Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The EMBO Journal logoLink to The EMBO Journal
. 1986 Mar;5(3):603–608. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04253.x

A GAL family of upstream activating sequences in yeast: roles in both induction and repression of transcription.

R J Bram, N F Lue, R D Kornberg
PMCID: PMC1166805  PMID: 3011415

Abstract

Binding sites for the GAL4-positive regulatory protein have been identified upstream of six galactose-inducible genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the basis of (i) protection in DNAse I footprints, (ii) loss of protection when excess GAL4-binding oligonucleotide is added and (iii) homology with a 23-bp dyad-symmetric consensus sequence. Many of the binding sites have been shown to function as upstream activating sequences. The number of binding sites upstream of the various genes ranges from one to four, but a feature is conserved: in cases of multiple sites there is a pair with highest binding affinity located at dyad--dyad distances of 82--87 bp. We suggest that a pair of sites facilitates repression by the GAL80-negative regulatory protein, on the basis of (i) a correlation of a pair of sites (or only one) with full (or only partial) repression and (ii) the introduction of a second site abolishing transcription occurring with one.

Full text

PDF
603

Images in this article

604Fig. 2.
on p.604
604Fig. 3.
on p.604
605Fig. 4.
on p.605

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Berk A. J., Sharp P. A. Sizing and mapping of early adenovirus mRNAs by gel electrophoresis of S1 endonuclease-digested hybrids. Cell. 1977 Nov;12(3):721–732. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90272-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Borrelli E., Hen R., Chambon P. Adenovirus-2 E1A products repress enhancer-induced stimulation of transcription. Nature. 1984 Dec 13;312(5995):608–612. doi: 10.1038/312608a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bram R. J., Kornberg R. D. Specific protein binding to far upstream activating sequences in polymerase II promoters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jan;82(1):43–47. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.1.43. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Carlson M., Botstein D. Two differentially regulated mRNAs with different 5' ends encode secreted with intracellular forms of yeast invertase. Cell. 1982 Jan;28(1):145–154. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90384-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Douglas H. C., Hawthorne C. D. Uninducible mutants in the gal i locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol. 1972 Mar;109(3):1139–1143. doi: 10.1128/jb.109.3.1139-1143.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Efstratiadis A., Kafatos F. C., Maniatis T. The primary structure of rabbit beta-globin mRNA as determined from cloned DNA. Cell. 1977 Apr;10(4):571–585. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90090-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Giniger E., Varnum S. M., Ptashne M. Specific DNA binding of GAL4, a positive regulatory protein of yeast. Cell. 1985 Apr;40(4):767–774. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90336-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Guarente L. Yeast promoters: positive and negative elements. Cell. 1984 Apr;36(4):799–800. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90028-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Guarente L., Yocum R. R., Gifford P. A GAL10-CYC1 hybrid yeast promoter identifies the GAL4 regulatory region as an upstream site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Dec;79(23):7410–7414. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7410. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Johnston M., Davis R. W. Sequences that regulate the divergent GAL1-GAL10 promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Aug;4(8):1440–1448. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.8.1440. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Kew O. M., Douglas H. C. Genetic co-regulation of galactose and melibiose utilization in Saccharomyces. J Bacteriol. 1976 Jan;125(1):33–41. doi: 10.1128/jb.125.1.33-41.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Liljeström P. L. The nucleotide sequence of the yeast MEL1 gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Oct 25;13(20):7257–7268. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.20.7257. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Lorch Y., Kornberg R. D. A region flanking the GAL7 gene and a binding site for GAL4 protein as upstream activating sequences in yeast. J Mol Biol. 1985 Dec 20;186(4):821–824. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90400-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Matsumoto K., Adachi Y., Toh-e A., Oshima Y. Function of positive regulatory gene gal4 in the synthesis of galactose pathway enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence that the GAL81 region codes for part of the gal4 protein. J Bacteriol. 1980 Feb;141(2):508–527. doi: 10.1128/jb.141.2.508-527.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Melton D. A., Krieg P. A., Rebagliati M. R., Maniatis T., Zinn K., Green M. R. Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and RNA hybridization probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage SP6 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Sep 25;12(18):7035–7056. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.18.7035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Moreno F., Herrero P., Parra F., Gascón S. Invertase and alpha-galactosidase synthesis by yeast. Cell Mol Biol Incl Cyto Enzymol. 1979;25(1):1–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Nogi Y., Fukasawa T. Nucleotide sequence of the transcriptional initiation region of the yeast GAL7 gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Dec 20;11(24):8555–8568. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.24.8555. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Nogi Y., Fukasawa T. Nucleotide sequence of the yeast regulatory gene GAL80. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Dec 21;12(24):9287–9298. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.24.9287. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Post-Beittenmiller M. A., Hamilton R. W., Hopper J. E. Regulation of basal and induced levels of the MEL1 transcript in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Jul;4(7):1238–1245. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.7.1238. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Renkawitz R., Schütz G., von der Ahe D., Beato M. Sequences in the promoter region of the chicken lysozyme gene required for steroid regulation and receptor binding. Cell. 1984 Jun;37(2):503–510. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90380-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Scheidereit C., Geisse S., Westphal H. M., Beato M. The glucocorticoid receptor binds to defined nucleotide sequences near the promoter of mouse mammary tumour virus. Nature. 1983 Aug 25;304(5928):749–752. doi: 10.1038/304749a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. St John T. P., Davis R. W. The organization and transcription of the galactose gene cluster of Saccharomyces. J Mol Biol. 1981 Oct 25;152(2):285–315. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90244-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. West R. W., Jr, Yocum R. R., Ptashne M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL1-GAL10 divergent promoter region: location and function of the upstream activating sequence UASG. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Nov;4(11):2467–2478. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.11.2467. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The EMBO Journal are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES