sqlbuilder

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 Go to latest Published: Dec 5, 2024 License: MIT Imports: 17 Imported by: 160

README

SQL builder for Go

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The sqlbuilder package offers a comprehensive suite of SQL string concatenation utilities. It is designed to facilitate the construction of SQL statements compatible with Go's standard library sql.DB and sql.Stmt interfaces, focusing on optimizing the performance of SQL statement creation and minimizing memory usage.

The primary objective of this package's design was to craft a SQL construction library that operates independently of specific database drivers and business logic. It is tailored to accommodate the diverse needs of enterprise environments, including the use of custom database drivers, adherence to specialized operational standards, integration into heterogeneous systems, and handling of non-standard SQL in intricate scenarios. Following its open-source release, the package has undergone extensive testing within a large-scale enterprise context, successfully managing the workload of hundreds of millions of orders daily and nearly ten million transactions daily, thus highlighting its robust performance and scalability.

This package is not restricted to any particular database driver and does not automatically establish connections with any database systems. It does not presuppose the execution of the generated SQL, making it versatile for a broad spectrum of application scenarios that involve the construction of SQL-like statements. It is equally well-suited for further development aimed at creating more business-specific database interaction packages, ORMs, and similar tools.

Install

Install this package by executing the following command:

go get github.com/huandu/go-sqlbuilder

Usage

Basic usage

We can rapidly construct SQL statements using this package.

sql := sqlbuilder.Select("id", "name").From("demo.user").
    Where("status = 1").Limit(10).
    String()

fmt.Println(sql)

// Output:
// SELECT id, name FROM demo.user WHERE status = 1 LIMIT 10

In common scenarios, it is necessary to escape all user inputs. To achieve this, initialize a builder at the outset.

sb := sqlbuilder.NewSelectBuilder()

sb.Select("id", "name", sb.As("COUNT(*)", "c"))
sb.From("user")
sb.Where(sb.In("status", 1, 2, 5))

sql, args := sb.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

// Output:
// SELECT id, name, COUNT(*) AS c FROM user WHERE status IN (?, ?, ?)
// [1 2 5]
Pre-defined SQL builders

This package includes the following pre-defined builders. API documentation and usage examples are available in the godoc online documentation.

A unique method, SQL(sql string), is implemented across all statement builders, enabling the insertion of any arbitrary SQL segment into a builder during SQL construction. This feature is particularly beneficial for crafting SQL statements that incorporate non-standard syntax required by OLTP or OLAP systems.

// Build a SQL to create a HIVE table.
sql := sqlbuilder.CreateTable("users").
    SQL("PARTITION BY (year)").
    SQL("AS").
    SQL(
        sqlbuilder.Select("columns[0] id", "columns[1] name", "columns[2] year").
            From("`all-users.csv`").
            Limit(100).
            String(),
    ).
    String()

fmt.Println(sql)

// Output:
// CREATE TABLE users PARTITION BY (year) AS SELECT columns[0] id, columns[1] name, columns[2] year FROM `all-users.csv` LIMIT 100

Below are several utility methods designed to address special cases.

  • Flatten enables the recursive conversion of an array-like variable into a flat slice of []interface{}. For example, invoking Flatten([]interface{"foo", []int{2, 3}}) yields []interface{}{"foo", 2, 3}. This method is compatible with builder methods such as In, NotIn, Values, etc., facilitating the conversion of a typed array into []interface{} or the merging of inputs.
  • List operates similarly to Flatten, with the exception that its return value is specifically intended for use as builder arguments. For example, Buildf("my_func(%v)", List([]int{1, 2, 3})).Build() generates SQL my_func(?, ?, ?) with arguments []interface{}{1, 2, 3}.
  • Raw designates a string as a "raw string" within arguments. For instance, Buildf("SELECT %v", Raw("NOW()")).Build() results in SQL SELECT NOW().

For detailed instructions on utilizing these builders, consult the examples provided on GoDoc.

Build WHERE clause

WHERE clause is the most important part of a SQL. We can use Where method to add one or more conditions to a builder.

To simplify the construction of WHERE clauses, a utility type named Cond is provided for condition building. All builders that support WHERE clauses possess an anonymous Cond field, enabling the invocation of Cond methods on these builders.

sb := sqlbuilder.Select("id").From("user")
sb.Where(
    sb.In("status", 1, 2, 5),
    sb.Or(
        sb.Equal("name", "foo"),
        sb.Like("email", "foo@%"),
    ),
)

sql, args := sb.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

// Output:
// SELECT id FROM user WHERE status IN (?, ?, ?) AND (name = ? OR email LIKE ?)
// [1 2 5 foo foo@%]

There are many methods for building conditions.

There are also some methods to combine conditions.

  • Cond.And: Combine conditions with AND operator.
  • Cond.Or: Combine conditions with OR operator.
Share WHERE clause among builders

Due to the importance of the WHERE statement in SQL, we often need to continuously append conditions and even share some common WHERE conditions among different builders. Therefore, we abstract the WHERE statement into a WhereClause struct, which can be used to create reusable WHERE conditions.

The following example illustrates how to transfer a WHERE clause from a SelectBuilder to an UpdateBuilder.

// Build a SQL to select a user from database.
sb := Select("name", "level").From("users")
sb.Where(
    sb.Equal("id", 1234),
)
fmt.Println(sb)

ub := Update("users")
ub.Set(
    ub.Add("level", 10),
)

// Set the WHERE clause of UPDATE to the WHERE clause of SELECT.
ub.WhereClause = sb.WhereClause
fmt.Println(ub)

// Output:
// SELECT name, level FROM users WHERE id = ?
// UPDATE users SET level = level + ? WHERE id = ?

Refer to the WhereClause examples to learn its usage.

Build SQL for different systems

SQL syntax and parameter placeholders can differ across systems. To address these variations, this package introduces a concept termed "flavor".

Currently, flavors such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, SQLServer, CQL, ClickHouse, Presto, Oracle and Informix are supported. Should there be a demand for additional flavors, please submit an issue or a pull request.

By default, all builders utilize DefaultFlavor for SQL construction, with MySQL as the default setting.

For greater readibility, PostgreSQL.NewSelectBuilder() can be used to instantiate a SelectBuilder with the PostgreSQL flavor. All builders can be created in this way.

Using Struct as a light weight ORM

Struct encapsulates type information and struct fields, serving as a builder factory. Utilizing Struct methods, one can generate SELECT/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE builders that are pre-configured for use with the struct, thereby conserving time and mitigating the risk of typographical errors in column name entries.

One can define a struct type and employ field tags to guide Struct in generating the appropriate builders.

type ATable struct {
    Field1     string                                    // If a field doesn't has a tag, use "Field1" as column name in SQL.
    Field2     int    `db:"field2"`                      // Use "db" in field tag to set column name used in SQL.
    Field3     int64  `db:"field3" fieldtag:"foo,bar"`   // Set fieldtag to a field. We can call `WithTag` to include fields with tag or `WithoutTag` to exclude fields with tag.
    Field4     int64  `db:"field4" fieldtag:"foo"`       // If we use `s.WithTag("foo").Select("t")`, columnes of SELECT are "t.field3" and "t.field4".
    Field5     string `db:"field5" fieldas:"f5_alias"`   // Use "fieldas" in field tag to set a column alias (AS) used in SELECT.
    Ignored    int32  `db:"-"`                           // If we set field name as "-", Struct will ignore it.
    unexported int                                       // Unexported field is not visible to Struct.
    Quoted     string `db:"quoted" fieldopt:"withquote"` // Add quote to the field using back quote or double quote. See `Flavor#Quote`.
    Empty      uint   `db:"empty" fieldopt:"omitempty"`  // Omit the field in UPDATE if it is a nil or zero value.

    // The `omitempty` can be written as a function.
    // In this case, omit empty field `Tagged` when UPDATE for tag `tag1` and `tag3` but not `tag2`.
    Tagged     string `db:"tagged" fieldopt:"omitempty(tag1,tag3)" fieldtag:"tag1,tag2,tag3"`

    // By default, the `SelectFrom("t")` will add the "t." to all names of fields matched tag.
    // We can add dot to field name to disable this behavior.
    FieldWithTableAlias string `db:"m.field"`
}

For detailed instructions on utilizing Struct, refer to the examples.

Furthermore, Struct can be employed as a zero-configuration ORM. Unlike most ORM implementations that necessitate preliminary configurations for database connectivity, Struct operates without any configuration, functioning seamlessly with any SQL driver compatible with database/sql. Struct does not invoke any database/sql APIs; it solely generates the appropriate SQL statements with arguments for DB#Query/DB#Exec or an array of struct field addresses for Rows#Scan/Row#Scan.

The following example demonstrates the use of Struct as an ORM. It should be relatively straightforward for developers well-versed in database/sql APIs.

type User struct {
    ID     int64  `db:"id" fieldtag:"pk"`
    Name   string `db:"name"`
    Status int    `db:"status"`
}

// A global variable for creating SQL builders.
// All methods of userStruct are thread-safe.
var userStruct = NewStruct(new(User))

func ExampleStruct() {
    // Prepare SELECT query.
    //     SELECT user.id, user.name, user.status FROM user WHERE id = 1234
    sb := userStruct.SelectFrom("user")
    sb.Where(sb.Equal("id", 1234))

    // Execute the query and scan the results into the user struct.
    sql, args := sb.Build()
    rows, _ := db.Query(sql, args...)
    defer rows.Close()

    // Scan row data and set value to user.
    // Assuming the following data is retrieved:
    //
    //     |  id  |  name  | status |
    //     |------|--------|--------|
    //     | 1234 | huandu | 1      |
    var user User
    rows.Scan(userStruct.Addr(&user)...)

    fmt.Println(sql)
    fmt.Println(args)
    fmt.Printf("%#v", user)

    // Output:
    // SELECT user.id, user.name, user.status FROM user WHERE id = ?
    // [1234]
    // sqlbuilder.User{ID:1234, Name:"huandu", Status:1}
}

In numerous production environments, table column names adhere to the snake_case convention, e.g., user_id. Conversely, struct fields in Go are typically in CamelCase to maintain public accessibility and satisfy golint. Employing the db tag for each struct field can be redundant. To streamline this, a field mapper function can be utilized to establish a consistent rule for mapping struct field names to database column names.

The DefaultFieldMapper serves as a global field mapper function, tasked with the conversion of field names to a desired style. By default, it is set to nil, effectively performing no action. Recognizing that the majority of table column names follow the snake_case convention, one can assign DefaultFieldMapper to sqlbuilder.SnakeCaseMapper. For instances that deviate from this norm, a custom mapper can be assigned to a Struct via the WithFieldMapper method.

Here are important considerations regarding the field mapper:

  • Field tag has precedence over field mapper function - thus, mapper is ignored if the db tag is set;
  • Field mapper is called only once on a Struct when the Struct is used to create builder for the first time.

Refer to the field mapper function sample for an illustrative example.

Nested SQL

Creating nested SQL is straightforward: simply use a builder as an argument for nesting.

Here is an illustrative example.

sb := sqlbuilder.NewSelectBuilder()
fromSb := sqlbuilder.NewSelectBuilder()
statusSb := sqlbuilder.NewSelectBuilder()

sb.Select("id")
sb.From(sb.BuilderAs(fromSb, "user")))
sb.Where(sb.In("status", statusSb))

fromSb.Select("id").From("user").Where(fromSb.GreaterThan("level", 4))
statusSb.Select("status").From("config").Where(statusSb.Equal("state", 1))

sql, args := sb.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

// Output:
// SELECT id FROM (SELECT id FROM user WHERE level > ?) AS user WHERE status IN (SELECT status FROM config WHERE state = ?)
// [4 1]
Use sql.Named in a builder

The sql.Named function, as defined in the database/sql package, facilitates the creation of named arguments within SQL statements. This feature is essential for scenarios where an argument needs to be reused multiple times within a single SQL statement. Incorporating named arguments into a builder is straightforward: treat them as regular arguments.

Here is a sample.

now := time.Now().Unix()
start := sql.Named("start", now-86400)
end := sql.Named("end", now+86400)
sb := sqlbuilder.NewSelectBuilder()

sb.Select("name")
sb.From("user")
sb.Where(
    sb.Between("created_at", start, end),
    sb.GE("modified_at", start),
)

sql, args := sb.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

// Output:
// SELECT name FROM user WHERE created_at BETWEEN @start AND @end AND modified_at >= @start
// [{{} start 1514458225} {{} end 1514544625}]
Argument modifiers

Several argument modifiers are available:

  • List(arg) encapsulates a series of arguments. Given arg as a slice or array, for instance, a slice containing three integers, it compiles to ?, ?, ? and is presented in the final arguments as three individual integers. This serves as a convenience tool, utilizable within IN expressions or within the VALUES clause of an INSERT INTO statement.
  • TupleNames(names) and Tuple(values) facilitate the representation of tuple syntax in SQL. For usage examples, refer to Tuple.
  • Named(name, arg) designates a named argument. Functionality is limited to Build or BuildNamed, where it defines a named placeholder using the syntax ${name}.
  • Raw(expr) designates expr as a plain string within SQL, as opposed to an argument. During the construction of a builder, raw expressions are directly embedded into the SQL string, omitting the need for ? placeholders.
Freestyle builder

A builder essentially serves as a means to log arguments. For constructing lengthy SQL statements that incorporate numerous special syntax elements (e.g., special comments intended for a database proxy), Buildf can be employed to format the SQL string using a syntax akin to fmt.Sprintf.

sb := sqlbuilder.NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("id").From("user")

explain := sqlbuilder.Buildf("EXPLAIN %v LEFT JOIN SELECT * FROM banned WHERE state IN (%v, %v)", sb, 1, 2)
sql, args := explain.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

// Output:
// EXPLAIN SELECT id FROM user LEFT JOIN SELECT * FROM banned WHERE state IN (?, ?)
// [1 2]
Using special syntax to build SQL

The sqlbuilder package incorporates special syntax for representing uncompiled SQL internally. To leverage this syntax for developing customized tools, the Build function can be utilized to compile it with the necessary arguments.

The format string employs special syntax for representing arguments:

  • $? references successive arguments supplied in the function call, functioning similarly to %v in fmt.Sprintf.
  • $0, $1, ..., $n reference the nth argument provided in the call; subsequent $? will then refer to arguments n+1 onwards.
  • ${name} references a named argument defined by Named using the specified name.
  • $$ represents a literal "$" character.
sb := sqlbuilder.NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("id").From("user").Where(sb.In("status", 1, 2))

b := sqlbuilder.Build("EXPLAIN $? LEFT JOIN SELECT * FROM $? WHERE created_at > $? AND state IN (${states}) AND modified_at BETWEEN $2 AND $?",
    sb, sqlbuilder.Raw("banned"), 1514458225, 1514544625, sqlbuilder.Named("states", sqlbuilder.List([]int{3, 4, 5})))
sql, args := b.Build()

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

// Output:
// EXPLAIN SELECT id FROM user WHERE status IN (?, ?) LEFT JOIN SELECT * FROM banned WHERE created_at > ? AND state IN (?, ?, ?) AND modified_at BETWEEN ? AND ?
// [1 2 1514458225 3 4 5 1514458225 1514544625]

For scenarios where only the ${name} syntax is required to reference named arguments, utilize BuildNamed. This function disables all special syntax except for ${name} and $$.

Interpolate args in the sql

Certain SQL-like drivers, such as those for Redis or Elasticsearch, do not implement the StmtExecContext#ExecContext method. These drivers encounter issues when len(args) > 0. The sole workaround is to interpolate args directly into the sql string and then execute the resulting query with the driver.

The interpolation feature in this package is designed to provide a "basically sufficient" level of functionality, rather than a capability that rivals the comprehensive features of various SQL drivers and DBMS systems.

