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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2011 Dec 1;42(1):115.
doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-115.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection decreases the efficacy of an attenuated classical swine fever virus (CSFV) vaccine

Yu-Liang Huang  1 , Victor Fei Pang, Chun-Ming Lin, Yi-Chieh Tsai, Mi-Yuan Chia, Ming-Chung Deng, Chia-Yi Chang, Chian-Ren Jeng
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection decreases the efficacy of an attenuated classical swine fever virus (CSFV) vaccine

Yu-Liang Huang et al. Vet Res. .

Abstract

The Lapinized Philippines Coronel (LPC) vaccine, an attenuated strain of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is an important tool for the prevention and control of CSFV infection and is widely and routinely used in most CSF endemic areas, including Taiwan. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PCV2 infection affects the efficacy of the LPC vaccine. Eighteen 6-week-old, cesarean-derived and colostrum-deprived (CDCD), crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to four groups. A total of 10(5.3) TCID50 of PCV2 was experimentally inoculated into pigs through both intranasal and intramuscular routes at 0 days post-inoculation (dpi) followed by LPC vaccination 12 days later. All the animals were challenged with wild-type CSFV (ALD stain) at 27 dpi and euthanized at 45 dpi. Following CSFV challenge, the LPC-vaccinated pigs pre-inoculated with PCV2 showed transient fever, viremia, and viral shedding in the saliva and feces. The number of IgM(+), CD4(+)CD8-CD25(+), CD4(+)CD8(+)CD25(+), and CD4(-)CD8(+)CD25(+) lymphocyte subsets and the level of neutralizing antibodies against CSFV were significantly higher in the animals with LPC vaccination alone than in the pigs with PCV2 inoculation/LPC vaccination. In addition, PCV2-derived inhibition of the CSFV-specific cell proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was demonstrated in an ex vivo experiment. These findings indicate that PCV2 infection decreases the efficacy of the LPC vaccine. This PCV2-derived interference may not only allow the invasion of wild-type CSFV in pig farms but also increases the difficulty of CSF prevention and control in CSF endemic areas.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Changes in the absolute number of IgM+ (A), CD4-CD8+CD25+ (B), CD4+CD8-CD25+ (C), and CD4+CD8+CD25+ (D) lymphocyte subsets in various treatment groups of pigs after classical swine fever virus (CSFV) challenged over time as determined by flow cytometry. The pigs in group 1 (PCV2-infected/LPC-vaccinated/CSFV-challenged) and group 2 (PCV2-infected/CSFV-challenged) were inoculated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) at 0 dpi. The pigs in group 1 and group 3 (LPC-vaccinated/CSFV-challenged) were vaccinated with 1 dose of Lapinized Philippines Coronel (LPC) vaccine at 12 dpi. The pigs in all four groups were inoculated with wild-type CSFV (ALD strain) at 27 dpi. Data are shown as mean ± SD. a-dValues with different superscripts indicate that the differences among groups are statistically significant (P < 0.05).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on the development of anti-classical swine fever virus (CSFV) neutralizing antibody in various treatment groups of pigs. The pigs of group 1 (PCV2-infected/LPC-vaccinated/CSFV-challenged) and group 2 (PCV2-infected/CSFV-challenged) were inoculated with PCV2 at 0 dpi. The pigs of group 1 and group 3 (LPC-vaccinated/CSFV-challenged) were vaccinated with 1 dose of Lapinized Philippines Coronel (LPC) vaccine at 12 dpi. The pigs of all four groups were inoculated with CSFV (ALD strain) at 27 dpi. Data are shown as mean ± SD.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on the classical swine fever virus (CSFV)-specific cell proliferation reponse of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in various ex vivo treatments. The PBMCs were collected from pigs that had been vaccinated with Lapinized Philippines Coronel (LPC) vaccine twice, followed by challenge with wild-type CSFV (ALD) 6 weeks later. The PBMCs were pre-inoculated with 0.1, 0.05 or 0.01 MOI of PCV2, 0.1 MOI of UV-inactivated PCV2 or Con A at 5 μg/mL followed by inoculation with 1 MOI of wild-type CSFV 18 h later. This ex vivo CSFV-specific cell proliferation response was done in triplicates and assayed 4 days after wild-type CSFV stimulation by commercial kits as indicated in the material and methods. The values are shown as mean ± SD of five different pigs. a-dValues with different superscripts indicate that the differences among groups are statistically significant (P < 0.05).
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