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Review
. 2013 Oct;87(19):10412-22.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.00425-13. Epub 2013 Jul 17.

Virion factors that target Daxx to overcome intrinsic immunity

Affiliations
Review

Virion factors that target Daxx to overcome intrinsic immunity

Sabrina Schreiner et al. J Virol. 2013 Oct.

Erratum in

  • J Virol. 2013 Dec;87(23):13085

Abstract

PML nuclear bodies and their associated functions are part of an intrinsic cellular mechanism aimed at maintaining transcriptional control over viral gene expression and preventing replication of invading viruses. To overcome these barriers, many viruses express early nonstructural, multifunctional proteins to support the viral replication cycle or modulate host immune responses. Virion proteins constituting the invading particle are traditionally investigated for their role in transport during entry or egress and in the assembly of new virions. The additional functions of virion proteins have largely been ignored, in contrast to those of their nonstructural counterparts. A number of recent reports suggest that several virion proteins may also play vital roles in gene activation processes, in particular by counteracting intrinsic immune mechanisms mediated by the PML nuclear body-associated cellular factors Daxx, ATRX, and Sp100. These virion proteins share several features with their more potent nonstructural counterparts, and they may serve to bridge the gap in the early phase of an infection until immediate early viral gene expression is established. In this review, we discuss how virion proteins are an integral part of gene regulation among several viral families and to what extent structural proteins of incoming virions may contribute to species barrier, latency, and oncogenesis.

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Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1
DNA viruses. Overview of DNA viruses modulating cellular factors. (A) DNA viruses known to modulate Daxx and/or ATRX regulatory proteins in the host cell (see the text for details). (B) Summary of DNA viruses known to modulate PML and/or PML-associated factors, e.g., Sp100. These are described in detail in the text. HAd5, human Ad5; VZV, varicella-zoster virus.
Fig 2
Fig 2
RNA viruses. Overview of RNA viruses modulating cellular factors. (A) RNA viruses known to modulate Daxx regulatory proteins in the host cell (see the text for details). (B) Summary of RNA viruses known to modulate PML and/or PML-associated factors, e.g., Sp100. LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; HTLV-1, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1; HFV, human foamy retrovirus; EMCV, encephalomyocarditis virus.
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