Security warning: While efforts are made to escape special characters in interpolation methods, this approach remains less secure than using Stmt as implemented by SQL drivers.

This feature draws inspiration from the interpolation capabilities found in the github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql package.

Here is an example specifically for MySQL:

sb := MySQL.NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("name").From("user").Where(
    sb.NE("id", 1234),
    sb.E("name", "Charmy Liu"),
    sb.Like("desc", "%mother's day%"),
)
sql, args := sb.Build()
query, err := MySQL.Interpolate(sql, args)

fmt.Println(query)
fmt.Println(err)

// Output:
// SELECT name FROM user WHERE id <> 1234 AND name = 'Charmy Liu' AND desc LIKE '%mother\'s day%'
// <nil>

Here is an example for PostgreSQL, noting that dollar quoting is supported:

// Only the last `$1` is interpolated.
// Others are not interpolated as they are inside dollar quote (the `$$`).
query, err := PostgreSQL.Interpolate(`
CREATE FUNCTION dup(in int, out f1 int, out f2 text) AS $$
    SELECT $1, CAST($1 AS text) || ' is text'
$$
LANGUAGE SQL;

SELECT * FROM dup($1);`, []interface{}{42})

fmt.Println(query)
fmt.Println(err)

// Output:
//
// CREATE FUNCTION dup(in int, out f1 int, out f2 text) AS $$
//     SELECT $1, CAST($1 AS text) || ' is text'
// $$
// LANGUAGE SQL;
//
// SELECT * FROM dup(42);
// <nil>

License

This package is licensed under the MIT license. For more information, refer to the LICENSE file.

Documentation

Overview

Package sqlbuilder is a flexible and powerful tool to build SQL string and associated args.

Index

Examples

Constants

This section is empty.

Variables

View Source 
var (
	// DefaultFieldMapper is the default field name to table column name mapper func.
	// It's nil by default which means field name will be kept as it is.
	//
	// If a Struct has its own mapper func, the DefaultFieldMapper is ignored in this Struct.
	// Field tag has precedence over all kinds of field mapper functions.
	//
	// Field mapper is called only once on a Struct when the Struct is used to create builder for the first time.
	DefaultFieldMapper FieldMapperFunc

	// DefaultGetAlias is the default alias and dbtag get func
	DefaultGetAlias GetAliasFunc
)
View Source 
var (
	// ErrInterpolateNotImplemented means the method or feature is not implemented right now.
	ErrInterpolateNotImplemented = errors.New("go-sqlbuilder: interpolation for this flavor is not implemented")

	// ErrInterpolateMissingArgs means there are some args missing in query, so it's not possible to
	// prepare a query with such args.
	ErrInterpolateMissingArgs = errors.New("go-sqlbuilder: not enough args when interpolating")

	// ErrInterpolateUnsupportedArgs means that some types of the args are not supported.
	ErrInterpolateUnsupportedArgs = errors.New("go-sqlbuilder: unsupported args when interpolating")
)
View Source 
var (
	// DBTag is the struct tag to describe the name for a field in struct.
	DBTag = "db"

	// FieldTag is the struct tag to describe the tag name for a field in struct.
	// Use "," to separate different tags.
	FieldTag = "fieldtag"

	// FieldOpt is the options for a struct field.
	// As db column can contain "," in theory, field options should be provided in a separated tag.
	FieldOpt = "fieldopt"

	// FieldAs is the column alias (AS) for a struct field.
	FieldAs = "fieldas"
)
View Source 
var (
	// DefaultFlavor is the default flavor for all builders.
	DefaultFlavor = MySQL
)

Functions

func Escape 

func Escape(ident string) string

Escape replaces `$` with `$$` in ident.

func EscapeAll 

func EscapeAll(ident ...string) []string

EscapeAll replaces `$` with `$$` in all strings of ident.

func Flatten 

func Flatten(slices interface{}) (flattened []interface{})

Flatten recursively extracts values in slices and returns a flattened []interface{} with all values. If slices is not a slice, return `[]interface{}{slices}`.

func List 

func List(arg interface{}) interface{}

List marks arg as a list of data. If arg is `[]int{1, 2, 3}`, it will be compiled to `?, ?, ?` with args `[1 2 3]`.

func Named 

func Named(name string, arg interface{}) interface{}

Named creates a named argument. Unlike `sql.Named`, this named argument works only with `Build` or `BuildNamed` for convenience and will be replaced to a `?` after `Compile`.

func Raw 

func Raw(expr string) interface{}

Raw marks the expr as a raw value which will not be added to args.

func SnakeCaseMapper added in v1.12.0 

func SnakeCaseMapper(field string) string

SnakeCaseMapper is a field mapper which can convert field name from CamelCase to snake_case.

For instance, it will convert "MyField" to "my_field".

SnakeCaseMapper uses package "xstrings" to do the conversion. See https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/huandu/xstrings#ToSnakeCase for conversion rules.

func Tuple added in v1.22.0 

func Tuple(values ...interface{}) interface{}

Tuple wraps values into a tuple and can be used as a single value.

Example 
sb := Select("id", "name").From("user")
sb.Where(
	sb.In(
		TupleNames("type", "status"),
		Tuple("web", 1),
		Tuple("app", 1),
		Tuple("app", 2),
	),
)
sql, args := sb.Build()

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE (type, status) IN ((?, ?), (?, ?), (?, ?))
[web 1 app 1 app 2]

func TupleNames added in v1.22.0 

func TupleNames(names ...string) string

TupleNames joins names with tuple format. The names is not escaped. Use `EscapeAll` to escape them if necessary.

Types

type Args 

type Args struct {
	// The default flavor used by `Args#Compile`
	Flavor Flavor
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Args stores arguments associated with a SQL.

func (*Args) Add 

func (args *Args) Add(arg interface{}) string

Add adds an arg to Args and returns a placeholder.

func (*Args) Compile 

func (args *Args) Compile(format string, initialValue ...interface{}) (query string, values []interface{})

Compile compiles builder's format to standard sql and returns associated args.

The format string uses a special syntax to represent arguments. 

$? refers successive arguments passed in the call. It works similar as `%v` in `fmt.Sprintf`.
$0 $1 ... $n refers nth-argument passed in the call. Next $? will use arguments n+1.
${name} refers a named argument created by `Named` with `name`.
$$ is a "$" string.

func (*Args) CompileWithFlavor 

func (args *Args) CompileWithFlavor(format string, flavor Flavor, initialValue ...interface{}) (query string, values []interface{})

CompileWithFlavor compiles builder's format to standard sql with flavor and returns associated args.

See doc for `Compile` to learn details.

type Builder 

type Builder interface {
	Build() (sql string, args []interface{})
	BuildWithFlavor(flavor Flavor, initialArg ...interface{}) (sql string, args []interface{})
	Flavor() Flavor
}

Builder is a general SQL builder. It's used by Args to create nested SQL like the `IN` expression in `SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM t2)`.

func Build 

func Build(format string, arg ...interface{}) Builder

Build creates a Builder from a format string. The format string uses special syntax to represent arguments. See doc in `Args#Compile` for syntax details.

Example 
sb := NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("id").From("user").Where(sb.In("status", 1, 2))

b := Build("EXPLAIN $? LEFT JOIN SELECT * FROM $? WHERE created_at > $? AND state IN (${states}) AND modified_at BETWEEN $2 AND $?",
	sb, Raw("banned"), 1514458225, 1514544625, Named("states", List([]int{3, 4, 5})))
s, args := b.Build()

fmt.Println(s)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

EXPLAIN SELECT id FROM user WHERE status IN (?, ?) LEFT JOIN SELECT * FROM banned WHERE created_at > ? AND state IN (?, ?, ?) AND modified_at BETWEEN ? AND ?
[1 2 1514458225 3 4 5 1514458225 1514544625]

func BuildNamed 

func BuildNamed(format string, named map[string]interface{}) Builder

BuildNamed creates a Builder from a format string. The format string uses `${key}` to refer the value of named by key.

Example 
b := BuildNamed("SELECT * FROM ${table} WHERE status IN (${status}) AND name LIKE ${name} AND created_at > ${time} AND modified_at < ${time} + 86400",
	map[string]interface{}{
		"time":   sql.Named("start", 1234567890),
		"status": List([]int{1, 2, 5}),
		"name":   "Huan%",
		"table":  Raw("user"),
	})
s, args := b.Build()

fmt.Println(s)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT * FROM user WHERE status IN (?, ?, ?) AND name LIKE ? AND created_at > @start AND modified_at < @start + 86400
[1 2 5 Huan% {{} start 1234567890}]

func Buildf 

func Buildf(format string, arg ...interface{}) Builder

Buildf creates a Builder from a format string using `fmt.Sprintf`-like syntax. As all arguments will be converted to a string internally, e.g. "$0", only `%v` and `%s` are valid.

Example 
sb := NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("id").From("user")

explain := Buildf("EXPLAIN %v LEFT JOIN SELECT * FROM banned WHERE state IN (%v, %v)", sb, 1, 2)
s, args := explain.Build()
fmt.Println(s)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

EXPLAIN SELECT id FROM user LEFT JOIN SELECT * FROM banned WHERE state IN (?, ?)
[1 2]

func WithFlavor 

func WithFlavor(builder Builder, flavor Flavor) Builder

WithFlavor creates a new Builder based on builder with a default flavor.

Example 
sql, args := WithFlavor(Buildf("SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id = %v", 1234), PostgreSQL).Build()

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

// Explicitly use MySQL as the flavor.
sql, args = WithFlavor(Buildf("SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id = %v", 1234), PostgreSQL).BuildWithFlavor(MySQL)

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

// Explicitly use MySQL as the informix.
sql, args = WithFlavor(Buildf("SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id = %v", 1234), Informix).Build()

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id = $1
[1234]
SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id = ?
[1234]
SELECT * FROM foo WHERE id = ?
[1234]

type CTEBuilder added in v1.28.0 

type CTEBuilder struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

CTEBuilder is a CTE (Common Table Expression) builder.

Example 
usersBuilder := Select("id", "name", "level").From("users")
usersBuilder.Where(
	usersBuilder.GreaterEqualThan("level", 10),
)
cteb := With(
	CTETable("valid_users").As(usersBuilder),
)
fmt.Println(cteb)

sb := Select("valid_users.id", "valid_users.name", "orders.id").
	From("users").With(cteb).
	Join("orders", "users.id = orders.user_id")
sb.Where(
	sb.LessEqualThan("orders.price", 200),
	"valid_users.level < orders.min_level",
).OrderBy("orders.price").Desc()

sql, args := sb.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)
fmt.Println(sb.TableNames())

Output:

WITH valid_users AS (SELECT id, name, level FROM users WHERE level >= ?)
WITH valid_users AS (SELECT id, name, level FROM users WHERE level >= ?) SELECT valid_users.id, valid_users.name, orders.id FROM users, valid_users JOIN orders ON users.id = orders.user_id WHERE orders.price <= ? AND valid_users.level < orders.min_level ORDER BY orders.price DESC
[10 200]
[users valid_users]
Example (Delete) 
sql := With(
	CTETable("users", "user_id").As(
		Select("user_id").From("cheaters"),
	),
).DeleteFrom("awards").Where(
	"users.user_id = awards.user_id",
).String()

fmt.Println(sql)

Output:

WITH users (user_id) AS (SELECT user_id FROM cheaters) DELETE FROM awards, users WHERE users.user_id = awards.user_id
Example (Update) 
builder := With(
	CTETable("users", "user_id").As(
		Select("user_id").From("vip_users"),
	),
).Update("orders").Set(
	"orders.transport_fee = 0",
).Where(
	"users.user_id = orders.user_id",
)

sqlForMySQL, _ := builder.BuildWithFlavor(MySQL)
sqlForPostgreSQL, _ := builder.BuildWithFlavor(PostgreSQL)

fmt.Println(sqlForMySQL)
fmt.Println(sqlForPostgreSQL)

Output:

WITH users (user_id) AS (SELECT user_id FROM vip_users) UPDATE orders, users SET orders.transport_fee = 0 WHERE users.user_id = orders.user_id
WITH users (user_id) AS (SELECT user_id FROM vip_users) UPDATE orders SET orders.transport_fee = 0 FROM users WHERE users.user_id = orders.user_id

func With added in v1.28.0 

func With(tables ...*CTEQueryBuilder) *CTEBuilder

With creates a new CTE builder with default flavor.

Example 
sb := With(
	CTETable("users", "id", "name").As(
		Select("id", "name").From("users").Where("name IS NOT NULL"),
	),
	CTETable("devices").As(
		Select("device_id").From("devices"),
	),
).Select("users.id", "orders.id", "devices.device_id").Join(
	"orders",
	"users.id = orders.user_id",
	"devices.device_id = orders.device_id",
)

fmt.Println(sb)

Output:

WITH users (id, name) AS (SELECT id, name FROM users WHERE name IS NOT NULL), devices AS (SELECT device_id FROM devices) SELECT users.id, orders.id, devices.device_id FROM users, devices JOIN orders ON users.id = orders.user_id AND devices.device_id = orders.device_id

func WithRecursive added in v1.29.0 

func WithRecursive(tables ...*CTEQueryBuilder) *CTEBuilder

WithRecursive creates a new recursive CTE builder with default flavor.

Example 
sb := WithRecursive(
	CTEQuery("source_accounts", "id", "parent_id").As(
		UnionAll(
			Select("p.id", "p.parent_id").
				From("accounts AS p").
				Where("p.id = 2"), // Show orders for account 2 and all its child accounts
			Select("c.id", "c.parent_id").
				From("accounts AS c").
				Join("source_accounts AS sa", "c.parent_id = sa.id"),
		),
	),
).Select("o.id", "o.date", "o.amount").
	From("orders AS o").
	Join("source_accounts", "o.account_id = source_accounts.id")

fmt.Println(sb)

Output:

WITH RECURSIVE source_accounts (id, parent_id) AS ((SELECT p.id, p.parent_id FROM accounts AS p WHERE p.id = 2) UNION ALL (SELECT c.id, c.parent_id FROM accounts AS c JOIN source_accounts AS sa ON c.parent_id = sa.id)) SELECT o.id, o.date, o.amount FROM orders AS o JOIN source_accounts ON o.account_id = source_accounts.id

func (*CTEBuilder) Build added in v1.28.0 

func (cteb *CTEBuilder) Build() (sql string, args []interface{})

Build returns compiled CTE string and args.

func (*CTEBuilder) BuildWithFlavor added in v1.28.0 

func (cteb *CTEBuilder) BuildWithFlavor(flavor Flavor, initialArg ...interface{}) (sql string, args []interface{})

BuildWithFlavor builds a CTE with the specified flavor and initial arguments.

func (*CTEBuilder) DeleteFrom added in v1.29.0 

func (cteb *CTEBuilder) DeleteFrom(table string) *DeleteBuilder

DeleteFrom creates a new DeleteBuilder to build a DELETE statement using this CTE.

func (*CTEBuilder) Flavor added in v1.32.0 

func (cteb *CTEBuilder) Flavor() Flavor

Flavor returns flavor of builder

func (*CTEBuilder) SQL added in v1.28.0 

func (cteb *CTEBuilder) SQL(sql string) *CTEBuilder

SQL adds an arbitrary sql to current position.

func (*CTEBuilder) Select added in v1.28.0 

func (cteb *CTEBuilder) Select(col ...string) *SelectBuilder

Select creates a new SelectBuilder to build a SELECT statement using this CTE.

func (*CTEBuilder) SetFlavor added in v1.28.0 

func (cteb *CTEBuilder) SetFlavor(flavor Flavor) (old Flavor)

SetFlavor sets the flavor of compiled sql.

func (*CTEBuilder) String added in v1.28.0 

func (cteb *CTEBuilder) String() string

String returns the compiled CTE string.

func (*CTEBuilder) TableNames added in v1.28.0 

func (cteb *CTEBuilder) TableNames() []string

TableNames returns all table names in a CTE.

func (*CTEBuilder) Update added in v1.29.0 

func (cteb *CTEBuilder) Update(table string) *UpdateBuilder

Update creates a new UpdateBuilder to build an UPDATE statement using this CTE.

func (*CTEBuilder) With added in v1.28.0 

func (cteb *CTEBuilder) With(queries ...*CTEQueryBuilder) *CTEBuilder

With sets the CTE name and columns.

func (*CTEBuilder) WithRecursive added in v1.29.0 

func (cteb *CTEBuilder) WithRecursive(queries ...*CTEQueryBuilder) *CTEBuilder

WithRecursive sets the CTE name and columns and turns on the RECURSIVE keyword.

type CTEQueryBuilder added in v1.29.0 

type CTEQueryBuilder struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

CTEQueryBuilder is a builder to build one table in CTE (Common Table Expression).

func CTEQuery added in v1.29.0 

func CTEQuery(name string, cols ...string) *CTEQueryBuilder

CTEQuery creates a new CTE query builder with default flavor.

func CTETable added in v1.28.0 

func CTETable(name string, cols ...string) *CTEQueryBuilder

CTETable creates a new CTE query builder with default flavor, marking it as a table.

