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Tyrosine kinase discoidin domain receptors DDR1 and DDR2 are coordinately deregulated in triple-negative breast cancer

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Abstract

Receptor kinases Discoidin Domain Receptors (DDRs) 1 and 2 are emerging as new therapeutic targets in breast cancer (BC). However, the expression of DDR proteins during BC progression and their association with BC subtypes remain poorly defined. Herein we report the first comprehensive immunohistochemical analyses of DDR protein expression in a wide range of breast tissues. DDR1 and DDR2 expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in 218 samples of normal breast (n = 10), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS, n = 10), and invasive carcinomas (n = 198), arrayed in tissue microarrays with comprehensive clinical and follow-up information. Staining was evaluated for cell type, subcellular localization, percentage and intensity (scores 1–4), and association with disease subtype and outcome. In normal epithelium and DCIS, DDR1 was highly expressed, while DDR2 was negative in normal epithelium, and in DCIS it localized to cells at the epithelial-stromal interface. Of the 198 invasive carcinomas, DDR1 was high in 87 (44 %) and low in 103 (52 %), and DDR2 was high in 110 (56 %) and low in 87 (44 %). High DDR2 was associated with high tumor grade (P = 0.002), triple-negative subtype (TNBC) (P < 0.0001), and worse survival (P = 0.037). We discovered a novel concordant deregulation of DDR expression, with a DDR1Low/DDR2High profile significantly associated with TNBC, compared to luminal tumors (P = 0.012), and with worse overall survival. In conclusion, DDR2 upregulation occurs in DCIS, before stromal invasion, and may reflect epithelial-stromal cross-talk. A DDR1Low/DDR2High protein profile is associated with TNBC and may identify invasive carcinomas with worse prognosis.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by NIH grants R01 CA107469, R01 CA125577, and U01 CA154224 (to C.G.K.), and P30 CA46592 (NIH University of Michigan’s Cancer Center Support Grant) to C.K., and R01 CA61986 and SRIG funds from the Karmanos Cancer Institute (to R.F.) and P30 CA 022453 (NIH Karmanos Cancer Institute and Wayne State University’s Cancer Center Support Grant).

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The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 4217 Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Kathy A. Toy, Fernando Núñez, Maria E. Gonzalez & Celina G. Kleer

  2. Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA

    Rajeshwari R. Valiathan & Rafael Fridman

  3. Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Kelley M. Kidwell

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  1. Kathy A. Toy
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Correspondence to Rafael Fridman or Celina G. Kleer.

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Toy, K.A., Valiathan, R.R., Núñez, F. et al. Tyrosine kinase discoidin domain receptors DDR1 and DDR2 are coordinately deregulated in triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 150, 9–18 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-015-3285-7

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