Abstract
This paper discusses the relevancy of a contingent factors model posited by Jones for conducting accounting ethics research. Using a sample of 37 experienced Australian auditing managers and partners of all of the ‘Big Four’ multinational accounting firms, we find that the contextual model developed by Jones can help guide accounting ethics research by isolating the contingent factors that affect ethical decision making. Moreover, we examine how the factors differ across different accounting settings. Implications for accounting ethics research and accounting practice are then discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altman E. I. (1968). Financial Ratios, Discriminant Analysis and the Prediction of Corporate Bankruptcy. Journal of Finance 23(4):589–609
Asare S., J. Cohen and G. Trompeter: 2006, ‘The Effect of Non-Audit Services on Client Acceptance and Staffing Decisions’, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 24, 489–520
Ajzen I., Fishbein M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Barnett T. (2001). Dimensions of Moral Intensity and Ethical Decision Making: An Empirical Study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31:1038–1057
Beu D., Buckley M.R. (2001). The Hypothesized Relationship between Accountability and Ethical Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics 34:57–73
Chonko L.B., Hunt S.D. (1985). Ethics and Marketing Management: An Empirical Examination. Journal of Business Research 13:339–359
Claypool, G. A., Fetyko D. F., Pearson M. A. (1990). Reactions to Ethical Dilemmas: A Study Pertaining to CPA’s. Journal of Business Ethics 9:699–706
Cohen, J. R. and L. Holder-Webb: 2006, ‘Rethinking the Influence of Agency Theory in the Accounting Academy’, Issues in Accounting Education, 21(1), 17–30
Cohen, J. R., Pant L. W., Sharp D. J. (1996). Measuring the Ethical Awareness and Ethical Orientation of Canadian Auditors. Behavioral Research in Accounting 8(Suppl):98–119
Douglas P. C., Davidson R. A., Schwartz B. N. (2001). The Effect of Organizational Culture and Ethical Orientation on Accountants Ethical Judgments. Journal of Business Ethics 34:101–121
Dubinsky A. J., Loken B. (1989). Analyzing Ethical Decision Making in Marketing. Journal of Business Research 19:83–107
Emby C., Gibbins M. (1988). Good Judgment in Public Accounting: Quality and Justification. Contemporary Accounting Research 4(2):287–313
Ferrell O. C., Gresham L. G. (1985). A Contingency Framework for Understanding Ethical Decision Making in Marketing. Journal of Marketing 49:87–96
Fishbein M., Ajzen I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA
Ford R. C., Richardson W. D. (1994). Ethical Decision Making: A Review of the Empirical Literature. Journal of Business Ethics 13:205–221
Franke G. R., Crown D. E., Spake D. F. (1997). Gender Differences in Ethical Perceptions of Business Practices. Journal of Applied Psychology 82:920–934
Frey B. F. (2000). The Impact of Moral Intensity on Decision Making in a Business Context. Journal of Business Ethics 26:181–195
Gaa J. C. (1992). Discussion of a Model of Accountants’ Ethical Decision Processes. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 11(Suppl):60–66
Gaa J. C. (1995). Moral Judgment and Moral Cognition: A Comment. Research on Accounting Ethics 1:253–265
Hooks K., Tyson T. (1995). Gender Diversity Driven Changes in the Public Accounting Workplace: A Moral Intensity Analysis. Research on Accounting Ethics 1:267–289
Hunt S. D., Vitell S. (1986). A General Theory of Marketing Ethics. Journal of Macromarketing 6:5–16
Johnson V. E., Kaplan S. E. (1991). Experimental Evidence on the Effects of Accountability on Auditor Judgments. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 10(Suppl):96–107
Jones S. K., Ponemon L. A. (1993). A Comment on A Multidimensional Analysis of Selected Ethical Issues in Accounting. The Accounting Review 68(2):411–416
Jones T. M., Gautschi F. H. (1988). Will the Ethics of Business Change? A Survey of Future Executives. Journal of Business Ethics 7:231–248
Jones T. M. (1991). Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue-Contingent Model. Academy of Management Review 16:366–395
Jones J., Massey D. W., Thorne L. (2003). Auditors’ Ethical Reasoning: Insight from Past Research and Implications for the Future. Journal of Accounting Literature 22:45–103
Keim T. M., Grant C. T. (2003). To Tell or Not to Tell: An Auditing Case in Ethical Decision Making and Conflict Resolution. Issues in Accounting Education 18(2):397–407
Kelley P. C., Elm D. R. (2003). The Effect of Context on Moral Intensity of Ethical Issues: Revising Jones’ Issue Contingent Model. Journal of Business Ethics 48:139–154
Ketchand A. A., Morris R. E., Shafer W. E. (1999). An Analysis of the Role of Moral Intensity in Auditing Judgments. Research on Accounting Ethics 5:249–269
Kida T. (1980). An Investigation into Auditors’ Continuity and Related Qualification Judgments. Journal of Accounting Research 18(2):506–523
Kohlberg, L.: 1969, ‘Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Socialization’, in D. Goslin, and R. McNally (eds,), Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, Chicago, pp. 347–480
Kohlberg L. (1976). Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach. In: Likona T. (eds). Moral Development and Behavior. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, pp. 31–53