The resulting CTE query can be used in a `SelectBuilder“, where its table name will be automatically included in the FROM clause.

func (*CTEQueryBuilder) AddToTableList added in v1.29.0 

func (ctetb *CTEQueryBuilder) AddToTableList() *CTEQueryBuilder

AddToTableList sets flag to add table name to table list in FROM clause of SELECT statement.

func (*CTEQueryBuilder) As added in v1.29.0 

func (ctetb *CTEQueryBuilder) As(builder Builder) *CTEQueryBuilder

As sets the builder to select data.

func (*CTEQueryBuilder) Build added in v1.29.0 

func (ctetb *CTEQueryBuilder) Build() (sql string, args []interface{})

Build returns compiled CTE string and args.

func (*CTEQueryBuilder) BuildWithFlavor added in v1.29.0 

func (ctetb *CTEQueryBuilder) BuildWithFlavor(flavor Flavor, initialArg ...interface{}) (sql string, args []interface{})

BuildWithFlavor builds a CTE with the specified flavor and initial arguments.

func (*CTEQueryBuilder) Flavor added in v1.32.0 

func (ctetb *CTEQueryBuilder) Flavor() Flavor

Flavor returns flavor of builder

func (*CTEQueryBuilder) SQL added in v1.29.0 

func (ctetb *CTEQueryBuilder) SQL(sql string) *CTEQueryBuilder

SQL adds an arbitrary sql to current position.

func (*CTEQueryBuilder) SetFlavor added in v1.29.0 

func (ctetb *CTEQueryBuilder) SetFlavor(flavor Flavor) (old Flavor)

SetFlavor sets the flavor of compiled sql.

func (*CTEQueryBuilder) ShouldAddToTableList added in v1.29.0 

func (ctetb *CTEQueryBuilder) ShouldAddToTableList() bool

ShouldAddToTableList returns flag to add table name to table list in FROM clause of SELECT statement.

func (*CTEQueryBuilder) String added in v1.29.0 

func (ctetb *CTEQueryBuilder) String() string

String returns the compiled CTE string.

func (*CTEQueryBuilder) Table added in v1.29.0 

func (ctetb *CTEQueryBuilder) Table(name string, cols ...string) *CTEQueryBuilder

Table sets the table name and columns in a CTE table.

func (*CTEQueryBuilder) TableName added in v1.29.0 

func (ctetb *CTEQueryBuilder) TableName() string

TableName returns the CTE table name.

type CTETableBuilder deprecated added in v1.28.0 

type CTETableBuilder = CTEQueryBuilder

CTETableBuilder is an alias of CTEQueryBuilder for backward compatibility.

Deprecated: use CTEQueryBuilder instead.

type Cond 

type Cond struct {
	Args *Args
}

Cond provides several helper methods to build conditions.

func NewCond added in v1.27.0 

func NewCond() *Cond

NewCond returns a new Cond.

func (*Cond) All added in v1.21.0 

func (c *Cond) All(field, op string, values ...interface{}) string

All is used to construct the expression "field op ALL (value...)".

func (*Cond) And added in v1.1.0 

func (c *Cond) And(andExpr ...string) string

And is used to construct the expression AND logic like "expr1 AND expr2 AND expr3".

func (*Cond) Any added in v1.21.0 

func (c *Cond) Any(field, op string, values ...interface{}) string

Any is used to construct the expression "field op ANY (value...)".

func (*Cond) Between 

func (c *Cond) Between(field string, lower, upper interface{}) string

Between is used to construct the expression "field BETWEEN lower AND upper".

func (*Cond) E 

func (c *Cond) E(field string, value interface{}) string

E is an alias of Equal.

func (*Cond) EQ added in v1.23.0 

func (c *Cond) EQ(field string, value interface{}) string

EQ is an alias of Equal.

func (*Cond) Equal 

func (c *Cond) Equal(field string, value interface{}) string

Equal is used to construct the expression "field = value".

func (*Cond) Exists added in v1.21.0 

func (c *Cond) Exists(subquery interface{}) string

Exists is used to construct the expression "EXISTS (subquery)".

func (*Cond) G 

func (c *Cond) G(field string, value interface{}) string

G is an alias of GreaterThan.

func (*Cond) GE 

func (c *Cond) GE(field string, value interface{}) string

GE is an alias of GreaterEqualThan.

func (*Cond) GT added in v1.23.0 

func (c *Cond) GT(field string, value interface{}) string

GT is an alias of GreaterThan.

func (*Cond) GTE added in v1.23.0 

func (c *Cond) GTE(field string, value interface{}) string

GTE is an alias of GreaterEqualThan.

func (*Cond) GreaterEqualThan 

func (c *Cond) GreaterEqualThan(field string, value interface{}) string

GreaterEqualThan is used to construct the expression "field >= value".

func (*Cond) GreaterThan 

func (c *Cond) GreaterThan(field string, value interface{}) string

GreaterThan is used to construct the expression "field > value".

func (*Cond) ILike added in v1.28.0 

func (c *Cond) ILike(field string, value interface{}) string

ILike is used to construct the expression "field ILIKE value".

When the database system does not support the ILIKE operator, the ILike method will return "LOWER(field) LIKE LOWER(value)" to simulate the behavior of the ILIKE operator.

func (*Cond) In 

func (c *Cond) In(field string, values ...interface{}) string

In is used to construct the expression "field IN (value...)".

func (*Cond) IsDistinctFrom added in v1.30.0 

func (c *Cond) IsDistinctFrom(field string, value interface{}) string

IsDistinctFrom is used to construct the expression "field IS DISTINCT FROM value".

When the database system does not support the IS DISTINCT FROM operator, the NotILike method will return "NOT field <=> value" for MySQL or a "CASE ... WHEN ... ELSE ... END" expression to simulate the behavior of the IS DISTINCT FROM operator.

func (*Cond) IsNotDistinctFrom added in v1.30.0 

func (c *Cond) IsNotDistinctFrom(field string, value interface{}) string

IsNotDistinctFrom is used to construct the expression "field IS NOT DISTINCT FROM value".

When the database system does not support the IS NOT DISTINCT FROM operator, the NotILike method will return "field <=> value" for MySQL or a "CASE ... WHEN ... ELSE ... END" expression to simulate the behavior of the IS NOT DISTINCT FROM operator.

func (*Cond) IsNotNull 

func (c *Cond) IsNotNull(field string) string

IsNotNull is used to construct the expression "field IS NOT NULL".

func (*Cond) IsNull 

func (c *Cond) IsNull(field string) string

IsNull is used to construct the expression "field IS NULL".

func (*Cond) L 

func (c *Cond) L(field string, value interface{}) string

L is an alias of LessThan.

func (*Cond) LE 

func (c *Cond) LE(field string, value interface{}) string

LE is an alias of LessEqualThan.

func (*Cond) LT added in v1.23.0 

func (c *Cond) LT(field string, value interface{}) string

LT is an alias of LessThan.

func (*Cond) LTE added in v1.23.0 

func (c *Cond) LTE(field string, value interface{}) string

LTE is an alias of LessEqualThan.

func (*Cond) LessEqualThan 

func (c *Cond) LessEqualThan(field string, value interface{}) string

LessEqualThan is used to construct the expression "field <= value".

func (*Cond) LessThan 

func (c *Cond) LessThan(field string, value interface{}) string

LessThan is used to construct the expression "field < value".

func (*Cond) Like 

func (c *Cond) Like(field string, value interface{}) string

Like is used to construct the expression "field LIKE value".

func (*Cond) NE 

func (c *Cond) NE(field string, value interface{}) string

NE is an alias of NotEqual.

func (*Cond) NEQ added in v1.23.0 

func (c *Cond) NEQ(field string, value interface{}) string

NEQ is an alias of NotEqual.

func (*Cond) Not added in v1.29.1 

func (c *Cond) Not(notExpr string) string

Not is used to construct the expression "NOT expr".

func (*Cond) NotBetween 

func (c *Cond) NotBetween(field string, lower, upper interface{}) string

NotBetween is used to construct the expression "field NOT BETWEEN lower AND upper".

func (*Cond) NotEqual 

func (c *Cond) NotEqual(field string, value interface{}) string

NotEqual is used to construct the expression "field <> value".

func (*Cond) NotExists added in v1.21.0 

func (c *Cond) NotExists(subquery interface{}) string

NotExists is used to construct the expression "NOT EXISTS (subquery)".

func (*Cond) NotILike added in v1.29.1 

func (c *Cond) NotILike(field string, value interface{}) string

NotILike is used to construct the expression "field NOT ILIKE value".

When the database system does not support the ILIKE operator, the NotILike method will return "LOWER(field) NOT LIKE LOWER(value)" to simulate the behavior of the ILIKE operator.

func (*Cond) NotIn 

func (c *Cond) NotIn(field string, values ...interface{}) string

NotIn is used to construct the expression "field NOT IN (value...)".

func (*Cond) NotLike 

func (c *Cond) NotLike(field string, value interface{}) string

NotLike is used to construct the expression "field NOT LIKE value".

func (*Cond) Or 

func (c *Cond) Or(orExpr ...string) string

Or is used to construct the expression OR logic like "expr1 OR expr2 OR expr3".

func (*Cond) Some added in v1.21.0 

func (c *Cond) Some(field, op string, values ...interface{}) string

Some is used to construct the expression "field op SOME (value...)".

func (*Cond) Var 

func (c *Cond) Var(value interface{}) string

Var returns a placeholder for value.

type CreateTableBuilder added in v1.3.0 

type CreateTableBuilder struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

CreateTableBuilder is a builder to build CREATE TABLE.

Example 
ctb := NewCreateTableBuilder()
ctb.CreateTable("demo.user").IfNotExists()
ctb.Define("id", "BIGINT(20)", "NOT NULL", "AUTO_INCREMENT", "PRIMARY KEY", `COMMENT "user id"`)
ctb.Define("name", "VARCHAR(255)", "NOT NULL", `COMMENT "user name"`)
ctb.Define("created_at", "DATETIME", "NOT NULL", `COMMENT "user create time"`)
ctb.Define("modified_at", "DATETIME", "NOT NULL", `COMMENT "user modify time"`)
ctb.Define("KEY", "idx_name_modified_at", "name, modified_at")
ctb.Option("DEFAULT CHARACTER SET", "utf8mb4")

fmt.Println(ctb)

Output:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS demo.user (id BIGINT(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY COMMENT "user id", name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL COMMENT "user name", created_at DATETIME NOT NULL COMMENT "user create time", modified_at DATETIME NOT NULL COMMENT "user modify time", KEY idx_name_modified_at name, modified_at) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4
Example (TempTable) 
ctb := NewCreateTableBuilder()
ctb.CreateTempTable("demo.user").IfNotExists()
ctb.Define("id", "BIGINT(20)", "NOT NULL", "AUTO_INCREMENT", "PRIMARY KEY", `COMMENT "user id"`)
ctb.Define("name", "VARCHAR(255)", "NOT NULL", `COMMENT "user name"`)
ctb.Define("created_at", "DATETIME", "NOT NULL", `COMMENT "user create time"`)
ctb.Define("modified_at", "DATETIME", "NOT NULL", `COMMENT "user modify time"`)
ctb.Define("KEY", "idx_name_modified_at", "name, modified_at")
ctb.Option("DEFAULT CHARACTER SET", "utf8mb4")

fmt.Println(ctb)

Output:

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE IF NOT EXISTS demo.user (id BIGINT(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY COMMENT "user id", name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL COMMENT "user name", created_at DATETIME NOT NULL COMMENT "user create time", modified_at DATETIME NOT NULL COMMENT "user modify time", KEY idx_name_modified_at name, modified_at) DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4

func CreateTable added in v1.11.0 

func CreateTable(table string) *CreateTableBuilder

CreateTable sets the table name in CREATE TABLE.

Example 
sql := CreateTable("demo.user").IfNotExists().
	Define("id", "BIGINT(20)", "NOT NULL", "AUTO_INCREMENT", "PRIMARY KEY", `COMMENT "user id"`).
	String()

fmt.Println(sql)

Output:

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS demo.user (id BIGINT(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY COMMENT "user id")

func NewCreateTableBuilder added in v1.3.0 

func NewCreateTableBuilder() *CreateTableBuilder

NewCreateTableBuilder creates a new CREATE TABLE builder.

func (*CreateTableBuilder) Build added in v1.3.0 

func (ctb *CreateTableBuilder) Build() (sql string, args []interface{})

Build returns compiled CREATE TABLE string and args. They can be used in `DB#Query` of package `database/sql` directly.

func (*CreateTableBuilder) BuildWithFlavor added in v1.3.0 

func (ctb *CreateTableBuilder) BuildWithFlavor(flavor Flavor, initialArg ...interface{}) (sql string, args []interface{})

BuildWithFlavor returns compiled CREATE TABLE string and args with flavor and initial args. They can be used in `DB#Query` of package `database/sql` directly.

func (*CreateTableBuilder) CreateTable added in v1.3.0 

func (ctb *CreateTableBuilder) CreateTable(table string) *CreateTableBuilder

CreateTable sets the table name in CREATE TABLE.

func (*CreateTableBuilder) CreateTempTable added in v1.3.0 

func (ctb *CreateTableBuilder) CreateTempTable(table string) *CreateTableBuilder

CreateTempTable sets the table name and changes the verb of ctb to CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE.

func (*CreateTableBuilder) Define added in v1.3.0 

func (ctb *CreateTableBuilder) Define(def ...string) *CreateTableBuilder

Define adds definition of a column or index in CREATE TABLE.

func (*CreateTableBuilder) Flavor added in v1.32.0 

func (ctb *CreateTableBuilder) Flavor() Flavor

Flavor returns flavor of builder

func (*CreateTableBuilder) IfNotExists added in v1.3.0 

func (ctb *CreateTableBuilder) IfNotExists() *CreateTableBuilder

IfNotExists adds IF NOT EXISTS before table name in CREATE TABLE.

func (*CreateTableBuilder) NumDefine added in v1.25.0 

func (ctb *CreateTableBuilder) NumDefine() int

NumDefine returns the number of definitions in CREATE TABLE.

