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Review
. 2012 Dec;61(8):1255-65.
doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.10.003. Epub 2012 Oct 13.

Interactions between age, sex, and hormones in experimental ischemic stroke

Fudong Liu  1 , Louise D McCullough
Affiliations
Review

Interactions between age, sex, and hormones in experimental ischemic stroke

Fudong Liu et al. Neurochem Int. 2012 Dec.

Abstract

Age, sex, and gonadal hormones have profound effects on ischemic stroke outcomes, although how these factors impact basic stroke pathophysiology remains unclear. There is a plethora of inconsistent data reported throughout the literature, primarily due to differences in the species examined, the timing and methods used to evaluate injury, the models used, and confusion regarding differences in stroke incidence as seen in clinical populations vs. effects on acute neuroprotection or neurorepair in experimental stroke models. Sex and gonadal hormone exposure have considerable independent impact on stroke outcome, but these factors also interact with each other, and the contribution of each differs throughout the lifespan. The contribution of sex and hormones to experimental stroke will be the focus of this review. Recent advances and our current understanding of age, sex, and hormone interactions in ischemic stroke with a focus on inflammation will be discussed.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Diagram of proposed mechanisms underlying the dual roles of NF-κB signaling in ischemic stroke. Mediated by three X-chromosome linked genes (BTK, IRAK-1, and NEMO) upon ischemic insults, NF-κB translocates into the nucleus and regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. NF-κB also interacts with XIAP to exert inhibitory effect on JNK and caspase mediated apoptosis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic summary of effects of age, sex, and hormones on stroke sensitivity. Green colors stand for stimulating effects; red colors stand for inhibitory effects. INFL: inflammation; E2: estrogen; T: testosterone.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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