Lampe J. C., Finn D. W. (1992). A Model of Auditors’ Ethical Decision Processes. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 11(Suppl):33–59
Lund D. B. (2000). An Empirical Examination of Marketing Professions’ Ethical Behavior in Differing Situations. Journal of Business Ethics 24:331–342
Mautz R. K., Sharaf H. A. (1961) The Philosophy of Auditing. American Accounting Association, Sarasota, FL
McCabe D. L., Trevino L. K. (1997). Individual and Contextual Influences on Academic Dishonesty: A Multi-Campus Investigation. Research in Higher Education 38:379–396
Messier W. F. Jr., Quilliam W. C. (1992). The Effect of Accountability of Judgments: Development of Hypotheses for Auditing. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 11(Suppl):123–138
Moreno K., Bhattacharjee S. (2003). The Impact from Potential Client Business Opportunities on the Judgements of Auditors Across Professional Ranks. Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory 22(1):14–28
Ponemon L. A. (1990). Ethical Judgment in Accounting: A Cognitive – Developmental Perspective. Critical Perspectives in Accounting 1:191–215
Ponemon L. A. (1992). Ethical Reasoning and Selection – Socialization in Accounting. Accounting, Organizations and Society 17(3/4):239–258
Ponemon L. A., Gabhart D. R. L. (1993). Ethical Reasoning in Accounting and Auditing, Research Monograph 21. CGA – Canada Research Foundation, Vancouver
Reiter, S.: 2001: ‘Insights for Accounting Research from Retrospectives on Business Ethics Research’, The ABO Reporter, Accounting, Behavior and Organizations Section, Winter
Rest J. R. (1986). Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory. Praeger, New York
Rest J. (1994). Background Theory and Research. In: Rest J., Navarez D. (eds). Moral Development in the Professions. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 1–26
Ruegger D., King E.W. (1992). A Study of the Effect of Age and Gender upon Student Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 11,179–186
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Public Law No. 107–204 (Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Release No. 1405 (SEC, Washington, D.C.)
Shafer W. E., Morris R. E., Ketchand A. A. (1999). The Effects of Formal Sanctions on Auditor Independence. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory 18 (Suppl):85–101
Shafer W. E., Morris R. E., Ketchand A. A. (2001). Effects of Personal Values on Auditors’ Ethical Decisions. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal 14(3):254–277
Shaub M., Finn D. W., Munter D. W. (1993). The Effects of Auditors’ Ethical Orientation on Commitment and Sensitivity. Behavioral Research in Accounting 5:145–169
Shaub M. (1994). An Analysis of Factors Affecting the Cognitive Moral Development of Accountants and Auditing Students. Journal of Accounting Education 12:1–24
Singer M. S. (1996). The Role of Moral Intensity and Fairness Perception in Judgments of Ethicality: A Comparison of Managerial Professionals and the General Public. Journal of Business Ethics 15:469–474
Singer M. S., Singer A. E. (1997). Observer Judgments about Moral Agents’ Ethical Decisions: The Role of Scope of Justice and Moral Intensity. Journal of Business Ethics 16:473–484
Singer M., Mitchell S., Turner J. (1998). Consideration of Moral Intensity in Ethicality Judgments: Its Relationship with Whistle-Blowing and Need-for-Cognition. Journal of Business Ethics 17:527–541
Stevens, J.: 1996, Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Science, 3rd edn (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwab, NJ)
Sweeney J. T. (1995). The Moral Expertise of Auditors: An Exploratory Analysis. Research on Accounting Ethics 1:213–234
Thorne L. (1998). The Role of Virtue on Accountants’ Ethics Decision Making. Research on Accounting Ethics 4:291–308
Thorne L. (2000). The Development of Context-Specific Measures of Accountants’ Ethical Reasoning. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 12:139–170
Trevino L.K. (1986). Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person–Situation Interactionist Model. Academy of Management Review 11:601–617
Trevino L. K. and G. Weaver: 2003, Managing Ethics in Business Organizations. Social Scientific Perspectives (Stanford Business Books, Stanford)
Watley L. D., May D. R. (2004). Enhancing Moral Intensity: The Roles of Personal and Consequential Information in Ethical Decision-Making. Journal of Business Ethics 50:105–126
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Jeffrey R. Cohen, PhD is an Associate Professor at the Carroll School of management at Boston College. His research focuses primarily on behavioral ethics issues as well as investigating governance from a behavioral perspective.
Nonna Martinov Bennie is a Senior Lecturer at Sydney University. Her research focuses on ethical issues in auditing as well as issues surrounding materiality judgments.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cohen, J., Bennie, N. The Applicability of a Contingent Factors Model to Accounting Ethics Research. J Bus Ethics 68, 1–18 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9036-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9036-2