Example 
ctb := NewCreateTableBuilder()
ctb.CreateTable("demo.user").IfNotExists()
ctb.Define("id", "BIGINT(20)", "NOT NULL", "AUTO_INCREMENT", "PRIMARY KEY", `COMMENT "user id"`)
ctb.Define("name", "VARCHAR(255)", "NOT NULL", `COMMENT "user name"`)
ctb.Define("created_at", "DATETIME", "NOT NULL", `COMMENT "user create time"`)
ctb.Define("modified_at", "DATETIME", "NOT NULL", `COMMENT "user modify time"`)
ctb.Define("KEY", "idx_name_modified_at", "name, modified_at")
ctb.Option("DEFAULT CHARACTER SET", "utf8mb4")

// Count the number of definitions.
fmt.Println(ctb.NumDefine())

Output:

5

func (*CreateTableBuilder) Option added in v1.3.0 

func (ctb *CreateTableBuilder) Option(opt ...string) *CreateTableBuilder

Option adds a table option in CREATE TABLE.

func (*CreateTableBuilder) SQL added in v1.11.0 

func (ctb *CreateTableBuilder) SQL(sql string) *CreateTableBuilder

SQL adds an arbitrary sql to current position.

Example 
ctb := NewCreateTableBuilder()
ctb.SQL(`/* before */`)
ctb.CreateTempTable("demo.user").IfNotExists()
ctb.SQL("/* after create */")
ctb.Define("id", "BIGINT(20)", "NOT NULL", "AUTO_INCREMENT", "PRIMARY KEY", `COMMENT "user id"`)
ctb.Define("name", "VARCHAR(255)", "NOT NULL", `COMMENT "user name"`)
ctb.SQL("/* after define */")
ctb.Option("DEFAULT CHARACTER SET", "utf8mb4")
ctb.SQL(ctb.Var(Build("AS SELECT * FROM old.user WHERE name LIKE $?", "%Huan%")))

sql, args := ctb.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

/* before */ CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE IF NOT EXISTS demo.user /* after create */ (id BIGINT(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY COMMENT "user id", name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL COMMENT "user name") /* after define */ DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 AS SELECT * FROM old.user WHERE name LIKE ?
[%Huan%]

func (*CreateTableBuilder) SetFlavor added in v1.3.0 

func (ctb *CreateTableBuilder) SetFlavor(flavor Flavor) (old Flavor)

SetFlavor sets the flavor of compiled sql.

func (*CreateTableBuilder) String added in v1.3.0 

func (ctb *CreateTableBuilder) String() string

String returns the compiled INSERT string.

func (*CreateTableBuilder) Var added in v1.11.0 

func (ctb *CreateTableBuilder) Var(arg interface{}) string

Var returns a placeholder for value.

type DeleteBuilder 

type DeleteBuilder struct {
	*WhereClause
	Cond
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

DeleteBuilder is a builder to build DELETE.

Example 
db := NewDeleteBuilder()
db.DeleteFrom("demo.user")
db.Where(
	db.GreaterThan("id", 1234),
	db.Like("name", "%Du"),
	db.Or(
		db.IsNull("id_card"),
		db.In("status", 1, 2, 5),
	),
	"modified_at > created_at + "+db.Var(86400), // It's allowed to write arbitrary SQL.
)

sql, args := db.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

DELETE FROM demo.user WHERE id > ? AND name LIKE ? AND (id_card IS NULL OR status IN (?, ?, ?)) AND modified_at > created_at + ?
[1234 %Du 1 2 5 86400]

func DeleteFrom added in v1.11.0 

func DeleteFrom(table ...string) *DeleteBuilder

DeleteFrom sets table name in DELETE.

Example 
sql := DeleteFrom("demo.user").
	Where(
		"status = 1",
	).
	Limit(10).
	String()

fmt.Println(sql)

Output:

DELETE FROM demo.user WHERE status = 1 LIMIT 10

func NewDeleteBuilder 

func NewDeleteBuilder() *DeleteBuilder

NewDeleteBuilder creates a new DELETE builder.

func (*DeleteBuilder) AddWhereClause added in v1.27.0 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) AddWhereClause(whereClause *WhereClause) *DeleteBuilder

AddWhereClause adds all clauses in the whereClause to SELECT.

func (*DeleteBuilder) Asc added in v1.11.0 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) Asc() *DeleteBuilder

Asc sets order of ORDER BY to ASC.

func (*DeleteBuilder) Build 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) Build() (sql string, args []interface{})

Build returns compiled DELETE string and args. They can be used in `DB#Query` of package `database/sql` directly.

func (*DeleteBuilder) BuildWithFlavor 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) BuildWithFlavor(flavor Flavor, initialArg ...interface{}) (sql string, args []interface{})

BuildWithFlavor returns compiled DELETE string and args with flavor and initial args. They can be used in `DB#Query` of package `database/sql` directly.

func (*DeleteBuilder) DeleteFrom 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) DeleteFrom(table ...string) *DeleteBuilder

DeleteFrom sets table name in DELETE.

func (*DeleteBuilder) Desc added in v1.11.0 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) Desc() *DeleteBuilder

Desc sets order of ORDER BY to DESC.

func (*DeleteBuilder) Flavor added in v1.32.0 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) Flavor() Flavor

Flavor returns flavor of builder

func (*DeleteBuilder) Limit added in v1.11.0 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) Limit(limit int) *DeleteBuilder

Limit sets the LIMIT in DELETE.

func (*DeleteBuilder) OrderBy added in v1.11.0 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) OrderBy(col ...string) *DeleteBuilder

OrderBy sets columns of ORDER BY in DELETE.

func (*DeleteBuilder) SQL added in v1.11.0 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) SQL(sql string) *DeleteBuilder

SQL adds an arbitrary sql to current position.

Example 
db := NewDeleteBuilder()
db.SQL(`/* before */`)
db.DeleteFrom("demo.user")
db.SQL("PARTITION (p0)")
db.Where(
	db.GreaterThan("id", 1234),
)
db.SQL("/* after where */")
db.OrderBy("id")
db.SQL("/* after order by */")
db.Limit(10)
db.SQL("/* after limit */")

sql, args := db.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

/* before */ DELETE FROM demo.user PARTITION (p0) WHERE id > ? /* after where */ ORDER BY id /* after order by */ LIMIT 10 /* after limit */
[1234]

func (*DeleteBuilder) SetFlavor 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) SetFlavor(flavor Flavor) (old Flavor)

SetFlavor sets the flavor of compiled sql.

func (*DeleteBuilder) String 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) String() string

String returns the compiled DELETE string.

func (*DeleteBuilder) TableNames added in v1.32.0 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) TableNames() []string

TableNames returns all table names in this DELETE statement.

func (*DeleteBuilder) Where 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) Where(andExpr ...string) *DeleteBuilder

Where sets expressions of WHERE in DELETE.

func (*DeleteBuilder) With added in v1.29.0 

func (db *DeleteBuilder) With(builder *CTEBuilder) *DeleteBuilder

With sets WITH clause (the Common Table Expression) before DELETE.

Example 
sql := With(
	CTEQuery("users").As(
		Select("id", "name").From("users").Where("name IS NULL"),
	),
).DeleteFrom("orders").Where(
	"users.id = orders.user_id",
).String()

fmt.Println(sql)

Output:

WITH users AS (SELECT id, name FROM users WHERE name IS NULL) DELETE FROM orders WHERE users.id = orders.user_id

type FieldMapperFunc added in v1.12.0 

type FieldMapperFunc func(name string) string

FieldMapperFunc is a func to map struct field names to column names, which will be used in query as columns.

Example 
type Orders struct {
	ID            int64
	UserID        int64
	ProductName   string
	Status        int
	UserAddrLine1 string
	UserAddrLine2 string
	CreatedAt     time.Time
}

// Create a Struct for Orders.
orders := NewStruct(new(Orders))

// Set the default field mapper to snake_case mapper globally.
DefaultFieldMapper = SnakeCaseMapper

// Field names are converted to snake_case words.
sql1, _ := orders.SelectFrom("orders").Limit(10).Build()

fmt.Println(sql1)

// Changing the default field mapper will *NOT* affect field names in orders.
// Once field name conversion is done, they will not be changed again.
DefaultFieldMapper = SomeOtherMapper
sql2, _ := orders.SelectFrom("orders").Limit(10).Build()

fmt.Println(sql1 == sql2)

Output:

SELECT orders.id, orders.user_id, orders.product_name, orders.status, orders.user_addr_line1, orders.user_addr_line2, orders.created_at FROM orders LIMIT 10
true

type Flavor 

type Flavor int

Flavor is the flag to control the format of compiled sql.

Example 
// Create a flavored builder.
sb := PostgreSQL.NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("name").From("user").Where(
	sb.E("id", 1234),
	sb.G("rank", 3),
)
sql, args := sb.Build()

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT name FROM user WHERE id = $1 AND rank > $2
[1234 3]

const (
	MySQL Flavor
	PostgreSQL
	SQLite
	SQLServer
	CQL
	ClickHouse
	Presto
	Oracle
	Informix
)

Supported flavors.

func (Flavor) Interpolate added in v1.4.0 

func (f Flavor) Interpolate(sql string, args []interface{}) (string, error)

Interpolate parses sql returned by `Args#Compile` or `Builder`, and interpolate args to replace placeholders in the sql.

If there are some args missing in sql, e.g. the number of placeholders are larger than len(args), returns ErrMissingArgs error.

Example (Cql) 
sb := CQL.NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("name").From("user").Where(
	sb.E("id", 1234),
	sb.E("name", "Charmy Liu"),
)
sql, args := sb.Build()
query, err := CQL.Interpolate(sql, args)

fmt.Println(query)
fmt.Println(err)

Output:

SELECT name FROM user WHERE id = 1234 AND name = 'Charmy Liu'
<nil>
Example (Infomix) 
sb := Informix.NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("name").From("user").Where(
	sb.NE("id", 1234),
	sb.E("name", "Charmy Liu"),
	sb.E("enabled", true),
)
sql, args := sb.Build()
query, err := Informix.Interpolate(sql, args)

fmt.Println(query)
fmt.Println(err)

Output:

SELECT name FROM user WHERE id <> 1234 AND name = 'Charmy Liu' AND enabled = TRUE
<nil>
Example (MySQL) 
sb := MySQL.NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("name").From("user").Where(
	sb.NE("id", 1234),
	sb.E("name", "Charmy Liu"),
	sb.Like("desc", "%mother's day%"),
)
sql, args := sb.Build()
query, err := MySQL.Interpolate(sql, args)

fmt.Println(query)
fmt.Println(err)

Output:

SELECT name FROM user WHERE id <> 1234 AND name = 'Charmy Liu' AND desc LIKE '%mother\'s day%'
<nil>
Example (Oracle) 
sb := Oracle.NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("name").From("user").Where(
	sb.E("id", 1234),
	sb.E("name", "Charmy Liu"),
	sb.E("enabled", true),
)
sql, args := sb.Build()
query, err := Oracle.Interpolate(sql, args)

fmt.Println(query)
fmt.Println(err)

Output:

SELECT name FROM user WHERE id = 1234 AND name = 'Charmy Liu' AND enabled = 1
<nil>
Example (PostgreSQL) 
// Only the last `$1` is interpolated.
// Others are not interpolated as they are inside dollar quote (the `$$`).
query, err := PostgreSQL.Interpolate(`
CREATE FUNCTION dup(in int, out f1 int, out f2 text) AS $$
    SELECT $1, CAST($1 AS text) || ' is text'
$$
LANGUAGE SQL;

SELECT * FROM dup($1);`, []interface{}{42})

fmt.Println(query)
fmt.Println(err)

Output:


CREATE FUNCTION dup(in int, out f1 int, out f2 text) AS $$
    SELECT $1, CAST($1 AS text) || ' is text'
$$
LANGUAGE SQL;

SELECT * FROM dup(42);
<nil>
Example (SqlServer) 
sb := SQLServer.NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("name").From("user").Where(
	sb.NE("id", 1234),
	sb.E("name", "Charmy Liu"),
	sb.Like("desc", "%mother's day%"),
)
sql, args := sb.Build()
query, err := SQLServer.Interpolate(sql, args)

fmt.Println(query)
fmt.Println(err)

Output:

SELECT name FROM user WHERE id <> 1234 AND name = N'Charmy Liu' AND desc LIKE N'%mother\'s day%'
<nil>
Example (Sqlite) 
sb := SQLite.NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("name").From("user").Where(
	sb.NE("id", 1234),
	sb.E("name", "Charmy Liu"),
	sb.Like("desc", "%mother's day%"),
)
sql, args := sb.Build()
query, err := SQLite.Interpolate(sql, args)

fmt.Println(query)
fmt.Println(err)

Output:

SELECT name FROM user WHERE id <> 1234 AND name = 'Charmy Liu' AND desc LIKE '%mother\'s day%'
<nil>

func (Flavor) NewCTEBuilder added in v1.28.0 

func (f Flavor) NewCTEBuilder() *CTEBuilder

NewCTEBuilder creates a new CTE builder with flavor.

func (Flavor) NewCTEQueryBuilder added in v1.29.0 

func (f Flavor) NewCTEQueryBuilder() *CTEQueryBuilder

NewCTETableBuilder creates a new CTE table builder with flavor.

func (Flavor) NewCreateTableBuilder added in v1.3.0 

func (f Flavor) NewCreateTableBuilder() *CreateTableBuilder

NewCreateTableBuilder creates a new CREATE TABLE builder with flavor.

func (Flavor) NewDeleteBuilder 

func (f Flavor) NewDeleteBuilder() *DeleteBuilder

NewDeleteBuilder creates a new DELETE builder with flavor.

func (Flavor) NewInsertBuilder 

func (f Flavor) NewInsertBuilder() *InsertBuilder

NewInsertBuilder creates a new INSERT builder with flavor.

func (Flavor) NewSelectBuilder 

func (f Flavor) NewSelectBuilder() *SelectBuilder

NewSelectBuilder creates a new SELECT builder with flavor.

func (Flavor) NewUnionBuilder added in v1.11.0 

func (f Flavor) NewUnionBuilder() *UnionBuilder

NewUnionBuilder creates a new UNION builder with flavor.

func (Flavor) NewUpdateBuilder 

func (f Flavor) NewUpdateBuilder() *UpdateBuilder

NewUpdateBuilder creates a new UPDATE builder with flavor.

func (Flavor) PrepareInsertIgnore added in v1.16.0 

func (f Flavor) PrepareInsertIgnore(table string, ib *InsertBuilder)

PrepareInsertIgnore prepares the insert builder to build insert ignore SQL statement based on the sql flavor

func (Flavor) Quote 

func (f Flavor) Quote(name string) string

Quote adds quote for name to make sure the name can be used safely as table name or field name.

  • For MySQL, use back quote (`) to quote name;
  • For PostgreSQL, SQL Server and SQLite, use double quote (") to quote name.

func (Flavor) String 

func (f Flavor) String() string

String returns the name of f.

type GetAliasFunc added in v1.23.0 

type GetAliasFunc func(field *reflect.StructField) (alias string, dbtag string)

GetAliasFunc is a func to get alias and dbtag

type InsertBuilder 

type InsertBuilder struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

InsertBuilder is a builder to build INSERT.

Example 
ib := NewInsertBuilder()
ib.InsertInto("demo.user")
ib.Cols("id", "name", "status", "created_at", "updated_at")
ib.Values(1, "Huan Du", 1, Raw("UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())"))
ib.Values(2, "Charmy Liu", 1, 1234567890)

sql, args := ib.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

INSERT INTO demo.user (id, name, status, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())), (?, ?, ?, ?)
[1 Huan Du 1 2 Charmy Liu 1 1234567890]
Example (FlavorOracle) 
ib := Oracle.NewInsertBuilder()
ib.InsertInto("demo.user")
ib.Cols("id", "name", "status")
ib.Values(1, "Huan Du", 1)
ib.Values(2, "Charmy Liu", 1)

sql, args := ib.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

INSERT ALL INTO demo.user (id, name, status) VALUES (:1, :2, :3) INTO demo.user (id, name, status) VALUES (:4, :5, :6) SELECT 1 from DUAL
[1 Huan Du 1 2 Charmy Liu 1]
Example (InsertIgnore) 
ib := NewInsertBuilder()
ib.InsertIgnoreInto("demo.user")
ib.Cols("id", "name", "status", "created_at", "updated_at")
ib.Values(1, "Huan Du", 1, Raw("UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())"))
ib.Values(2, "Charmy Liu", 1, 1234567890)

sql, args := ib.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

INSERT IGNORE INTO demo.user (id, name, status, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())), (?, ?, ?, ?)
[1 Huan Du 1 2 Charmy Liu 1 1234567890]
Example (InsertIgnore_clickhouse) 
ib := ClickHouse.NewInsertBuilder()
ib.InsertIgnoreInto("demo.user")
ib.Cols("id", "name", "status", "created_at")
ib.Values(1, "Huan Du", 1, Raw("UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())"))
ib.Values(2, "Charmy Liu", 1, 1234567890)

sql, args := ib.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

INSERT INTO demo.user (id, name, status, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())), (?, ?, ?, ?)
[1 Huan Du 1 2 Charmy Liu 1 1234567890]
Example (InsertIgnore_postgres) 
ib := PostgreSQL.NewInsertBuilder()
ib.InsertIgnoreInto("demo.user")
ib.Cols("id", "name", "status", "created_at")
ib.Values(1, "Huan Du", 1, Raw("UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())"))
ib.Values(2, "Charmy Liu", 1, 1234567890)

sql, args := ib.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

INSERT INTO demo.user (id, name, status, created_at) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())), ($4, $5, $6, $7) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
[1 Huan Du 1 2 Charmy Liu 1 1234567890]
Example (InsertIgnore_sqlite) 
ib := SQLite.NewInsertBuilder()
ib.InsertIgnoreInto("demo.user")
ib.Cols("id", "name", "status", "created_at")
ib.Values(1, "Huan Du", 1, Raw("UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())"))
ib.Values(2, "Charmy Liu", 1, 1234567890)

sql, args := ib.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

INSERT OR IGNORE INTO demo.user (id, name, status, created_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())), (?, ?, ?, ?)
[1 Huan Du 1 2 Charmy Liu 1 1234567890]
Example (ReplaceInto) 
ib := NewInsertBuilder()
ib.ReplaceInto("demo.user")
ib.Cols("id", "name", "status", "created_at", "updated_at")
ib.Values(1, "Huan Du", 1, Raw("UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())"))
ib.Values(2, "Charmy Liu", 1, 1234567890)

sql, args := ib.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

REPLACE INTO demo.user (id, name, status, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())), (?, ?, ?, ?)
[1 Huan Du 1 2 Charmy Liu 1 1234567890]
Example (SubSelect) 
ib := NewInsertBuilder()
ib.InsertInto("demo.user")
ib.Cols("id", "name")
sb := ib.Select("id", "name").From("demo.test")
sb.Where(sb.EQ("id", 1))

sql, args := ib.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

INSERT INTO demo.user (id, name) SELECT id, name FROM demo.test WHERE id = ?
[1]
Example (SubSelect_informix) 
ib := Informix.NewInsertBuilder()
ib.InsertInto("demo.user")
ib.Cols("id", "name")
sb := ib.Select("id", "name").From("demo.test")
sb.Where(sb.EQ("id", 1))

sql, args := ib.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

INSERT INTO demo.user (id, name) SELECT id, name FROM demo.test WHERE id = ?
[1]
Example (SubSelect_oracle) 
ib := Oracle.NewInsertBuilder()
ib.InsertInto("demo.user")
ib.Cols("id", "name")
sb := ib.Select("id", "name").From("demo.test")
sb.Where(sb.EQ("id", 1))

sql, args := ib.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

INSERT INTO demo.user (id, name) SELECT id, name FROM demo.test WHERE id = :1
[1]

func InsertIgnoreInto added in v1.11.0 

func InsertIgnoreInto(table string) *InsertBuilder

InsertIgnoreInto sets table name in INSERT IGNORE.

Example 
sql, args := InsertIgnoreInto("demo.user").
	Cols("id", "name", "status").
	Values(4, "Sample", 2).
	Build()

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

INSERT IGNORE INTO demo.user (id, name, status) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
[4 Sample 2]

func InsertInto added in v1.11.0 

func InsertInto(table string) *InsertBuilder

InsertInto sets table name in INSERT.

Example 
sql, args := InsertInto("demo.user").
	Cols("id", "name", "status").
	Values(4, "Sample", 2).
	Build()

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

INSERT INTO demo.user (id, name, status) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
[4 Sample 2]

func NewInsertBuilder 

func NewInsertBuilder() *InsertBuilder

NewInsertBuilder creates a new INSERT builder.

func ReplaceInto added in v1.11.0 

func ReplaceInto(table string) *InsertBuilder

ReplaceInto sets table name and changes the verb of ib to REPLACE. REPLACE INTO is a MySQL extension to the SQL standard.

Example 
sql, args := ReplaceInto("demo.user").
	Cols("id", "name", "status").
	Values(4, "Sample", 2).
	Build()

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

REPLACE INTO demo.user (id, name, status) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
[4 Sample 2]

func (*InsertBuilder) Build 

func (ib *InsertBuilder) Build() (sql string, args []interface{})

Build returns compiled INSERT string and args. They can be used in `DB#Query` of package `database/sql` directly.

func (*InsertBuilder) BuildWithFlavor 

func (ib *InsertBuilder) BuildWithFlavor(flavor Flavor, initialArg ...interface{}) (sql string, args []interface{})

BuildWithFlavor returns compiled INSERT string and args with flavor and initial args. They can be used in `DB#Query` of package `database/sql` directly.

func (*InsertBuilder) Cols 

func (ib *InsertBuilder) Cols(col ...string) *InsertBuilder

Cols sets columns in INSERT.

func (*InsertBuilder) Flavor added in v1.32.0 

func (ib *InsertBuilder) Flavor() Flavor

Flavor returns flavor of builder

func (*InsertBuilder) InsertIgnoreInto added in v1.5.0 

func (ib *InsertBuilder) InsertIgnoreInto(table string) *InsertBuilder

InsertIgnoreInto sets table name in INSERT IGNORE.

func (*InsertBuilder) InsertInto 

func (ib *InsertBuilder) InsertInto(table string) *InsertBuilder

InsertInto sets table name in INSERT.

func (*InsertBuilder) NumValue added in v1.25.0 

func (ib *InsertBuilder) NumValue() int

NumValue returns the number of values to insert.

Example 
ib := NewInsertBuilder()
ib.InsertInto("demo.user")
ib.Cols("id", "name")
ib.Values(1, "Huan Du")
ib.Values(2, "Charmy Liu")

// Count the number of values.
fmt.Println(ib.NumValue())

Output:

2

func (*InsertBuilder) ReplaceInto added in v1.3.0 

func (ib *InsertBuilder) ReplaceInto(table string) *InsertBuilder

ReplaceInto sets table name and changes the verb of ib to REPLACE. REPLACE INTO is a MySQL extension to the SQL standard.

func (*InsertBuilder) SQL added in v1.11.0 

func (ib *InsertBuilder) SQL(sql string) *InsertBuilder

SQL adds an arbitrary sql to current position.

Example 
ib := NewInsertBuilder()
ib.SQL("/* before */")
ib.InsertInto("demo.user")
ib.SQL("PARTITION (p0)")
ib.Cols("id", "name", "status", "created_at")
ib.SQL("/* after cols */")
ib.Values(3, "Shawn Du", 1, 1234567890)
ib.SQL(ib.Var(Build("ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE status = $?", 1)))

sql, args := ib.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

/* before */ INSERT INTO demo.user PARTITION (p0) (id, name, status, created_at) /* after cols */ VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE status = ?
[3 Shawn Du 1 1234567890 1]

func (*InsertBuilder) Select added in v1.24.0 

func (isb *InsertBuilder) Select(col ...string) *SelectBuilder

Select returns a new SelectBuilder to build a SELECT statement inside the INSERT INTO.

func (*InsertBuilder) SetFlavor 

func (ib *InsertBuilder) SetFlavor(flavor Flavor) (old Flavor)

SetFlavor sets the flavor of compiled sql.

func (*InsertBuilder) String 

func (ib *InsertBuilder) String() string

String returns the compiled INSERT string.

func (*InsertBuilder) Values 

func (ib *InsertBuilder) Values(value ...interface{}) *InsertBuilder

Values adds a list of values for a row in INSERT.

func (*InsertBuilder) Var added in v1.11.0 

func (ib *InsertBuilder) Var(arg interface{}) string

Var returns a placeholder for value.

type JoinOption added in v1.1.0 

type JoinOption string

JoinOption is the option in JOIN. 

const (
	FullJoin       JoinOption = "FULL"
	FullOuterJoin  JoinOption = "FULL OUTER"
	InnerJoin      JoinOption = "INNER"
	LeftJoin       JoinOption = "LEFT"
	LeftOuterJoin  JoinOption = "LEFT OUTER"
	RightJoin      JoinOption = "RIGHT"
	RightOuterJoin JoinOption = "RIGHT OUTER"
)

Join options.

type SelectBuilder 

type SelectBuilder struct {
	*WhereClause
	Cond
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

SelectBuilder is a builder to build SELECT.

Example 
sb := NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Distinct().Select("id", "name", sb.As("COUNT(*)", "t"))
sb.From("demo.user")
sb.Where(
	sb.GreaterThan("id", 1234),
	sb.Like("name", "%Du"),
	sb.Or(
		sb.IsNull("id_card"),
		sb.In("status", 1, 2, 5),
	),
	sb.NotIn(
		"id",
		NewSelectBuilder().Select("id").From("banned"),
	), // Nested SELECT.
	"modified_at > created_at + "+sb.Var(86400), // It's allowed to write arbitrary SQL.
)
sb.GroupBy("status").Having(sb.NotIn("status", 4, 5))
sb.OrderBy("modified_at").Asc()
sb.Limit(10).Offset(5)

s, args := sb.Build()
fmt.Println(s)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT DISTINCT id, name, COUNT(*) AS t FROM demo.user WHERE id > ? AND name LIKE ? AND (id_card IS NULL OR status IN (?, ?, ?)) AND id NOT IN (SELECT id FROM banned) AND modified_at > created_at + ? GROUP BY status HAVING status NOT IN (?, ?) ORDER BY modified_at ASC LIMIT 10 OFFSET 5
[1234 %Du 1 2 5 86400 4 5]
Example (AdvancedUsage) 
sb := NewSelectBuilder()
innerSb := NewSelectBuilder()

// Named arguments are supported.
start := sql.Named("start", 1234567890)
end := sql.Named("end", 1234599999)
level := sql.Named("level", 20)

sb.Select("id", "name")
sb.From(
	sb.BuilderAs(innerSb, "user"),
)
sb.Where(
	sb.In("status", Flatten([]int{1, 2, 3})...),
	sb.Between("created_at", start, end),
)
sb.OrderBy("modified_at").Desc()

innerSb.Select("*")
innerSb.From("banned")
innerSb.Where(
	innerSb.GreaterThan("level", level),
	innerSb.LessEqualThan("updated_at", end),
	innerSb.NotIn("name", Flatten([]string{"Huan Du", "Charmy Liu"})...),
)

s, args := sb.Build()
fmt.Println(s)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT id, name FROM (SELECT * FROM banned WHERE level > @level AND updated_at <= @end AND name NOT IN (?, ?)) AS user WHERE status IN (?, ?, ?) AND created_at BETWEEN @start AND @end ORDER BY modified_at DESC
[Huan Du Charmy Liu 1 2 3 {{} level 20} {{} end 1234599999} {{} start 1234567890}]
Example (CustomSELECT)

Example for issue #115. 

sb := NewSelectBuilder()

// Set a custom SELECT clause.
sb.SQL("SELECT id, name FROM user").Where(
	sb.In("id", 1, 2, 3),
)

s, args := sb.Build()
fmt.Println(s)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE id IN (?, ?, ?)
[1 2 3]
Example (Join) 
sb := NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("u.id", "u.name", "c.type", "p.nickname")
sb.From("user u")
sb.Join("contract c",
	"u.id = c.user_id",
	sb.In("c.status", 1, 2, 5),
)
sb.JoinWithOption(RightOuterJoin, "person p",
	"u.id = p.user_id",
	sb.Like("p.surname", "%Du"),
)
sb.Where(
	"u.modified_at > u.created_at + " + sb.Var(86400), // It's allowed to write arbitrary SQL.
)

sql, args := sb.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT u.id, u.name, c.type, p.nickname FROM user u JOIN contract c ON u.id = c.user_id AND c.status IN (?, ?, ?) RIGHT OUTER JOIN person p ON u.id = p.user_id AND p.surname LIKE ? WHERE u.modified_at > u.created_at + ?
[1 2 5 %Du 86400]
Example (Limit_offset) 
flavors := []Flavor{MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, SQLServer, CQL, ClickHouse, Presto, Oracle, Informix}
results := make([][]string, len(flavors))
sb := NewSelectBuilder()
saveResults := func() {
	for i, f := range flavors {
		s, _ := sb.BuildWithFlavor(f)
		results[i] = append(results[i], s)
	}
}

sb.Select("*")
sb.From("user")

// Case #1: limit < 0 and offset < 0
//
// All: No limit or offset in query.
sb.Limit(-1)
sb.Offset(-1)
saveResults()

// Case #2: limit < 0 and offset >= 0
//
// MySQL and SQLite: Ignore offset if the limit is not set.
// PostgreSQL: Offset can be set without limit.
// SQLServer: Offset can be set without limit.
// CQL: Ignore offset.
// Oracle: Offset can be set without limit.
sb.Limit(-1)
sb.Offset(0)
saveResults()

// Case #3: limit >= 0 and offset >= 0
//
// CQL: Ignore offset.
// All others: Set both limit and offset.
sb.Limit(1)
sb.Offset(0)
saveResults()

// Case #4: limit >= 0 and offset < 0
//
// All: Set limit in query.
sb.Limit(1)
sb.Offset(-1)
saveResults()

// Case #5: limit >= 0 and offset >= 0 order by id
//
// CQL: Ignore offset.
// All others: Set both limit and offset.
sb.Limit(1)
sb.Offset(1)
sb.OrderBy("id")
saveResults()

for i, result := range results {
	fmt.Println()
	fmt.Println(flavors[i])

	for n, s := range result {
		fmt.Printf("#%d: %s\n", n+1, s)
	}
}

Output:


MySQL
#1: SELECT * FROM user
#2: SELECT * FROM user
#3: SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 1 OFFSET 0
#4: SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 1
#5: SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY id LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1

PostgreSQL
#1: SELECT * FROM user
#2: SELECT * FROM user OFFSET 0
#3: SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 1 OFFSET 0
#4: SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 1
#5: SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY id LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1

SQLite
#1: SELECT * FROM user
#2: SELECT * FROM user
#3: SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 1 OFFSET 0
#4: SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 1
#5: SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY id LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1

SQLServer
#1: SELECT * FROM user
#2: SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY 1 OFFSET 0 ROWS
#3: SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY 1 OFFSET 0 ROWS FETCH NEXT 1 ROWS ONLY
#4: SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY 1 OFFSET 0 ROWS FETCH NEXT 1 ROWS ONLY
#5: SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY id OFFSET 1 ROWS FETCH NEXT 1 ROWS ONLY

CQL
#1: SELECT * FROM user
#2: SELECT * FROM user
#3: SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 1
#4: SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 1
#5: SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY id LIMIT 1

ClickHouse
#1: SELECT * FROM user
#2: SELECT * FROM user
#3: SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 1 OFFSET 0
#4: SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 1
#5: SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY id LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1

Presto
#1: SELECT * FROM user
#2: SELECT * FROM user OFFSET 0
#3: SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 1 OFFSET 0
#4: SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 1
#5: SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY id LIMIT 1 OFFSET 1

Oracle
#1: SELECT * FROM user
#2: SELECT * FROM ( SELECT ROWNUM r, * FROM ( SELECT * FROM user ) user ) WHERE r >= 1
#3: SELECT * FROM ( SELECT ROWNUM r, * FROM ( SELECT * FROM user ) user ) WHERE r BETWEEN 1 AND 1
#4: SELECT * FROM ( SELECT ROWNUM r, * FROM ( SELECT * FROM user ) user ) WHERE r BETWEEN 1 AND 1
#5: SELECT * FROM ( SELECT ROWNUM r, * FROM ( SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY id ) user ) WHERE r BETWEEN 2 AND 2

Informix
#1: SELECT * FROM user
#2: SELECT * FROM user
#3: SELECT * FROM user SKIP 0 FIRST 1
#4: SELECT * FROM user FIRST 1
#5: SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY id SKIP 1 FIRST 1
Example (VarInCols) 
// Column name may contain some characters, e.g. the $ sign, which have special meanings in builders.
// It's recommended to call Escape() or EscapeAll() to escape the name.

sb := NewSelectBuilder()
v := sb.Var("foo")
sb.Select(Escape("colHasA$Sign"), v)
sb.From("table")

s, args := sb.Build()
fmt.Println(s)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT colHasA$Sign, ? FROM table
[foo]

func NewSelectBuilder 

func NewSelectBuilder() *SelectBuilder

NewSelectBuilder creates a new SELECT builder.

func Select added in v1.11.0 

func Select(col ...string) *SelectBuilder

Select sets columns in SELECT.

