Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Genetics logoLink to Genetics
. 1998 Apr;148(4):1599–1610. doi: 10.1093/genetics/148.4.1599

Mutagenesis and more: umuDC and the Escherichia coli SOS response.

B T Smith 1, G C Walker 1
PMCID: PMC1460076  PMID: 9560379

Abstract

The cellular response to DNA damage that has been most extensively studied is the SOS response of Escherichia coli. Analyses of the SOS response have led to new insights into the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of processes that increase cell survival after DNA damage as well as insights into DNA-damage-induced mutagenesis, i.e., SOS mutagenesis. SOS mutagenesis requires the recA and umuDC gene products and has as its mechanistic basis the alteration of DNA polymerase III such that it becomes capable of replicating DNA containing miscoding and noncoding lesions. Ongoing investigations of the mechanisms underlying SOS mutagenesis, as well as recent observations suggesting that the umuDC operon may have a role in the regulation of the E. coli cell cycle after DNA damage has occurred, are discussed.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (219.1 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ball C. A., Osuna R., Ferguson K. C., Johnson R. C. Dramatic changes in Fis levels upon nutrient upshift in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1992 Dec;174(24):8043–8056. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.24.8043-8056.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Banerjee S. K., Borden A., Christensen R. B., LeClerc J. E., Lawrence C. W. SOS-dependent replication past a single trans-syn T-T cyclobutane dimer gives a different mutation spectrum and increased error rate compared with replication past this lesion in uninduced cells. J Bacteriol. 1990 Apr;172(4):2105–2112. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.4.2105-2112.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Banerjee S. K., Christensen R. B., Lawrence C. W., LeClerc J. E. Frequency and spectrum of mutations produced by a single cis-syn thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer in a single-stranded vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Nov;85(21):8141–8145. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.21.8141. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bates H., Bridges B. A. Mutagenic DNA repair in Escherichia coli. XIX. On the roles of RecA protein in ultraviolet light mutagenesis. Biochimie. 1991 Apr;73(4):485–489. doi: 10.1016/0300-9084(91)90116-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bates H., Randall S. K., Rayssiguier C., Bridges B. A., Goodman M. F., Radman M. Spontaneous and UV-induced mutations in Escherichia coli K-12 strains with altered or absent DNA polymerase I. J Bacteriol. 1989 May;171(5):2480–2484. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.5.2480-2484.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Battista J. R., Ohta T., Nohmi T., Sun W., Walker G. C. Dominant negative umuD mutations decreasing RecA-mediated cleavage suggest roles for intact UmuD in modulation of SOS mutagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(18):7190–7194. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.18.7190. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Begg K. J., Dewar S. J., Donachie W. D. A new Escherichia coli cell division gene, ftsK. J Bacteriol. 1995 Nov;177(21):6211–6222. doi: 10.1128/jb.177.21.6211-6222.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bi E. F., Lutkenhaus J. FtsZ ring structure associated with division in Escherichia coli. Nature. 1991 Nov 14;354(6349):161–164. doi: 10.1038/354161a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Boudsocq F., Campbell M., Devoret R., Bailone A. Quantitation of the inhibition of Hfr x F- recombination by the mutagenesis complex UmuD'C. J Mol Biol. 1997 Jul 11;270(2):201–211. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1098. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Brent R., Ptashne M. Mechanism of action of the lexA gene product. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jul;78(7):4204–4208. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.7.4204. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bridges B. A. Are there DNA damage checkpoints in E. coli? Bioessays. 1995 Jan;17(1):63–70. doi: 10.1002/bies.950170112. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bridges B. A. Mutagenic DNA repair in Escherichia coli. XVI. Mutagenesis by ultraviolet light plus delayed photoreversal in recA strains. Mutat Res. 1988 Apr;198(2):343–350. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(88)90012-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bridges B. A., Woodgate R. Mutagenic repair in Escherichia coli. X. The umuC gene product may be required for replication past pyrimidine dimers but not for the coding error in UV-mutagenesis. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;196(2):364–366. doi: 10.1007/BF00328073. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bridges B. A., Woodgate R. Mutagenic repair in Escherichia coli: products of the recA gene and of the umuD and umuC genes act at different steps in UV-induced mutagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jun;82(12):4193–4197. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.12.4193. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Brotcorne-Lannoye A., Maenhaut-Michel G. Role of RecA protein in untargeted UV mutagenesis of bacteriophage lambda: evidence for the requirement for the dinB gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jun;83(11):3904–3908. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.11.3904. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bruck I., Woodgate R., McEntee K., Goodman M. F. Purification of a soluble UmuD'C complex from Escherichia coli. Cooperative binding of UmuD'C to single-stranded DNA. J Biol Chem. 1996 May 3;271(18):10767–10774. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.18.10767. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Burckhardt S. E., Woodgate R., Scheuermann R. H., Echols H. UmuD mutagenesis protein of Escherichia coli: overproduction, purification, and cleavage by RecA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(6):1811–1815. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.6.1811. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Cohen-Fix O., Livneh Z. Biochemical analysis of UV mutagenesis in Escherichia coli by using a cell-free reaction coupled to a bioassay: identification of a DNA repair-dependent, replication-independent pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Apr 15;89(8):3300–3304. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.8.3300. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Cohen-Fix O., Livneh Z. In vitro UV mutagenesis associated with nucleotide excision-repair gaps in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1994 Feb 18;269(7):4953–4958. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Craig N. L., Roberts J. W. Function of nucleoside triphosphate and polynucleotide in Escherichia coli recA protein-directed cleavage of phage lambda repressor. J Biol Chem. 1981 Aug 10;256(15):8039–8044. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Defais M., Caillet-Fauquet P., Fox M. S., Radman M. Induction kinetics of mutagenic DNA repair activity in E. coli following ultraviolet irradiation. Mol Gen Genet. 1976 Oct 18;148(2):125–130. doi: 10.1007/BF00268375. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Defais M., Fauquet P., Radman M., Errera M. Ultraviolet reactivation and ultraviolet mutagenesis of lambda in different genetic systems. Virology. 1971 Feb;43(2):495–503. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90321-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Donnelly C. E., Walker G. C. Coexpression of UmuD' with UmuC suppresses the UV mutagenesis deficiency of groE mutants. J Bacteriol. 1992 May;174(10):3133–3139. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.10.3133-3139.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Dutreix M., Burnett B., Bailone A., Radding C. M., Devoret R. A partially deficient mutant, recA1730, that fails to form normal nucleoprotein filaments. Mol Gen Genet. 1992 Apr;232(3):489–497. doi: 10.1007/BF00266254. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Dutreix M., Moreau P. L., Bailone A., Galibert F., Battista J. R., Walker G. C., Devoret R. New recA mutations that dissociate the various RecA protein activities in Escherichia coli provide evidence for an additional role for RecA protein in UV mutagenesis. J Bacteriol. 1989 May;171(5):2415–2423. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.5.2415-2423.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Echols H., Goodman M. F. Fidelity mechanisms in DNA replication. Annu Rev Biochem. 1991;60:477–511. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.60.070191.002401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ferentz A. E., Opperman T., Walker G. C., Wagner G. Dimerization of the UmuD' protein in solution and its implications for regulation of SOS mutagenesis. Nat Struct Biol. 1997 Dec;4(12):979–983. doi: 10.1038/nsb1297-979. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Finkel S. E., Johnson R. C. The Fis protein: it's not just for DNA inversion anymore. Mol Microbiol. 1992 Nov;6(22):3257–3265. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb02193.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Guzzo A., Lee M. H., Oda K., Walker G. C. Analysis of the region between amino acids 30 and 42 of intact UmuD by a monocysteine approach. J Bacteriol. 1996 Dec;178(24):7295–7303. doi: 10.1128/jb.178.24.7295-7303.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Hagensee M. E., Timme T. L., Bryan S. K., Moses R. E. DNA polymerase III of Escherichia coli is required for UV and ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jun;84(12):4195–4199. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.12.4195. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Harmon F. G., Rehrauer W. M., Kowalczykowski S. C. Interaction of Escherichia coli RecA protein with LexA repressor. II. Inhibition of DNA strand exchange by the uncleavable LexA S119A repressor argues that recombination and SOS induction are competitive processes. J Biol Chem. 1996 Sep 27;271(39):23874–23883. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hauser J., Levine A. S., Ennis D. G., Chumakov K. M., Woodgate R. The enhanced mutagenic potential of the MucAB proteins correlates with the highly efficient processing of the MucA protein. J Bacteriol. 1992 Nov;174(21):6844–6851. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.21.6844-6851.