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Review
. 2008 Feb;76(2):454-65.
doi: 10.1128/IAI.00939-07. Epub 2007 Dec 17.

Sensing gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides: a human disease determinant?

Robert S Munford  1
Affiliations
Review

Sensing gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides: a human disease determinant?

Robert S Munford. Infect Immun. 2008 Feb.
No abstract available

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Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Structure of E. coli lipid A. The diglucosamine lipid A backbone has phosphates at positions 1 and 4′ and two molecules of 3-hydroxymyristate attached directly to each glucosamine. The hydroxyl groups of the hydroxymyristates at positions 2′ and 3′ are substituted by laurate (C12) and myristate (C14), respectively (shown as dashed lines in the drawing). Palmitate (C16) is sometimes found as a secondary acyl chain, and the primary (glucosamine-linked) acyl chains may have 12 carbons. This structure is sensed by the MD-2-TLR4 receptor. LPSs from different gram-negative bacteria may have more or fewer acyl chains, longer acyl chains, branched acyl chains, unsaturated acyl chains, only one phosphate, or other modifications. Each of these structures is less stimulatory to cells that express MD-2-TLR4 than is hexaacyl LPS. On the other hand, the two secondary (“piggyback”) chains can be attached to different 3-hydroxymyristate residues (for example, at 2 and 2′) without diminishing recognition by MD-2-TLR4.
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