Example 
// Build a SQL to create a HIVE table.
s := CreateTable("users").
	SQL("PARTITION BY (year)").
	SQL("AS").
	SQL(
		Select("columns[0] id", "columns[1] name", "columns[2] year").
			From("`all-users.csv`").
			Limit(100).
			String(),
	).
	String()

fmt.Println(s)

Output:

CREATE TABLE users PARTITION BY (year) AS SELECT columns[0] id, columns[1] name, columns[2] year FROM `all-users.csv` LIMIT 100

func (*SelectBuilder) AddWhereClause added in v1.27.0 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) AddWhereClause(whereClause *WhereClause) *SelectBuilder

AddWhereClause adds all clauses in the whereClause to SELECT.

func (*SelectBuilder) As 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) As(name, alias string) string

As returns an AS expression.

func (*SelectBuilder) Asc 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) Asc() *SelectBuilder

Asc sets order of ORDER BY to ASC.

func (*SelectBuilder) Build 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) Build() (sql string, args []interface{})

Build returns compiled SELECT string and args. They can be used in `DB#Query` of package `database/sql` directly.

func (*SelectBuilder) BuildWithFlavor 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) BuildWithFlavor(flavor Flavor, initialArg ...interface{}) (sql string, args []interface{})

BuildWithFlavor returns compiled SELECT string and args with flavor and initial args. They can be used in `DB#Query` of package `database/sql` directly.

func (*SelectBuilder) BuilderAs 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) BuilderAs(builder Builder, alias string) string

BuilderAs returns an AS expression wrapping a complex SQL. According to SQL syntax, SQL built by builder is surrounded by parens.

func (*SelectBuilder) Desc 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) Desc() *SelectBuilder

Desc sets order of ORDER BY to DESC.

func (*SelectBuilder) Distinct 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) Distinct() *SelectBuilder

Distinct marks this SELECT as DISTINCT.

func (*SelectBuilder) Flavor added in v1.32.0 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) Flavor() Flavor

Flavor returns flavor of builder

func (*SelectBuilder) ForShare added in v1.11.0 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) ForShare() *SelectBuilder

ForShare adds FOR SHARE at the end of SELECT statement.

func (*SelectBuilder) ForUpdate added in v1.11.0 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) ForUpdate() *SelectBuilder

ForUpdate adds FOR UPDATE at the end of SELECT statement.

Example 
sb := newSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("*").From("user").Where(
	sb.Equal("id", 1234),
).ForUpdate()

sql, args := sb.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT * FROM user WHERE id = ? FOR UPDATE
[1234]

func (*SelectBuilder) From 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) From(table ...string) *SelectBuilder

From sets table names in SELECT.

func (*SelectBuilder) GroupBy 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) GroupBy(col ...string) *SelectBuilder

GroupBy sets columns of GROUP BY in SELECT.

func (*SelectBuilder) Having 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) Having(andExpr ...string) *SelectBuilder

Having sets expressions of HAVING in SELECT.

func (*SelectBuilder) Join added in v1.1.0 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) Join(table string, onExpr ...string) *SelectBuilder

Join sets expressions of JOIN in SELECT.

It builds a JOIN expression like 

JOIN table ON onExpr[0] AND onExpr[1] ...

func (*SelectBuilder) JoinWithOption added in v1.1.0 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) JoinWithOption(option JoinOption, table string, onExpr ...string) *SelectBuilder

JoinWithOption sets expressions of JOIN with an option.

It builds a JOIN expression like 

option JOIN table ON onExpr[0] AND onExpr[1] ...

Here is a list of supported options.

  • FullJoin: FULL JOIN
  • FullOuterJoin: FULL OUTER JOIN
  • InnerJoin: INNER JOIN
  • LeftJoin: LEFT JOIN
  • LeftOuterJoin: LEFT OUTER JOIN
  • RightJoin: RIGHT JOIN
  • RightOuterJoin: RIGHT OUTER JOIN

func (*SelectBuilder) LateralAs added in v1.33.0 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) LateralAs(builder Builder, alias string) string

LateralAs returns a LATERAL derived table expression wrapping a complex SQL.

Example 
// Demo SQL comes from a sample on https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.4/en/lateral-derived-tables.html.
sb := Select(
	"salesperson.name",
	"max_sale.amount",
	"max_sale.customer_name",
)
sb.From(
	"salesperson",
	sb.LateralAs(
		Select("amount", "customer_name").
			From("all_sales").
			Where(
				"all_sales.salesperson_id = salesperson.id",
			).
			OrderBy("amount").Desc().Limit(1),
		"max_sale",
	),
)

fmt.Println(sb)

Output:

SELECT salesperson.name, max_sale.amount, max_sale.customer_name FROM salesperson, LATERAL (SELECT amount, customer_name FROM all_sales WHERE all_sales.salesperson_id = salesperson.id ORDER BY amount DESC LIMIT 1) AS max_sale

func (*SelectBuilder) Limit 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) Limit(limit int) *SelectBuilder

Limit sets the LIMIT in SELECT.

func (*SelectBuilder) NumCol added in v1.25.0 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) NumCol() int

NumCol returns the number of columns to select.

Example 
sb := NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("id", "name", "created_at")
sb.From("demo.user")
sb.Where(
	sb.GreaterThan("id", 1234),
)

// Count the number of columns.
fmt.Println(sb.NumCol())

Output:

3

func (*SelectBuilder) Offset 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) Offset(offset int) *SelectBuilder

Offset sets the LIMIT offset in SELECT.

func (*SelectBuilder) OrderBy 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) OrderBy(col ...string) *SelectBuilder

OrderBy sets columns of ORDER BY in SELECT.

func (*SelectBuilder) SQL added in v1.11.0 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) SQL(sql string) *SelectBuilder

SQL adds an arbitrary sql to current position.

Example 
sb := NewSelectBuilder()
sb.SQL("/* before */")
sb.Select("u.id", "u.name", "c.type", "p.nickname")
sb.SQL("/* after select */")
sb.From("user u")
sb.SQL("/* after from */")
sb.Join("contract c",
	"u.id = c.user_id",
)
sb.JoinWithOption(RightOuterJoin, "person p",
	"u.id = p.user_id",
)
sb.SQL("/* after join */")
sb.Where(
	"u.modified_at > u.created_at",
)
sb.SQL("/* after where */")
sb.OrderBy("id")
sb.SQL("/* after order by */")
sb.Limit(10)
sb.SQL("/* after limit */")
sb.ForShare()
sb.SQL("/* after for */")

s := sb.String()
fmt.Println(s)

Output:

/* before */ SELECT u.id, u.name, c.type, p.nickname /* after select */ FROM user u /* after from */ JOIN contract c ON u.id = c.user_id RIGHT OUTER JOIN person p ON u.id = p.user_id /* after join */ WHERE u.modified_at > u.created_at /* after where */ ORDER BY id /* after order by */ LIMIT 10 /* after limit */ FOR SHARE /* after for */

func (*SelectBuilder) Select 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) Select(col ...string) *SelectBuilder

Select sets columns in SELECT.

func (*SelectBuilder) SelectMore added in v1.29.0 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) SelectMore(col ...string) *SelectBuilder

SelectMore adds more columns in SELECT.

func (*SelectBuilder) SetFlavor 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) SetFlavor(flavor Flavor) (old Flavor)

SetFlavor sets the flavor of compiled sql.

func (*SelectBuilder) String 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) String() string

String returns the compiled SELECT string.

func (*SelectBuilder) TableNames added in v1.28.1 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) TableNames() []string

TableNames returns all table names in this SELECT statement.

func (*SelectBuilder) Where 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) Where(andExpr ...string) *SelectBuilder

Where sets expressions of WHERE in SELECT.

func (*SelectBuilder) With added in v1.28.0 

func (sb *SelectBuilder) With(builder *CTEBuilder) *SelectBuilder

With sets WITH clause (the Common Table Expression) before SELECT.

Example 
sql := With(
	CTEQuery("users").As(
		Select("id", "name").From("users").Where("prime IS NOT NULL"),
	),

	// The CTE table orders will be added to table list of FROM clause automatically.
	CTETable("orders").As(
		Select("id", "user_id").From("orders"),
	),
).Select("orders.id").Join("users", "orders.user_id = users.id").Limit(10).String()

fmt.Println(sql)

Output:

WITH users AS (SELECT id, name FROM users WHERE prime IS NOT NULL), orders AS (SELECT id, user_id FROM orders) SELECT orders.id FROM orders JOIN users ON orders.user_id = users.id LIMIT 10

type Struct 

type Struct struct {
	Flavor Flavor
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

Struct represents a struct type.

All methods in Struct are thread-safe. We can define a global variable to hold a Struct and use it in any goroutine.

Example (BuildDELETE) 
// Suppose we defined following type for user db.
type User struct {
	ID     int64  `db:"id" fieldtag:"pk"`
	Name   string `db:"name"`
	Status int    `db:"status"`
}

// Parse user struct. The userStruct can be a global variable.
// It's guraanteed to be thread-safe.
var userStruct = NewStruct(new(User))

// Prepare DELETE query.
user := &User{
	ID: 1234,
}
b := userStruct.DeleteFrom("user")
b.Where(b.Equal("id", user.ID))

// Execute the query.
sql, args := b.Build()
orderDB.Exec(sql, args...)

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

DELETE FROM user WHERE id = ?
[1234]
Example (BuildINSERT) 
// Suppose we defined following type for user db.
type User struct {
	ID     int64  `db:"id" fieldtag:"pk"`
	Name   string `db:"name"`
	Status int    `db:"status"`
}

// Parse user struct. The userStruct can be a global variable.
// It's guraanteed to be thread-safe.
var userStruct = NewStruct(new(User))

// Prepare INSERT query.
// Suppose that user id is generated by database.
user := &User{
	Name:   "Huan Du",
	Status: 1,
}
ib := userStruct.WithoutTag("pk").InsertInto("user", user)

// Execute the query.
sql, args := ib.Build()
orderDB.Exec(sql, args...)

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

INSERT INTO user (name, status) VALUES (?, ?)
[Huan Du 1]
Example (BuildJOIN) 
// Suppose we're going to query a "member" table joined with "user" table.
type Member struct {
	ID         string    `db:"id"`
	UserID     string    `db:"user_id"`
	MemberName int       `db:"name"`
	CreatedAt  time.Time `db:"created_at"`

	// Add "u." prefix to the field name to specify the field in "user" table.
	Name  string `db:"u.name"`
	Email string `db:"u.email"`
}

// Parse member struct. The memberStruct can be a global variable.
// It's guraanteed to be thread-safe.
var memberStruct = NewStruct(new(Member))

// Prepare JOIN query.
sb := memberStruct.SelectFrom("member m").Join("user u", "m.user_id = u.user_id")
sb.Where(sb.Like("m.name", "Huan%"))

sql, args := sb.Build()

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT m.id, m.user_id, m.name, m.created_at, u.name, u.email FROM member m JOIN user u ON m.user_id = u.user_id WHERE m.name LIKE ?
[Huan%]
Example (BuildUPDATE) 
// Suppose we defined following type for user db.
type User struct {
	ID     int64  `db:"id" fieldtag:"pk"`
	Name   string `db:"name"`
	Status int    `db:"status"`
}

// Parse user struct. The userStruct can be a global variable.
// It's guraanteed to be thread-safe.
var userStruct = NewStruct(new(User))

// Prepare UPDATE query.
// We should not update the primary key field.
user := &User{
	ID:     1234,
	Name:   "Huan Du",
	Status: 1,
}
ub := userStruct.WithoutTag("pk").Update("user", user)
ub.Where(ub.Equal("id", user.ID))

// Execute the query.
sql, args := ub.Build()
orderDB.Exec(sql, args...)

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

UPDATE user SET name = ?, status = ? WHERE id = ?
[Huan Du 1 1234]
Example (ForCQL) 
// Suppose we defined following type for user db.
type User struct {
	ID     int64  `db:"id" fieldtag:"pk"`
	Name   string `db:"name"`
	Status int    `db:"status"`
}

// Parse user struct. The userStruct can be a global variable.
// It's guraanteed to be thread-safe.
userStruct := NewStruct(new(User)).For(CQL)

sb := userStruct.SelectFrom("user")
sb.Where(sb.Equal("id", 1234))
sql, args := sb.Build()

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT id, name, status FROM user WHERE id = ?
[1234]
Example (ForPostgreSQL) 
// Suppose we defined following type for user db.
type User struct {
	ID     int64  `db:"id" fieldtag:"pk"`
	Name   string `db:"name"`
	Status int    `db:"status"`
}

// Parse user struct. The userStruct can be a global variable.
// It's guraanteed to be thread-safe.
var userStruct = NewStruct(new(User)).For(PostgreSQL)

sb := userStruct.SelectFrom("user")
sb.Where(sb.Equal("id", 1234))
sql, args := sb.Build()

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT user.id, user.name, user.status FROM user WHERE id = $1
[1234]
Example (UseStructAsORM) 
// Suppose we defined following type for user db.
type User struct {
	ID     int64  `db:"id" fieldtag:"pk"`
	Name   string `db:"name"`
	Status int    `db:"status"`
}

// Parse user struct. The userStruct can be a global variable.
// It's guraanteed to be thread-safe.
var userStruct = NewStruct(new(User))

// Prepare SELECT query.
sb := userStruct.SelectFrom("user")
sb.Where(sb.Equal("id", 1234))

// Execute the query.
sql, args := sb.Build()
rows, _ := userDB.Query(sql, args...)
defer func(rows testRows) {
	_ = rows.Close()
}(rows)

// Scan row data to user.
var user User
_ = rows.Scan(userStruct.Addr(&user)...)

fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)
fmt.Printf("%#v", user)

Output:

SELECT user.id, user.name, user.status FROM user WHERE id = ?
[1234]
sqlbuilder.User{ID:1234, Name:"huandu", Status:1}

func NewStruct 

func NewStruct(structValue interface{}) *Struct

NewStruct analyzes type information in structValue and creates a new Struct with all structValue fields. If structValue is not a struct, NewStruct returns a dummy Struct.

func (*Struct) Addr 

func (s *Struct) Addr(st interface{}) []interface{}

Addr takes address of all exported fields of the s from the st. The returned result can be used in `Row#Scan` directly.

func (*Struct) AddrForTag deprecated 

func (s *Struct) AddrForTag(tag string, st interface{}) []interface{}

AddrForTag takes address of all fields of the s tagged with tag from the st. The returned value can be used in `Row#Scan` directly.

