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Review
. 2011 May;157(2):204-11.
doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.09.011. Epub 2010 Oct 1.

The role of cytomegalovirus in angiogenesis

Patrizia Caposio  1 , Susan L Orloff, Daniel N Streblow
Affiliations
Review

The role of cytomegalovirus in angiogenesis

Patrizia Caposio et al. Virus Res. 2011 May.

Abstract

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has been associated with the acceleration of vascular disease including atherosclerosis and transplant associated vasculopathy in solid organ transplants. HCMV promotes vascular disease at many of the different stages of the disease development. These include the initial injury phase, enhancing the response to injury and inflammation, as well as by increasing SMC hyperplasia and foamy macrophage cell formation. Angiogenesis is a critical process involved in the development of vascular diseases. Recently, HCMV has been shown to induce angiogenesis and this process is thought to contribute to HCMV-accelerated vascular disease and may also be important for HCMV-enhanced tumor formation. This review will highlight the role of HCMV in promoting angiogenesis.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Role of HCMV in Angiogenesis
Depicted are the stages of angiogenesis and the role of HCMV in this process: 1) HCMV infected monocyte/macrophages disseminate virus to EC and SMC of the vasculature. 2) Infected cells release angiogenic growth factors (VEGF, IL-6, Nitric Oxide, etc.) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). 3) Infected cells and locally activated cells release additional extracellular remodeling enzymes (MMPs, cathepsins, TIMPs, etc.) that degrade the vessel wall. 4) Growth factors released during vessel wall degradation promote EC migration towards the angiogenic stimulus and mediate EC proliferation, which drives the formation of the neotubules. Specialized macrophages promote the bridging of EC-tip cells fusing neighboring tubules into a complete circuit. 5) The newly formed tubules release growth factors (PDGF and FGF) that recruit Mural cells to stabilize the neovessel.
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