Summary
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1.
The cytological features characterising individuals of Schistocerca gregaria which have been subjected to a constant temperature of 40° C are described. Reduction in chiasma frequency is accompanied by localisation and univalent production. Univalents at pachytene show asynapsis to predominate, but desynapsis also occurs on a very much smaller scale. For this reason the non-committal term univalence is used to describe the presence of univalents.
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2.
Chromosome behaviour at first metaphase and anaphase depends on the relative numbers of bivalents and univalents present. Cleavage is usually suppressed at both divisions. The resulting tetraploid spermatids may undergo pycnosis or give rise to large spermatids possessing two X chromosomes.
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A small amount of despiralisation, general and local is sometimes found in heat-treated cells. Spiralisation may sometimes be asynchronous within a cell.
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All possible modes of aberrant centromere orientation behaviour have been found in this material, some of which result from an accelerated functional duplicity.
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Another result of heat-induced acceleration, in some individuals, is the premature induction of meiosis in small spermatocyte mother cells and developing spermatocytes. The chromosomes in such cells are very different in size, appearance and chiasma properties to those present in “normal”, fully grown spermatocytes of the same individual.
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Accelerated chromosome doubling is the mechanism suggested to account for the several features of reduction in chiasma frequency, univalence and chiasma localisation. This time of effective duplication is one of a large number of variables which are the means at the disposal of selection both to introduce variety and to maintain conservatism in chromosome form and behaviour at meiosis.
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Henderson, S.A. Temperature and chiasma formation in Schistocerca gregaria. Chromosoma 13, 437–463 (1962). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00327341
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00327341