Genetic reassortment and patch repair by recombination in retroviruses
- PMID: 10754383
- DOI: 10.1007/BF02256615
Genetic reassortment and patch repair by recombination in retroviruses
Abstract
Retroviral particles contain a diploid RNA genome which serves as template for the synthesis of double-stranded DNA in a complex process guided by virus-encoded reverse transcriptase. The dimeric nature of the genome allows the proceeding polymerase to switch templates during copying of the copackaged RNA molecules, leading to the generation of recombinant proviruses that harbor genetic information derived from both parental RNAs. Template switching abilities of reverse transcriptase facilitate the development of mosaic retroviruses with altered functional properties and thereby contribute to the restoration and evolution of retroviruses facing altering selective forces of their environment. This review focuses on the genetic patchwork of retroviruses and how mixing of sequence patches by recombination may lead to repair in terms of re-established replication and facilitate increased viral fitness, enhanced pathogenic potential, and altered virus tropisms. Endogenous retroelements represent an affluent source of functional viral sequences which may hitchhike with virions and serve as sequence donors in patch repair. We describe here the involvement of endogenous viruses in genetic reassortment and patch repair and review important examples derived from cell culture and animal studies. Moreover, we discuss how the patch repair phenomenon may challenge both safe usage of retrovirus-based gene vehicles in human gene therapy and the use of animal organs as xenografts in humans. Finally, the ongoing mixing of distinct human immunodeficiency virus strains and its implications for antiviral treatment is discussed.
Similar articles
-
Mechanisms and factors that influence high frequency retroviral recombination.Viruses. 2011 Sep;3(9):1650-1680. doi: 10.3390/v3091650. Epub 2011 Sep 9. Viruses. 2011. PMID: 21994801 Free PMC article. Review.
-
The multiple roles of the nucleocapsid in retroviral RNA conversion into proviral DNA by reverse transcriptase.Biochem Soc Trans. 2016 Oct 15;44(5):1427-1440. doi: 10.1042/BST20160101-T. Biochem Soc Trans. 2016. PMID: 27911725 Review.
-
Generation of diversity in retroviruses.Annu Rev Genet. 1990;24:409-45. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.24.120190.002205. Annu Rev Genet. 1990. PMID: 1708222 Review.
-
Presence of a Shared 5'-Leader Sequence in Ancestral Human and Mammalian Retroviruses and Its Transduction into Feline Leukemia Virus.J Virol. 2017 Sep 27;91(20):e00829-17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00829-17. Print 2017 Oct 15. J Virol. 2017. PMID: 28768854 Free PMC article.
-
Ordered interstrand and intrastrand DNA transfer during reverse transcription.Science. 1988 Aug 26;241(4869):1064-9. doi: 10.1126/science.2457948. Science. 1988. PMID: 2457948
Cited by
-
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transductive recombination can occur frequently and in proportion to polyadenylation signal readthrough.J Virol. 2004 Apr;78(7):3419-28. doi: 10.1128/jvi.78.7.3419-3428.2004. J Virol. 2004. PMID: 15016864 Free PMC article.
-
Identification of endogenous retroviral reading frames in the human genome.Retrovirology. 2004 Oct 11;1:32. doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-1-32. Retrovirology. 2004. PMID: 15476554 Free PMC article.
-
Variability, recombination, and mosaic evolution of the barley BARE-1 retrotransposon.J Mol Evol. 2005 Sep;61(3):275-91. doi: 10.1007/s00239-004-0168-7. Epub 2005 Jul 18. J Mol Evol. 2005. PMID: 16034651
-
Suppression of microRNAs by dual-targeting and clustered Tough Decoy inhibitors.RNA Biol. 2013 Mar;10(3):406-14. doi: 10.4161/rna.23543. Epub 2013 Jan 16. RNA Biol. 2013. PMID: 23324610 Free PMC article.
-
The Host RNAs in Retroviral Particles.Viruses. 2016 Aug 19;8(8):235. doi: 10.3390/v8080235. Viruses. 2016. PMID: 27548206 Free PMC article. Review.
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
LinkOut - more resources
Other Literature Sources