If tag is not defined in s in advance, returns nil.

Deprecated: It's recommended to use s.WithTag(tag).Addr(...) instead of calling this method. The former one is more readable and can be chained with other methods.

func (*Struct) AddrWithCols 

func (s *Struct) AddrWithCols(cols []string, st interface{}) []interface{}

AddrWithCols takes address of all columns defined in cols from the st. The returned value can be used in `Row#Scan` directly.

func (*Struct) Columns added in v1.14.0 

func (s *Struct) Columns() []string

Columns returns column names of s for all exported struct fields.

func (*Struct) ColumnsForTag deprecated added in v1.14.0 

func (s *Struct) ColumnsForTag(tag string) (cols []string)

ColumnsForTag returns column names of the s tagged with tag.

Deprecated: It's recommended to use s.WithTag(tag).Columns(...) instead of calling this method. The former one is more readable and can be chained with other methods.

func (*Struct) DeleteFrom 

func (s *Struct) DeleteFrom(table string) *DeleteBuilder

DeleteFrom creates a new `DeleteBuilder` with table name.

Caller is responsible to set WHERE condition to match right record.

func (*Struct) For 

func (s *Struct) For(flavor Flavor) *Struct

For sets the default flavor of s and returns a shadow copy of s. The original s.Flavor is not changed.

func (*Struct) ForeachRead added in v1.23.0 

func (s *Struct) ForeachRead(trans func(dbtag string, isQuoted bool, field reflect.StructField))

ForeachRead foreach tags.

func (*Struct) ForeachWrite added in v1.23.0 

func (s *Struct) ForeachWrite(trans func(dbtag string, isQuoted bool, field reflect.StructField))

ForeachWrite foreach tags.

func (*Struct) InsertIgnoreInto added in v1.6.0 

func (s *Struct) InsertIgnoreInto(table string, value ...interface{}) *InsertBuilder

InsertIgnoreInto creates a new `InsertBuilder` with table name using verb INSERT IGNORE INTO. By default, all exported fields of s are set as columns by calling `InsertBuilder#Cols`, and value is added as a list of values by calling `InsertBuilder#Values`.

InsertIgnoreInto never returns any error. If the type of any item in value is not expected, it will be ignored. If value is an empty slice, `InsertBuilder#Values` will not be called.

func (*Struct) InsertIgnoreIntoForTag deprecated added in v1.6.0 

func (s *Struct) InsertIgnoreIntoForTag(table string, tag string, value ...interface{}) *InsertBuilder

InsertIgnoreIntoForTag creates a new `InsertBuilder` with table name using verb INSERT IGNORE INTO. By default, exported fields tagged with tag are set as columns by calling `InsertBuilder#Cols`, and value is added as a list of values by calling `InsertBuilder#Values`.

InsertIgnoreIntoForTag never returns any error. If the type of any item in value is not expected, it will be ignored. If value is an empty slice, `InsertBuilder#Values` will not be called.

Deprecated: It's recommended to use s.WithTag(tag).InsertIgnoreInto(...) instead of calling this method. The former one is more readable and can be chained with other methods.

func (*Struct) InsertInto 

func (s *Struct) InsertInto(table string, value ...interface{}) *InsertBuilder

InsertInto creates a new `InsertBuilder` with table name using verb INSERT INTO. By default, all exported fields of s are set as columns by calling `InsertBuilder#Cols`, and value is added as a list of values by calling `InsertBuilder#Values`.

InsertInto never returns any error. If the type of any item in value is not expected, it will be ignored. If value is an empty slice, `InsertBuilder#Values` will not be called.

func (*Struct) InsertIntoForTag deprecated 

func (s *Struct) InsertIntoForTag(table string, tag string, value ...interface{}) *InsertBuilder

InsertIntoForTag creates a new `InsertBuilder` with table name using verb INSERT INTO. By default, exported fields tagged with tag are set as columns by calling `InsertBuilder#Cols`, and value is added as a list of values by calling `InsertBuilder#Values`.

InsertIntoForTag never returns any error. If the type of any item in value is not expected, it will be ignored. If value is an empty slice, `InsertBuilder#Values` will not be called.

Deprecated: It's recommended to use s.WithTag(tag).InsertInto(...) instead of calling this method. The former one is more readable and can be chained with other methods.

func (*Struct) ReplaceInto added in v1.6.0 

func (s *Struct) ReplaceInto(table string, value ...interface{}) *InsertBuilder

ReplaceInto creates a new `InsertBuilder` with table name using verb REPLACE INTO. By default, all exported fields of s are set as columns by calling `InsertBuilder#Cols`, and value is added as a list of values by calling `InsertBuilder#Values`.

ReplaceInto never returns any error. If the type of any item in value is not expected, it will be ignored. If value is an empty slice, `InsertBuilder#Values` will not be called.

func (*Struct) ReplaceIntoForTag deprecated added in v1.6.0 

func (s *Struct) ReplaceIntoForTag(table string, tag string, value ...interface{}) *InsertBuilder

ReplaceIntoForTag creates a new `InsertBuilder` with table name using verb REPLACE INTO. By default, exported fields tagged with tag are set as columns by calling `InsertBuilder#Cols`, and value is added as a list of values by calling `InsertBuilder#Values`.

ReplaceIntoForTag never returns any error. If the type of any item in value is not expected, it will be ignored. If value is an empty slice, `InsertBuilder#Values` will not be called.

Deprecated: It's recommended to use s.WithTag(tag).ReplaceInto(...) instead of calling this method. The former one is more readable and can be chained with other methods.

func (*Struct) SelectFrom 

func (s *Struct) SelectFrom(table string) *SelectBuilder

SelectFrom creates a new `SelectBuilder` with table name. By default, all exported fields of the s are listed as columns in SELECT.

Caller is responsible to set WHERE condition to find right record.

func (*Struct) SelectFromForTag deprecated 

func (s *Struct) SelectFromForTag(table string, tag string) (sb *SelectBuilder)

SelectFromForTag creates a new `SelectBuilder` with table name for a specified tag. By default, all fields of the s tagged with tag are listed as columns in SELECT.

Caller is responsible to set WHERE condition to find right record.

Deprecated: It's recommended to use s.WithTag(tag).SelectFrom(...) instead of calling this method. The former one is more readable and can be chained with other methods.

func (*Struct) Update 

func (s *Struct) Update(table string, value interface{}) *UpdateBuilder

Update creates a new `UpdateBuilder` with table name. By default, all exported fields of the s is assigned in UPDATE with the field values from value. If value's type is not the same as that of s, Update returns a dummy `UpdateBuilder` with table name.

Caller is responsible to set WHERE condition to match right record.

func (*Struct) UpdateForTag deprecated 

func (s *Struct) UpdateForTag(table string, tag string, value interface{}) *UpdateBuilder

UpdateForTag creates a new `UpdateBuilder` with table name. By default, all fields of the s tagged with tag is assigned in UPDATE with the field values from value. If value's type is not the same as that of s, UpdateForTag returns a dummy `UpdateBuilder` with table name.

Caller is responsible to set WHERE condition to match right record.

Deprecated: It's recommended to use s.WithTag(tag).Update(...) instead of calling this method. The former one is more readable and can be chained with other methods.

func (*Struct) Values added in v1.14.0 

func (s *Struct) Values(st interface{}) []interface{}

Values returns a shadow copy of all exported fields in st.

func (*Struct) ValuesForTag deprecated added in v1.14.0 

func (s *Struct) ValuesForTag(tag string, value interface{}) (values []interface{})

ValuesForTag returns a shadow copy of all fields tagged with tag in st.

Deprecated: It's recommended to use s.WithTag(tag).Values(...) instead of calling this method. The former one is more readable and can be chained with other methods.

func (*Struct) WithFieldMapper added in v1.12.0 

func (s *Struct) WithFieldMapper(mapper FieldMapperFunc) *Struct

WithFieldMapper returns a new Struct based on s with custom field mapper. The original s is not changed.

func (*Struct) WithTag added in v1.15.1 

func (s *Struct) WithTag(tags ...string) *Struct

WithTag sets included tag(s) for all builder methods. For instance, calling s.WithTag("tag").SelectFrom("t") is to select all fields tagged with "tag" from table "t".

If multiple tags are provided, fields tagged with any of them are included. That is, s.WithTag("tag1", "tag2").SelectFrom("t") is to select all fields tagged with "tag1" or "tag2" from table "t".

Example 
// Suppose we defined following type for an order.
type Order struct {
	ID         int64  `db:"id"`
	State      State  `db:"state" fieldtag:"paid"`
	SkuID      int64  `db:"sku_id"`
	UserID     int64  `db:"user_id"`
	Price      int64  `db:"price" fieldtag:"update"`
	Discount   int64  `db:"discount" fieldtag:"update"`
	Desc       string `db:"desc" fieldtag:"new,update" fieldopt:"withquote"`
	CreatedAt  int64  `db:"created_at"`
	ModifiedAt int64  `db:"modified_at" fieldtag:"update,paid"`
}

// The orderStruct is a global variable for Order type.
var orderStruct = NewStruct(new(Order))

// Create an order with all fields set.
createOrder := func(table string) {
	now := time.Now().Unix()
	order := &Order{
		ID:         1234,
		State:      OrderStateCreated,
		SkuID:      5678,
		UserID:     7527,
		Price:      1000,
		Discount:   0,
		Desc:       "Best goods",
		CreatedAt:  now,
		ModifiedAt: now,
	}
	b := orderStruct.InsertInto(table, &order)
	sql, args := b.Build()
	orderDB.Exec(sql, args)
	fmt.Println(sql)
}

// Update order only with price related fields, which is tagged with "update".
updatePrice := func(table string) {
	// Use tag "update" in all struct methods.
	st := orderStruct.WithTag("update")

	// Read order from database.
	var order Order
	sql, args := st.SelectFrom(table).Where("id = 1234").Build()
	rows, _ := orderDB.Query(sql, args...)
	defer func(rows testRows) {
		_ = rows.Close()
	}(rows)
	_ = rows.Scan(st.Addr(&order)...)
	fmt.Println(sql)

	// Discount for this user.
	// Use tag "update" to update necessary columns only.
	order.Discount += 100
	order.ModifiedAt = time.Now().Unix()

	// Save the order.
	b := st.Update(table, &order)
	b.Where(b.E("id", order.ID))
	sql, args = b.Build()
	orderDB.Exec(sql, args...)
	fmt.Println(sql)
}

// Update order only with payment related fields, which is tagged with "paid".
updateState := func(table string) {
	st := orderStruct.WithTag("paid")

	// Read order from database.
	var order Order
	sql, args := st.SelectFrom(table).Where("id = 1234").Build()
	rows, _ := orderDB.Query(sql, args...)
	defer func(rows testRows) {
		_ = rows.Close()
	}(rows)
	_ = rows.Scan(st.Addr(&order)...)
	fmt.Println(sql)

	// Update state to paid when user has paid for the order.
	// Use tag "paid" to update necessary columns only.
	if order.State != OrderStateCreated {
		// Report state error here.
		panic(order.State)
		// return
	}

	// Update order state.
	order.State = OrderStatePaid
	order.ModifiedAt = time.Now().Unix()

	// Save the order.
	b := st.Update(table, &order)
	b.Where(b.E("id", order.ID))
	sql, args = b.Build()
	orderDB.Exec(sql, args...)
	fmt.Println(sql)
}

table := "order"
createOrder(table)
updatePrice(table)
updateState(table)

Output:

INSERT INTO order (id, state, sku_id, user_id, price, discount, `desc`, created_at, modified_at) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
SELECT order.price, order.discount, order.`desc`, order.modified_at FROM order WHERE id = 1234
UPDATE order SET price = ?, discount = ?, `desc` = ?, modified_at = ? WHERE id = ?
SELECT order.state, order.modified_at FROM order WHERE id = 1234
UPDATE order SET state = ?, modified_at = ? WHERE id = ?

func (*Struct) WithoutTag added in v1.20.0 

func (s *Struct) WithoutTag(tags ...string) *Struct

WithoutTag sets excluded tag(s) for all builder methods. For instance, calling s.WithoutTag("tag").SelectFrom("t") is to select all fields except those tagged with "tag" from table "t".

If multiple tags are provided, fields tagged with any of them are excluded. That is, s.WithoutTag("tag1", "tag2").SelectFrom("t") is to exclude any field tagged with "tag1" or "tag2" from table "t".

Example 
// We can use WithoutTag to exclude fields with specific tag.
// It's useful when we want to update all fields except some fields.

type User struct {
	ID             int64     `db:"id" fieldtag:"pk"`
	FirstName      string    `db:"first_name"`
	LastName       string    `db:"last_name"`
	ModifiedAtTime time.Time `db:"modified_at_time"`
}

// The userStruct is a global variable for User type.
var userStruct = NewStruct(new(User))

// Update user with all fields except the user_id field which is tagged with "pk".
user := &User{
	FirstName:      "Huan",
	LastName:       "Du",
	ModifiedAtTime: time.Now(),
}
sql, _ := userStruct.WithoutTag("pk").Update("user", user).Where("id = 1234").Build()
fmt.Println(sql)

Output:

UPDATE user SET first_name = ?, last_name = ?, modified_at_time = ? WHERE id = 1234

type UnionBuilder added in v1.8.0 

type UnionBuilder struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

UnionBuilder is a builder to build UNION.

func NewUnionBuilder added in v1.11.0 

func NewUnionBuilder() *UnionBuilder

NewUnionBuilder creates a new UNION builder.

func Union added in v1.8.0 

func Union(builders ...Builder) *UnionBuilder

Union unions all builders together using UNION operator.

Example 
sb1 := NewSelectBuilder()
sb1.Select("id", "name", "created_at")
sb1.From("demo.user")
sb1.Where(
	sb1.GreaterThan("id", 1234),
)

sb2 := newSelectBuilder()
sb2.Select("id", "avatar")
sb2.From("demo.user_profile")
sb2.Where(
	sb2.In("status", 1, 2, 5),
)

ub := Union(sb1, sb2)
ub.OrderBy("created_at").Desc()

sql, args := ub.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

(SELECT id, name, created_at FROM demo.user WHERE id > ?) UNION (SELECT id, avatar FROM demo.user_profile WHERE status IN (?, ?, ?)) ORDER BY created_at DESC
[1234 1 2 5]

func UnionAll added in v1.8.0 

func UnionAll(builders ...Builder) *UnionBuilder

UnionAll unions all builders together using UNION ALL operator.

