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. 2008 Sep;3(9):626-32.
doi: 10.4161/psb.3.9.6686.

Transport and accumulation of flavonoids in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Enrico Braidot, Marco Zancani, Elisa Petrussa, Carlo Peresson, Alberto Bertolini, Sonia Patui, Francesco Macrì, Angelo Vianello

Transport and accumulation of flavonoids in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Enrico Braidot et al. Plant Signal Behav. 2008 Sep.

Abstract

Flavonoids are a group of secondary metabolites widely distributed in plants that represent a huge portion of the soluble phenolics present in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). These compounds play different physiological roles and are often involved in protection against biotic and abiotic stress. Even if the flavonoid biosynthetic pathways have been largely characterized, the mechanisms of their transport and accumulation in cell wall and vacuole are still not completely understood. This review analyses the known mechanisms of flavonoid uptake and accumulation in grapevine, with reference to the transport models and membrane carrier proteins described in other plant species. The effect of different environmental factors on flavonoid biosynthesis and transporters is also discussed.

Keywords: ABC proteins; active transport; bilitranslocase; biotic and abiotic stress; flavonoid; secondary metabolites.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scheme of flavonoid biosynthetic pathways in grapevine. Anthocyanins are synthesized by a multienzyme complex loosely associated to the endoplasmic reticulum (CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; F3′5′H, flavonoid 3′5′-hydroxylase; DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; LDOX, leucoanthocyanidin oxidase; UFGT, UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl transferase; MT, methyltransferase). Flavonol and proanthocyanidin syntheses branch off from the anthocyanin pathway (FLS, flavonol synthase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; ANR, anthocyanidin reductase).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Hypothetical scheme of flavonoid transport pathways in grapevine. Flavonoids could be conjugated with glutathione (GSH) through a reaction catalysed by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). The main transporters localized in grapevine vacuole and plasma membrane are the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins and the bilitranslocase-homologue (BTL-homologue). The multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) protein, shown to be involved in flavonoid transport in other plant species, has also been added. Transport mediated by vesicle trafficking is indicated by circles (AVIs, anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions; ACPs, anthocyanoplasts). Question marks indicate the lack of information or still hypothetical components and steps in the process.
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