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. 2010:2010:758230.
doi: 10.1155/2010/758230. Epub 2010 Oct 3.

Conserved molecular mechanisms underlying homeostasis of the Golgi complex

Cathal Wilson  1 , Antonella Ragnini-Wilson
Affiliations

Conserved molecular mechanisms underlying homeostasis of the Golgi complex

Cathal Wilson et al. Int J Cell Biol. 2010.

Abstract

The Golgi complex performs a central function in the secretory pathway in the sorting and sequential processing of a large number of proteins destined for other endomembrane organelles, the plasma membrane, or secretion from the cell, in addition to lipid metabolism and signaling. The Golgi apparatus can be regarded as a self-organizing system that maintains a relatively stable morphofunctional organization in the face of an enormous flux of lipids and proteins. A large number of the molecular players that operate in these processes have been identified, their functions and interactions defined, but there is still debate about many aspects that regulate protein trafficking and, in particular, the maintenance of these highly dynamic structures and processes. Here, we consider how an evolutionarily conserved underlying mechanism based on retrograde trafficking that uses lipids, COPI, SNAREs, and tethers could maintain such a homeodynamic system.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The vesicular transport model (top) versus the cisternal maturation model (bottom). In the vesicular transport model, cargo (red boxes) is transferred between stable Golgi compartments (coloured barrels) via vesicle carriers (circles with boxes) until it exits the Golgi (top right). Some proteins (e.g., SNAREs) and/or lipids could be returned via retrograde trafficking (curved downward-pointing arrows, unfilled circles). In the cisternal maturation model, the cargo can be considered to be stably located within a membrane compartment that changes identity via the retrograde trafficking (curved downward-pointing arrows, unfilled circles) of Golgi identity determinants (coloured barrels). As cargo leaves the Golgi in membrane carriers, the trans-Golgi is “consumed” (dashed vertical arrows) while new cisternae are forming by input from the ER (solid vertical arrows). Retrograde transport has a much greater role in maintaining an apparently stable system in the case of cisternal maturation. Under steady state conditions, both situations would appear to be the same. Large horizontal arrow: time of transport.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A model for maintaining Golgi structure during cisternal maturation by retrograde transport. Incoming cargo is modified by Golgi enzymes and then lipid partitioning separates cargo from enzymes (divergent arrows). Intra-Golgi transport could be controlled via COPI vesicles that regulate the composition and concentration of SNARE proteins and lipids in the cisternae. During anterograde transport the cargo molecules are maintained within a cisterna that changes identity by the retrograde recycling of SNAREs, Golgi resident proteins, and lipids via intercisternal tubules, with the COG complex acting as a tethering factor. Arf1 is present across the Golgi and regulates COPI vesicle formation but distinct domains are conferred by the ArfGEFs and ArfGAPs, all of which associate and dissociate rapidly from the Golgi membranes according to the changing lipid/protein identity (see text for details).
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