Example 
sb := NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("id", "name", "created_at")
sb.From("demo.user")
sb.Where(
	sb.GreaterThan("id", 1234),
)

ub := UnionAll(sb, Build("TABLE demo.user_profile"))
ub.OrderBy("created_at").Asc()
ub.Limit(100).Offset(5)

sql, args := ub.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

(SELECT id, name, created_at FROM demo.user WHERE id > ?) UNION ALL (TABLE demo.user_profile) ORDER BY created_at ASC LIMIT 100 OFFSET 5
[1234]

func (*UnionBuilder) Asc added in v1.8.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) Asc() *UnionBuilder

Asc sets order of ORDER BY to ASC.

func (*UnionBuilder) Build added in v1.8.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) Build() (sql string, args []interface{})

Build returns compiled SELECT string and args. They can be used in `DB#Query` of package `database/sql` directly.

func (*UnionBuilder) BuildWithFlavor added in v1.8.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) BuildWithFlavor(flavor Flavor, initialArg ...interface{}) (sql string, args []interface{})

BuildWithFlavor returns compiled SELECT string and args with flavor and initial args. They can be used in `DB#Query` of package `database/sql` directly.

func (*UnionBuilder) Desc added in v1.8.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) Desc() *UnionBuilder

Desc sets order of ORDER BY to DESC.

func (*UnionBuilder) Flavor added in v1.32.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) Flavor() Flavor

Flavor returns flavor of builder

func (*UnionBuilder) Limit added in v1.8.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) Limit(limit int) *UnionBuilder

Limit sets the LIMIT in SELECT.

func (*UnionBuilder) Offset added in v1.8.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) Offset(offset int) *UnionBuilder

Offset sets the LIMIT offset in SELECT.

func (*UnionBuilder) OrderBy added in v1.8.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) OrderBy(col ...string) *UnionBuilder

OrderBy sets columns of ORDER BY in SELECT.

func (*UnionBuilder) SQL added in v1.11.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) SQL(sql string) *UnionBuilder

SQL adds an arbitrary sql to current position.

Example 
sb1 := NewSelectBuilder()
sb1.Select("id", "name", "created_at")
sb1.From("demo.user")

sb2 := newSelectBuilder()
sb2.Select("id", "avatar")
sb2.From("demo.user_profile")

ub := NewUnionBuilder()
ub.SQL("/* before */")
ub.Union(sb1, sb2)
ub.SQL("/* after union */")
ub.OrderBy("created_at").Desc()
ub.SQL("/* after order by */")
ub.Limit(100).Offset(5)
ub.SQL("/* after limit */")

sql := ub.String()
fmt.Println(sql)

Output:

/* before */ (SELECT id, name, created_at FROM demo.user) UNION (SELECT id, avatar FROM demo.user_profile) /* after union */ ORDER BY created_at DESC /* after order by */ LIMIT 100 OFFSET 5 /* after limit */

func (*UnionBuilder) SetFlavor added in v1.8.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) SetFlavor(flavor Flavor) (old Flavor)

SetFlavor sets the flavor of compiled sql.

func (*UnionBuilder) String added in v1.8.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) String() string

String returns the compiled SELECT string.

func (*UnionBuilder) Union added in v1.11.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) Union(builders ...Builder) *UnionBuilder

Union unions all builders together using UNION operator.

func (*UnionBuilder) UnionAll added in v1.11.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) UnionAll(builders ...Builder) *UnionBuilder

UnionAll unions all builders together using UNION ALL operator.

func (*UnionBuilder) Var added in v1.11.0 

func (ub *UnionBuilder) Var(arg interface{}) string

Var returns a placeholder for value.

type UpdateBuilder 

type UpdateBuilder struct {
	*WhereClause
	Cond
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

UpdateBuilder is a builder to build UPDATE.

Example 
ub := NewUpdateBuilder()
ub.Update("demo.user")
ub.Set(
	ub.Assign("type", "sys"),
	ub.Incr("credit"),
	"modified_at = UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())", // It's allowed to write arbitrary SQL.
)
ub.Where(
	ub.GreaterThan("id", 1234),
	ub.Like("name", "%Du"),
	ub.Or(
		ub.IsNull("id_card"),
		ub.In("status", 1, 2, 5),
	),
	"modified_at > created_at + "+ub.Var(86400), // It's allowed to write arbitrary SQL.
)
ub.OrderBy("id").Asc()

sql, args := ub.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

UPDATE demo.user SET type = ?, credit = credit + 1, modified_at = UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW()) WHERE id > ? AND name LIKE ? AND (id_card IS NULL OR status IN (?, ?, ?)) AND modified_at > created_at + ? ORDER BY id ASC
[sys 1234 %Du 1 2 5 86400]

func NewUpdateBuilder 

func NewUpdateBuilder() *UpdateBuilder

NewUpdateBuilder creates a new UPDATE builder.

func Update added in v1.11.0 

func Update(table ...string) *UpdateBuilder

Update sets table name in UPDATE.

Example 
sql := Update("demo.user").
	Set(
		"visited = visited + 1",
	).
	Where(
		"id = 1234",
	).
	String()

fmt.Println(sql)

Output:

UPDATE demo.user SET visited = visited + 1 WHERE id = 1234

func (*UpdateBuilder) Add 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Add(field string, value interface{}) string

Add represents SET "field = field + value" in UPDATE.

func (*UpdateBuilder) AddWhereClause added in v1.27.0 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) AddWhereClause(whereClause *WhereClause) *UpdateBuilder

AddWhereClause adds all clauses in the whereClause to SELECT.

func (*UpdateBuilder) Asc added in v1.11.0 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Asc() *UpdateBuilder

Asc sets order of ORDER BY to ASC.

func (*UpdateBuilder) Assign 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Assign(field string, value interface{}) string

Assign represents SET "field = value" in UPDATE.

func (*UpdateBuilder) Build 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Build() (sql string, args []interface{})

Build returns compiled UPDATE string and args. They can be used in `DB#Query` of package `database/sql` directly.

func (*UpdateBuilder) BuildWithFlavor 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) BuildWithFlavor(flavor Flavor, initialArg ...interface{}) (sql string, args []interface{})

BuildWithFlavor returns compiled UPDATE string and args with flavor and initial args. They can be used in `DB#Query` of package `database/sql` directly.

func (*UpdateBuilder) Decr 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Decr(field string) string

Decr represents SET "field = field - 1" in UPDATE.

func (*UpdateBuilder) Desc added in v1.11.0 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Desc() *UpdateBuilder

Desc sets order of ORDER BY to DESC.

func (*UpdateBuilder) Div 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Div(field string, value interface{}) string

Div represents SET "field = field / value" in UPDATE.

func (*UpdateBuilder) Flavor added in v1.32.0 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Flavor() Flavor

Flavor returns flavor of builder

func (*UpdateBuilder) Incr 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Incr(field string) string

Incr represents SET "field = field + 1" in UPDATE.

func (*UpdateBuilder) Limit added in v1.11.0 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Limit(limit int) *UpdateBuilder

Limit sets the LIMIT in UPDATE.

func (*UpdateBuilder) Mul 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Mul(field string, value interface{}) string

Mul represents SET "field = field * value" in UPDATE.

func (*UpdateBuilder) NumAssignment added in v1.25.0 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) NumAssignment() int

NumAssignment returns the number of assignments to update.

Example 
ub := NewUpdateBuilder()
ub.Update("demo.user")
ub.Set(
	ub.Assign("type", "sys"),
	ub.Incr("credit"),
	"modified_at = UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())",
)

// Count the number of assignments.
fmt.Println(ub.NumAssignment())

Output:

3

func (*UpdateBuilder) OrderBy added in v1.11.0 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) OrderBy(col ...string) *UpdateBuilder

OrderBy sets columns of ORDER BY in UPDATE.

func (*UpdateBuilder) SQL added in v1.11.0 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) SQL(sql string) *UpdateBuilder

SQL adds an arbitrary sql to current position.

Example 
ub := NewUpdateBuilder()
ub.SQL("/* before */")
ub.Update("demo.user")
ub.SQL("/* after update */")
ub.Set(
	ub.Assign("type", "sys"),
)
ub.SQL("/* after set */")
ub.OrderBy("id").Desc()
ub.SQL("/* after order by */")
ub.Limit(10)
ub.SQL("/* after limit */")

sql := ub.String()
fmt.Println(sql)

Output:

/* before */ UPDATE demo.user /* after update */ SET type = ? /* after set */ ORDER BY id DESC /* after order by */ LIMIT 10 /* after limit */

func (*UpdateBuilder) Set 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Set(assignment ...string) *UpdateBuilder

Set sets the assignments in SET.

func (*UpdateBuilder) SetFlavor 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) SetFlavor(flavor Flavor) (old Flavor)

SetFlavor sets the flavor of compiled sql.

func (*UpdateBuilder) SetMore added in v1.4.2 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) SetMore(assignment ...string) *UpdateBuilder

SetMore appends the assignments in SET.

Example 
ub := NewUpdateBuilder()
ub.Update("demo.user")
ub.Set(
	ub.Assign("type", "sys"),
	ub.Incr("credit"),
)
ub.SetMore(
	"modified_at = UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())", // It's allowed to write arbitrary SQL.
)

sql, args := ub.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

UPDATE demo.user SET type = ?, credit = credit + 1, modified_at = UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())
[sys]

func (*UpdateBuilder) String 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) String() string

String returns the compiled UPDATE string.

func (*UpdateBuilder) Sub 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Sub(field string, value interface{}) string

Sub represents SET "field = field - value" in UPDATE.

func (*UpdateBuilder) TableNames added in v1.32.0 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) TableNames() (tableNames []string)

TableNames returns all table names in this UPDATE statement.

func (*UpdateBuilder) Update 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Update(table ...string) *UpdateBuilder

Update sets table name in UPDATE.

func (*UpdateBuilder) Where 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) Where(andExpr ...string) *UpdateBuilder

Where sets expressions of WHERE in UPDATE.

func (*UpdateBuilder) With added in v1.29.0 

func (ub *UpdateBuilder) With(builder *CTEBuilder) *UpdateBuilder

With sets WITH clause (the Common Table Expression) before UPDATE.

Example 
sql := With(
	CTETable("users").As(
		Select("id", "name").From("users").Where("prime IS NOT NULL"),
	),
).Update("orders").Set(
	"orders.transport_fee = 0",
).Where(
	"users.id = orders.user_id",
).String()

fmt.Println(sql)

Output:

WITH users AS (SELECT id, name FROM users WHERE prime IS NOT NULL) UPDATE orders, users SET orders.transport_fee = 0 WHERE users.id = orders.user_id

type WhereClause added in v1.27.0 

type WhereClause struct {
	// contains filtered or unexported fields
}

WhereClause is a Builder for WHERE clause. All builders which support `WHERE` clause have an anonymous `WhereClause` field, in which the conditions are stored.

WhereClause can be shared among multiple builders. However, it is not thread-safe.

Example 
// Build a SQL to select a user from database.
sb := Select("name", "level").From("users")
sb.Where(
	sb.Equal("id", 1234),
)
sql, args := sb.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

// Query database with the sql and update this user's level...

ub := Update("users")
ub.Set(
	ub.Add("level", 10),
)

// The WHERE clause of UPDATE should be the same as the WHERE clause of SELECT.
ub.WhereClause = sb.WhereClause

sql, args = ub.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT name, level FROM users WHERE id = ?
[1234]
UPDATE users SET level = level + ? WHERE id = ?
[10 1234]
Example (ClearWhereClause) 
db := DeleteFrom("users")
db.Where(
	db.GreaterThan("level", 10),
)

sql, args := db.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

// Clear WHERE clause.
db.WhereClause = nil
sql, args = db.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

db.Where(
	db.Equal("id", 1234),
)
sql, args = db.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

DELETE FROM users WHERE level > ?
[10]
DELETE FROM users
[]
DELETE FROM users WHERE id = ?
[1234]
Example (SharedAmongBuilders) 
// A WhereClause can be shared among builders.
// However, as it's not thread-safe, don't use it in a concurrent environment.
sb1 := Select("level").From("users")
sb2 := Select("status").From("users")

// Share the same WhereClause between sb1 and sb2.
whereClause := NewWhereClause()
sb1.WhereClause = whereClause
sb2.WhereClause = whereClause

// The Where method in sb1 and sb2 will update the same WhereClause.
// When we call sb1.Where(), the WHERE clause in sb2 will also be updated.
sb1.Where(
	sb1.Like("name", "Charmy%"),
)

// We can get a copy of the WhereClause.
// The copy is independent from the original.
sb3 := Select("name").From("users")
sb3.WhereClause = CopyWhereClause(whereClause)

// Adding more expressions to sb1 and sb2 will not affect sb3.
sb2.Where(
	sb2.In("status", 1, 2, 3),
)

// Adding more expressions to sb3 will not affect sb1 and sb2.
sb3.Where(
	sb3.GreaterEqualThan("level", 10),
)

sql1, args1 := sb1.Build()
sql2, args2 := sb2.Build()
sql3, args3 := sb3.Build()

fmt.Println(sql1)
fmt.Println(args1)
fmt.Println(sql2)
fmt.Println(args2)
fmt.Println(sql3)
fmt.Println(args3)

Output:

SELECT level FROM users WHERE name LIKE ? AND status IN (?, ?, ?)
[Charmy% 1 2 3]
SELECT status FROM users WHERE name LIKE ? AND status IN (?, ?, ?)
[Charmy% 1 2 3]
SELECT name FROM users WHERE name LIKE ? AND level >= ?
[Charmy% 10]

func CopyWhereClause added in v1.27.0 

func CopyWhereClause(whereClause *WhereClause) *WhereClause

CopyWhereClause creates a copy of the whereClause.

func NewWhereClause added in v1.27.0 

func NewWhereClause() *WhereClause

NewWhereClause creates a new WhereClause.

func (*WhereClause) AddWhereClause added in v1.27.0 

func (wc *WhereClause) AddWhereClause(whereClause *WhereClause) *WhereClause

AddWhereClause adds all clauses in the whereClause to the wc.

Example 
sb := Select("level").From("users")
sb.Where(
	sb.Equal("id", 1234),
)

sql, args := sb.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

ub := Update("users")
ub.Set(
	ub.Add("level", 10),
)

// Copy the WHERE clause of sb into ub and add more expressions.
ub.AddWhereClause(sb.WhereClause).Where(
	ub.Equal("deleted", 0),
)

sql, args = ub.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

SELECT level FROM users WHERE id = ?
[1234]
UPDATE users SET level = level + ? WHERE id = ? AND deleted = ?
[10 1234 0]

func (*WhereClause) AddWhereExpr added in v1.27.0 

func (wc *WhereClause) AddWhereExpr(args *Args, andExpr ...string) *WhereClause

AddWhereExpr adds an AND expression to WHERE clause with the specified arguments.

Example 
// WhereClause can be used as a standalone builder to build WHERE clause.
// It's recommended to use it with Cond.
whereClause := NewWhereClause()
cond := NewCond()

whereClause.AddWhereExpr(
	cond.Args,
	cond.In("name", "Charmy", "Huan"),
	cond.LessEqualThan("level", 10),
)

// Set the flavor of the WhereClause to PostgreSQL.
whereClause.SetFlavor(PostgreSQL)

sql, args := whereClause.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

// Use this WhereClause in another builder.
sb := MySQL.NewSelectBuilder()
sb.Select("name", "level").From("users")
sb.WhereClause = whereClause

// The flavor of sb overrides the flavor of the WhereClause.
sql, args = sb.Build()
fmt.Println(sql)
fmt.Println(args)

Output:

WHERE name IN ($1, $2) AND level <= $3
[Charmy Huan 10]
SELECT name, level FROM users WHERE name IN (?, ?) AND level <= ?
[Charmy Huan 10]

func (*WhereClause) Build added in v1.27.0 

func (wc *WhereClause) Build() (sql string, args []interface{})

Build returns compiled WHERE clause string and args.

func (*WhereClause) BuildWithFlavor added in v1.27.0 

func (wc *WhereClause) BuildWithFlavor(flavor Flavor, initialArg ...interface{}) (sql string, args []interface{})

BuildWithFlavor builds a WHERE clause with the specified flavor and initial arguments.

func (*WhereClause) Flavor added in v1.32.0 

func (wc *WhereClause) Flavor() Flavor

Flavor returns flavor of clause

func (*WhereClause) SetFlavor added in v1.27.0 

func (wc *WhereClause) SetFlavor(flavor Flavor) (old Flavor)

SetFlavor sets the flavor of compiled sql. When the WhereClause belongs to a builder, the flavor of the builder will be used when building SQL.

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