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Review
. 2008 Apr;82(7):3166-80.
doi: 10.1128/JVI.01634-07. Epub 2007 Nov 7.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine development: recent advances in the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte platform "spotty business"

Kimberly A Schoenly  1 , David B Weiner
Affiliations
Review

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine development: recent advances in the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte platform "spotty business"

Kimberly A Schoenly et al. J Virol. 2008 Apr.
No abstract available

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Figures

FIG. 1.
FIG. 1.
Vaccine induction of mucosal immunity may be important to prevent HIV-1 dissemination. HIV-1 is primarily transmitted through the mucosal surfaces. HIV-1-specific IgA antibodies could potentially neutralize the virus or block viral adherence or entry to mucosal tissues. CTLs specific for HIV-1 could lyse infected cells that present viral antigens via MHC-I, thereby preventing their entry into the systemic compartments. sIgA, secretory IgA.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 2.
Electroporation enhances both cellular (A) and humoral (B) immune responses, using less amounts of DNA than intramuscular immunizations alone. BALB/c mice were immunized in the muscle 2 weeks apart with or without electroporation. The group given the intramuscular injection alone (IM) received 50 μg of plasmid DNA, and the electroporated group (IM/EP) received 5 μg or 25 μg per immunization. The mice were sacrificed 1 week following the final immunization. (A) ELISPOT assay with the splenocytes of mice immunized with empty plasmid (pVAX) or pHIV-1 Gag DNA (pGAG). HIV-1 Gag-specific IFN-g secretion is shown as SFC per million. Splenocytes were stimulated with four overlapping peptide pools spanning HIV-1 Gag. (B) Antibodies against p24 HIV-1 Gag, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sera were collected from immunized mice at the time of sacrifice. O. D. at 450, optical density at 450 nm.
FIG. 3.
FIG. 3.
Electroporation increases CD4 and CD8 T-cell proliferation. Rhesus macaques were immunized three times with 1.0 mg each of plasmid-encoded consensus HIV Gag and rhesus IL-12 by intramuscular injection (IM) immunization alone (n = 2), or electroporation (EP; n = 3). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from samples taken 2 weeks after the third immunization, and the proliferative capacities of HIV Gag-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were determined by carboxyfluoroscein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) assay. Representative dot plots for two animals from each group are shown. Percentages represent Gag-specific proliferation with background proliferation (medium control) subtracted..
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