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hill T. M., Sharma B., Valjavec-Gratian M., Smith J. sfi-independent filamentation in Escherichia coli Is lexA dependent and requires DNA damage for induction. J Bacteriol. 1997 Mar;179(6):1931–1939. doi: 10.1128/jb.179.6.1931-1939.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Iwasaki H., Nakata A., Walker G. C., Shinagawa H. The Escherichia coli polB gene, which encodes DNA polymerase II, is regulated by the SOS system. J Bacteriol. 1990 Nov;172(11):6268–6273. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.11.6268-6273.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Jonczyk P., Fijalkowska I., Ciesla Z. Overproduction of the epsilon subunit of DNA polymerase III counteracts the SOS mutagenic response of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(23):9124–9127. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.23.9124. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Jonczyk P., Nowicka A. Specific in vivo protein-protein interactions between Escherichia coli SOS mutagenesis proteins. J Bacteriol. 1996 May;178(9):2580–2585. doi: 10.1128/jb.178.9.2580-2585.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Karlin S., Altschul S. F. Applications and statistics for multiple high-scoring segments in molecular sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jun 15;90(12):5873–5877. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.12.5873. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Khidhir M. A., Casaregola S., Holland I. B. Mechanism of transient inhibition of DNA synthesis in ultraviolet-irradiated E. coli: inhibition is independent of recA whilst recovery requires RecA protein itself and an additional, inducible SOS function. Mol Gen Genet. 1985;199(1):133–140. doi: 10.1007/BF00327522. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Kitagawa Y., Akaboshi E., Shinagawa H., Horii T., Ogawa H., Kato T. Structural analysis of the umu operon required for inducible mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jul;82(13):4336–4340. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.13.4336. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Koch W. H., Cebula T. A., Foster P. L., Eisenstadt E. UV mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium is umuDC dependent despite the presence of samAB. J Bacteriol. 1992 May;174(9):2809–2815. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.9.2809-2815.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Koffel-Schwartz N., Coin F., Veaute X., Fuchs R. P. Cellular strategies for accommodating replication-hindering adducts in DNA: control by the SOS response in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jul 23;93(15):7805–7810. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.15.7805. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Kulaeva O. I., Koonin E. V., McDonald J. P., Randall S. K., Rabinovich N., Connaughton J. F., Levine A. S., Woodgate R. Identification of a DinB/UmuC homolog in the archeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. Mutat Res. 1996 Oct 25;357(1-2):245–253. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(96)00164-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Larimer F. W., Perry J. R., Hardigree A. A. The REV1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: isolation, sequence, and functional analysis. J Bacteriol. 1989 Jan;171(1):230–237. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.1.230-237.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Lawrence C. W., Borden A., Banerjee S. K., LeClerc J. E. Mutation frequency and spectrum resulting from a single abasic site in a single-stranded vector. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Apr 25;18(8):2153–2157. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.8.2153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. LeClerc J. E., Borden A., Lawrence C. W. The thymine-thymine pyrimidine-pyrimidone(6-4) ultraviolet light photoproduct is highly mutagenic and specifically induces 3' thymine-to-cytosine transitions in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Nov 1;88(21):9685–9689. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.21.9685. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Lee M. H., Ohta T., Walker G. C. A monocysteine approach for probing the structure and interactions of the UmuD protein. J Bacteriol. 1994 Aug;176(16):4825–4837. doi: 10.1128/jb.176.16.4825-4837.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Lemontt J. F. Mutants of yeast defective in mutation induced by ultraviolet light. Genetics. 1971 May;68(1):21–33. doi: 10.1093/genetics/68.1.21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Lewis L. K., Harlow G. R., Gregg-Jolly L. A., Mount D. W. Identification of high affinity binding sites for LexA which define new DNA damage-inducible genes in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol. 1994 Aug 26;241(4):507–523. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1994.1528. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Lewis L. K., Jenkins M. E., Mount D. W. Isolation of DNA damage-inducible promoters in Escherichia coli: regulation of polB (dinA), dinG, and dinH by LexA repressor. J Bacteriol. 1992 May;174(10):3377–3385. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.10.3377-3385.