Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1984 Feb;4(2):268–275. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.2.268

Identification of two proteins encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL4 gene.

A Laughon, R Driscoll, N Wills, R F Gesteland
PMCID: PMC368691  PMID: 6366517

Abstract

We placed the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL4 gene under control of the galactose regulatory system by fusing it to the S. cerevisiae GAL1 promoter. After induction with galactose, GAL4 is now transcribed at about 1,000-fold higher levels than in wild-type S. cerevisiae. This regulated high-level expression has enabled us to tentatively identify two GAL4-encoded proteins.

Full text

PDF
268

Images in this article

271Image
on p.271
272Image
on p.272
273Image
on p.273
273Image
on p.273

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adams B. G. Induction of galactokinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: kinetics of induction and glucose effects. J Bacteriol. 1972 Aug;111(2):308–315. doi: 10.1128/jb.111.2.308-315.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alwine J. C., Kemp D. J., Stark G. R. Method for detection of specific RNAs in agarose gels by transfer to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and hybridization with DNA probes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5350–5354. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5350. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Berk A. J., Sharp P. A. Sizing and mapping of early adenovirus mRNAs by gel electrophoresis of S1 endonuclease-digested hybrids. Cell. 1977 Nov;12(3):721–732. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90272-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Broach J. R. Galactose regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The enzymes encoded by the GAL7, 10, 1 cluster are co-ordinately controlled and separately translated. J Mol Biol. 1979 Jun 15;131(1):41–53. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90300-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Broach J. R., Strathern J. N., Hicks J. B. Transformation in yeast: development of a hybrid cloning vector and isolation of the CAN1 gene. Gene. 1979 Dec;8(1):121–133. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(79)90012-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Burke R. L., Tekamp-Olson P., Najarian R. The isolation, characterization, and sequence of the pyruvate kinase gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 1983 Feb 25;258(4):2193–2201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. DOUGLAS H. C., HAWTHORNE D. C. ENZYMATIC EXPRESSION AND GENETIC LINKAGE OF GENES CONTROLLING GALACTOSE UTILIZATION IN SACCHAROMYCES. Genetics. 1964 May;49:837–844. doi: 10.1093/genetics/49.5.837. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dobson M. J., Tuite M. F., Roberts N. A., Kingsman A. J., Kingsman S. M., Perkins R. E., Conroy S. C., Fothergill L. A. Conservation of high efficiency promoter sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Apr 24;10(8):2625–2637. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.8.2625. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Douglas H. C., Hawthorne D. C. Regulation of genes controlling synthesis of the galactose pathway enzymes in yeast. Genetics. 1966 Sep;54(3):911–916. doi: 10.1093/genetics/54.3.911. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Elder R. T., Loh E. Y., Davis R. W. RNA from the yeast transposable element Ty1 has both ends in the direct repeats, a structure similar to retrovirus RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 May;80(9):2432–2436. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.9.2432. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Fukasawa T., Obonai K., Segawa T., Nogi Y. The enzymes of the galactose cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Purification and characterization of uridine diphosphoglucose 4-epimerase. J Biol Chem. 1980 Apr 10;255(7):2705–2707. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Gesteland R. F., Wills N., Lewis J. B., Grodzicker T. Identification of amber and ochre mutants of the human virus Ad2+ND1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Oct;74(10):4567–4571. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.10.4567. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gluzman Y., Sambrook J. F., Frisque R. J. Expression of early genes of origin-defective mutants of simian virus 40. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jul;77(7):3898–3902. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.3898. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Goldberg M. L., Lifton R. P., Stark G. R., Williams J. G. Isolation of specific RNA's using DNA covalently linked to diazobenzyloxymethyl cellulose or paper. Methods Enzymol. 1979;68:206–220. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(79)68016-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Guarente L., Yocum R. R., Gifford P. A GAL10-CYC1 hybrid yeast promoter identifies the GAL4 regulatory region as an upstream site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Dec;79(23):7410–7414. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7410. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hopper J. E., Broach J. R., Rowe L. B. Regulation of the galactose pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: induction of uridyl transferase mRNA and dependency on GAL4 gene function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Jun;75(6):2878–2882. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.6.2878. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Johnston S. A., Hopper J. E. Isolation of the yeast regulatory gene GAL4 and analysis of its dosage effects on the galactose/melibiose regulon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(22):6971–6975. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.22.6971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Kew O. M., Douglas H. C. Genetic co-regulation of galactose and melibiose utilization in Saccharomyces. J Bacteriol. 1976 Jan;125(1):33–41. doi: 10.1128/jb.125.1.33-41.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kozak M. Comparison of initiation of protein synthesis in procaryotes, eucaryotes, and organelles. Microbiol Rev. 1983 Mar;47(1):1–45. doi: 10.1128/mr.47.1.1-45.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Laughon A., Gesteland R. F. Isolation and preliminary characterization of the GAL4 gene, a positive regulator of transcription in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(22):6827–6831. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.22.6827. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Laughon A., Gesteland R. F. Primary structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL4 gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Feb;4(2):260–267. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.2.260. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Maniatis T., Jeffrey A., Kleid D. G. Nucleotide sequence of the rightward operator of phage lambda. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Mar;72(3):1184–1188. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.3.1184. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Matsumoto K., Adachi Y., Toh-e A., Oshima Y. Function of positive regulatory gene gal4 in the synthesis of galactose pathway enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence that the GAL81 region codes for part of the gal4 protein. J Bacteriol. 1980 Feb;141(2):508–527. doi: 10.1128/jb.141.2.508-527.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Matsumoto K., Toh-e A., Oshima Y. Genetic control of galactokinase synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence for constitutive expression of the positive regulatory gene gal4. J Bacteriol. 1978 May;134(2):446–457. doi: 10.1128/jb.134.2.446-457.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Nasmyth K. A., Tatchell K., Hall B. D., Astell C., Smith M. Physical analysis of mating-type loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1981;45(Pt 2):961–981. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1981.045.01.113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Pelham H. R., Jackson R. J. An efficient mRNA-dependent translation system from reticulocyte lysates. Eur J Biochem. 1976 Aug 1;67(1):247–256. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10656.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Perlman D., Hopper J. E. Constitutive synthesis of the GAL4 protein, a galactose pathway regulator in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell. 1979 Jan;16(1):89–95. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90190-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Prives C. L., Aviv H., Paterson B. M., Roberts B. E., Rozenblatt S., Revel M., Winocour E. Cell-free translation of messenger RNA of simian virus 40: synthesis of the major capsid protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1974 Feb;71(2):302–306. doi: 10.1073/pnas.71.2.302. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Reed S. I., Ferguson J., Groppe J. C. Preliminary characterization of the transcriptional and translational products of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell division cycle gene CDC28. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Apr;2(4):412–425. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.4.412. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. St John T. P., Davis R. W. Isolation of galactose-inducible DNA sequences from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by differential plaque filter hybridization. Cell. 1979 Feb;16(2):443–452. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90020-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. St John T. P., Davis R. W. The organization and transcription of the galactose gene cluster of Saccharomyces. J Mol Biol. 1981 Oct 25;152(2):285–315. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90244-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. St John T. P., Scherer S., McDonell M. W., Davis R. W. Deletion analysis of the Saccharomyces GAL gene cluster. Transcription from three promoters. J Mol Biol. 1981 Oct 25;152(2):317–334. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90245-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Stiles J. I., Szostak J. W., Young A. T., Wu R., Consaul S., Sherman F. DNA sequence of a mutation in the leader region of the yeast iso-1-cytochrome c mRNA. Cell. 1981 Jul;25(1):277–284. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90253-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES