Indirect co-culture of MDA-MB-231 cells with ASCs, as well as direct co-culture demonstrated that ASCs had no effect on MDA-MB-231 growth. Indirect co-culture, and ASC conditioned medium (CM) stimulated migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. ASC/RFP cells from two donors co-injected with MDA-MB-231/GFP cells exhibited a donor effect for stimulation of primary tumor xenografts. Both ASC donors stimulated metastasis. ASC/RFP cells were viable, and integrated with MDA-MB-231/GFP cells in the tumor. Tumors from the co-injection group of one ASC donor exhibited elevated vimentin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), IL-8, VEGF and microvessel density. The co-injection group exhibited visible metastases to the lung/liver and enlarged spleen not evident in mice injected with MDA-MB-231/GFP alone. Quantitation of the total area of GFP fluorescence and human chromosome 17 DNA in mouse organs, H&E stained paraffin sections and fluorescent microscopy confirmed multi-focal metastases to lung/liver/spleen in the co-injection group without evidence of ASC/RFP cells.

Conclusions: Human ASCs derived from abdominal lipoaspirates of two donors stimulated metastasis of MDA-MB-231 breast tumor xenografts to multiple mouse organs. MDA-MB-231 tumors co-injected with ASCs from one donor exhibited partial EMT, expression of MMP-9, and increased angiogenesis.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. The effect of ASCs on the growth of MDA-MB 231 cells.
A. MDA-MB-231 were cultured in the bottom well of a Boyden Chamber and ASCs were cultured in the insert. Growth of MDA-MB-231 cells was assessed using the MTT assay. B. 2.5×104ASCs were cultured in 6 well plates for 24 hrs. prior to addition of MDA-MB-231-GFP breast cancer cells at a 1∶1 ratio. Bright field and fluorescent microscopy photographs were taken on days 1–4 after addition of the MDA-MB-231 cells. Data are representative of experiments using three different ASC donors.
Figure 2
Figure 2. ASC effect on migration of MDA-MB-231 cells.
A. ASCs were cultured in the bottom well of a Boyden Chamber and MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in the insert. Migration of MDA-MB-231 cells was assessed by using crystal violet staining of the insert membrane and quantification of color development. †P<0.02, *P<0.04. B. MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured 24 h followed by replacement with medium containing 0%, 20% or 50% growth conditioned media (GCM) or adipocyte-differentiated conditioned medium (ADCM) from ASCs. A horizontal scratch was made using a P200 pipette tip and bright field pictures were taken at 0 and 6 h (Figure S1) following the scratch wound. Graphical representation of % gap closure quantitated using ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD). **P<0.01, ***P<0.0001. Data are representative of experiments using three different ASC donors.
Figure 3
Figure 3. ASC effect on primary MDA-MB-231 xenografts.
3×106 human MDA-MB-231/GFP breast cancer cells were bilaterally injected subcutaneously into the mammary fat pads of 5 female NUDE mice (n = 10 tumors/group) with or without 3×106 human ASC/RFP cells from donor with BMI 25.0 (A) or donor with BMI 18.3 (B).Tumor volume was monitored for 40 days by caliper measurement. Tumors were removed at day 40 and fluorescence of the intact, fresh tumors from the MDA-MB-231/GFP alone group (C) or MDA-MB-231/GFP+ASC/RFP group (D) were visualized for GFP and RFP within 10 minutes of removal using a dissecting fluorescent microscope. The white arrow indicates a region of RFP fluorescence only in the MDA-MB-231/GFP+ASC/RFP group tumors. E. 5 µM paraffin embedded section of MDA-MB-231/GFP and MDA-MB-231/GFP+ASC/RFP tumors were prepared for Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. F. 10 µM frozen sections of tumors were stained with DAPI (blue) and prepared for fluorescence microscopy for GFP and RFP. DAPI+GFP (DG); DAPI+RFP (DR); DAPI+GFP+RFP (DGR).
Figure 4
Figure 4. Metastasis of MDA-MB-231/GFP and MDA-MB-231/GFP+ASC/RFP tumors.
40 days after subcutaneous injection of either human MDA-MB-231/GFP cells, ASC/RFP cells or MDA-MB-231/GFP+ASC/RFP cells, mouse organs were collected. A. Visual macrometastatic lesions were observed in the liver, lungs only in mice co-injected with MDA-MB-231/GFP and ASC/RFP (arrows). B. H&E sections of the liver and lungs of mice bearing MDA-MB-231/GFP+ASC/RFP tumors showing metastatic MDA-MB-231 cancer cells (insets). C. To quantitate micrometastases, DNA was prepared from mouse organs from two separate experiments (n = 10 mice/group) for detection of human chromosome 17 by real time RT-PCR. A significant increase in micrometastasis for MDA-MB-231/GFP+ASC/RFP tumors was detected in liver, lung and spleen. * P<0.05.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Detection of metastasis in whole organs by fluorescence quantitation.
Metastases in fresh, whole organs were quantitated by detection of green fluorescence protein in mouse liver, lung and spleen. Image J software was used to quantitate the area of the fluorescent signal on the image as described in the Materials and Methods.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Metastatic lesions in lung and liver from the MDA-MB-231/GFP+ASC/RFP group tumors.
40 days after subcutaneous injection of MDA-MB-231/GFP+ASC/RFP cells, mouse organs were collected and 10 µM frozen sections were prepared for immunofluorescence of the lung and liver. A representative section of lung demonstrating multifocal metastatic lesions expressing GFP. A representative section of the liver demonstrated a small region expressing GFP. RFP was not detected above background level in any frozen tissue sections.
Figure 7
Figure 7. ASC effect on tumor markers.
IHC was conducted as described in Materials and Methods.Paraffin-embedded tumor sections from MDA-MB-231/GFP and the MDA-MB-231/GFP+ASC/RFP groups were stained for vimentin, MMP9, IL-8, CD-31, and VEGF. Bright-field photomicrographs were taken and representative images are presented. Quantitative representation of the staining is indicated.
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