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Little J. W. Autodigestion of lexA and phage lambda repressors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Mar;81(5):1375–1379. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.5.1375. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Little J. W. LexA cleavage and other self-processing reactions. J Bacteriol. 1993 Aug;175(16):4943–4950. doi: 10.1128/jb.175.16.4943-4950.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Little J. W., Mount D. W., Yanisch-Perron C. R. Purified lexA protein is a repressor of the recA and lexA genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jul;78(7):4199–4203. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.7.4199. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Lutkenhaus J., Addinall S. G. Bacterial cell division and the Z ring. Annu Rev Biochem. 1997;66:93–116. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Marsh L., Nohmi T., Hinton S., Walker G. C. New mutations in cloned Escherichia coli umuDC genes: novel phenotypes of strains carrying a umuC125 plasmid. Mutat Res. 1991 Sep-Oct;250(1-2):183–197. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(91)90175-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. McCann J., Spingarn N. E., Kobori J., Ames B. N. Detection of carcinogens as mutagens: bacterial tester strains with R factor plasmids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Mar;72(3):979–983. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.3.979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Napolitano R. L., Lambert I. B., Fuchs R. P. SOS factors involved in translesion synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 May 27;94(11):5733–5738. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.11.5733. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Nastri H. G., Guzzo A., Lange C. S., Walker G. C., Knight K. L. Mutational analysis of the RecA protein L1 region identifies this area as a probable part of the co-protease substrate binding site. Mol Microbiol. 1997 Sep;25(5):967–978. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1997.mmi533.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Nelson J. R., Lawrence C. W., Hinkle D. C. Deoxycytidyl transferase activity of yeast REV1 protein. Nature. 1996 Aug 22;382(6593):729–731. doi: 10.1038/382729a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Nelson J. R., Lawrence C. W., Hinkle D. C. Thymine-thymine dimer bypass by yeast DNA polymerase zeta. Science. 1996 Jun 14;272(5268):1646–1649. doi: 10.1126/science.272.5268.1646. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Nohmi T., Hakura A., Nakai Y., Watanabe M., Murayama S. Y., Sofuni T. Salmonella typhimurium has two homologous but different umuDC operons: cloning of a new umuDC-like operon (samAB) present in a 60-megadalton cryptic plasmid of S. typhimurium. J Bacteriol. 1991 Feb;173(3):1051–1063. doi: 10.1128/jb.173.3.1051-1063.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Oda N., Levin J. D., Spoonde A. Y., Frank E. G., Levine A. S., Woodgate R., Ackerman E. J. Arrested DNA replication in Xenopus and release by Escherichia coli mutagenesis proteins. Science. 1996 Jun 14;272(5268):1644–1646. doi: 10.1126/science.272.5268.1644. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Opperman T., Murli S., Walker G. C. The genetic requirements for UmuDC-mediated cold sensitivity are distinct from those for SOS mutagenesis. J Bacteriol. 1996 Aug;178(15):4400–4411. doi: 10.1128/jb.178.15.4400-4411.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Peat T. S., Frank E. G., McDonald J. P., Levine A. S., Woodgate R., Hendrickson W. A. The UmuD' protein filament and its potential role in damage induced mutagenesis. Structure. 1996 Dec 15;4(12):1401–1412. doi: 10.1016/s0969-2126(96)00148-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Perry K. L., Elledge S. J., Mitchell B. B., Marsh L., Walker G. C. umuDC and mucAB operons whose products are required for UV light- and chemical-induced mutagenesis: UmuD, MucA, and LexA proteins share homology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jul;82(13):4331–4335. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.13.4331. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Petit M. A., Bedale W., Osipiuk J., Lu C., Rajagopalan M., McInerney P., Goodman M. F., Echols H. Sequential folding of UmuC by the Hsp70 and Hsp60 chaperone complexes of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1994 Sep 23;269(38):23824–23829. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Radman M., Villani G., Boiteux S., Kinsella A. R., Glickman B. W., Spadari S. Replicational fidelity: mechanisms of mutation avoidance and mutation fixation. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1979;43(Pt 2):937–946. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1979.043.01.103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Rajagopalan M., Lu C., Woodgate R., O'Donnell M., Goodman M. F., Echols H. Activity of the purified mutagenesis proteins UmuC, UmuD', and RecA in replicative bypass of an abasic DNA lesion by DNA polymerase III. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 15;89(22):10777–10781. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.22.10777. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Rehrauer W. M., Lavery P. E., Palmer E. L., Singh R. N., Kowalczykowski S. C. Interaction of Escherichia coli RecA protein with LexA repressor. I. LexA repressor cleavage is competitive with binding of a secondary DNA molecule. J Biol Chem. 1996 Sep 27;271(39):23865–23873. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Sedgwick S. G., Ho C., Woodgate R. Mutagenic DNA repair in enterobacteria. J Bacteriol. 1991 Sep;173(18):5604–5611. doi: 10.1128/jb.173.18.5604-5611.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Shinagawa H., Iwasaki H., Kato T., Nakata A. RecA protein-dependent cleavage of UmuD protein and SOS mutagenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(6):1806–1810. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.6.1806. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Shinagawa H., Kato T., Ise T., Makino K., Nakata A. Cloning and characterization of the umu operon responsible for inducible mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. Gene. 1983 Aug;23(2):167–174. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(83)90048-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Slater S. C., Maurer R. Requirements for bypass of UV-induced lesions in single-stranded DNA of bacteriophage phi X174 in Salmonella typhimurium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Feb 15;88(4):1251–1255. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.4.1251. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Sommer S., Bailone A., Devoret R. The appearance of the UmuD'C protein complex in Escherichia coli switches repair from homologous recombination to SOS mutagenesis. Mol Microbiol. 1993 Dec;10(5):963–971. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00968.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Spivak G., Hanawalt P. C. Translesion DNA synthesis in the dihydrofolate reductase domain of UV-irradiated CHO cells. Biochemistry. 1992 Jul 28;31(29):6794–6800. doi: 10.1021/bi00144a021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Story R. M., Weber I. T., Steitz T. A. The structure of the E. coli recA protein monomer and polymer. Nature. 1992 Jan 23;355(6358):318–325. doi: 10.1038/355318a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Szpilewska H., Bertrand P., Bailone A., Dutreix M. In vitro inhibition of RecA-mediated homologous pairing by UmuD'C proteins. Biochimie. 1995;77(11):848–853. doi: 10.1016/0300-9084(95)90002-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Taddei F., Matic I., Radman M. cAMP-dependent SOS induction and mutagenesis in resting bacterial populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Dec 5;92(25):11736–11740. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.25.11736. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Tadmor Y., Ascarelli-Goell R., Skaliter R., Livneh Z. Overproduction of the beta subunit of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme reduces UV mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1992 Apr;174(8):2517–2524. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.8.2517-2524.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Thomas D. C., Nguyen D. C., Piegorsch W. W., Kunkel T. A. Relative probability of mutagenic translesion synthesis on the leading and lagging strands during replication of UV-irradiated DNA in a human cell extract. Biochemistry. 1993 Nov 2;32(43):11476–11482. doi: 10.1021/bi00094a002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Walker G. C. SOS-regulated proteins in translesion DNA synthesis and mutagenesis. Trends Biochem Sci. 1995 Oct;20(10):416–420. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0004(00)89091-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Witkin E. M., Roegner-Maniscalco V., Sweasy J. B., McCall J. O. Recovery from ultraviolet light-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis requires umuDC gene products in recA718 mutant strains but not in recA+ strains of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(19):6805–6809. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.19.6805. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Woodgate R. Construction of a umuDC operon substitution mutation in Escherichia coli. Mutat Res. 1992 Mar;281(3):221–225. doi: 10.1016/0165-7992(92)90012-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Woodgate R., Ennis D. G. Levels of chromosomally encoded Umu proteins and requirements for in vivo UmuD cleavage. Mol Gen Genet. 1991 Sep;229(1):10–16. doi: 10.1007/BF00264207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Woodgate R., Levine A. S. Damage inducible mutagenesis: recent insights into the activities of the Umu family of mutagenesis proteins. Cancer Surv. 1996;28:117–140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Woodgate R., Rajagopalan M., Lu C., Echols H. UmuC mutagenesis protein of Escherichia coli: purification and interaction with UmuD and UmuD'. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Oct;86(19):7301–7305. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.19.7301. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Yu X., Egelman E. H. The LexA repressor binds within the deep helical groove of the activated RecA filament. J Mol Biol. 1993 May 5;231(1):29–40. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1993.1254. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Genetics are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES