Abstract
Autophagy, which is one of the most important ways to maintain cell homeostasis plays an important regulatory role in cell survival and death. Currently, it is agreed that autophagy promotes or inhibits cell death depending on the internal and external environment and cell type. On the one hand, under normal nutritional conditions autophagy regulates cell survival by energy sensing through the main energy sensing cascade kinases. On the other hand, autophagy regulates the process of cell death. mTOR, Beclin 1, caspases, FLIPs, DAPK, and Tp53 play important regulatory roles in autophagy and apoptosis highlighting the crosstalk between the mechanisms underlying the two death modes. However, energy deficiency caused by PARP1 over-activation and DAPK-PKD pathway activation induces necrosis and autophagy, highlighting the interaction between the two pathways. In addition, autophagy regulates cell death through epigenetic regulation such as histone modification. More investigations on the relationship between autophagy and cell death is ongoing. In the future, there will be more challenges in the study of the relationship between autophagy and cell survival and death. As research increasingly focuses on cell death, the relationship between autophagy and existing and newly discovered cell death types is likely to become more complex. The elucidation of the regulatory role of autophagy in cell survival and death requires more research. Some research results are likely to provide hot topics for further investigations on diseases related to cell death disorders and an experimental basis for the targeted regulation of autophagy for specific treatment of diseases.
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Abbreviations
- ACD:
-
Accidental cell death
- AIF:
-
Apoptosis-inducing factor
- AMPK:
-
Adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase
- Bruce:
-
BIR-containing ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme
- CMA:
-
Chaperone-mediated autophagy
- CSE:
-
Cigarette smoke extract
- DISC:
-
Fas-dependent death-inducing signaling complex
- DRAM:
-
Damage-regulated autophagy modulator
- FADD:
-
FAS-associated death domain
- FAK:
-
Focal adhesion kinase
- FLICE:
-
FADD-like interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme
- FLIP:
-
Flice inhibitory protein
- GABARAP-L1:
-
Γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1
- HAT:
-
Histone acetyltransferase
- HDAC:
-
Histone deacetylase
- HMGB1:
-
High mobility group B1
- IAPs:
-
Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IL3:
-
Interleukin 3
- IMS:
-
Intermembrane space
- LAMP2A:
-
Lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A
- MEF2D:
-
Myocyte enhancer factor 2D
- MEFs:
-
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts
- MFN1:
-
Mitofusin 1
- MOMP:
-
Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
- mTOR:
-
Mammalian target of rapamycin
- NBR1:
-
The neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1
- NCCD:
-
Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death
- PARKIN:
-
Parkinson’s disease protein
- PINK1:
-
PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
- PKA:
-
Protein kinase A
- PKD:
-
Protein kinase D1
- PTP:
-
Permeability transition pore
- RCD:
-
Regulated cell death
- RIP1:
-
Kinases receptor-interacting protein 1
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SMAC:
-
Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase
- SQSTM1:
-
Sequestosome 1, p62
- TNF:
-
Tumour necrosis factor
- TNF/NGF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor
- TRAIL:
-
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- VDAC1:
-
Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1
- VMP1:
-
Vacuole membrane protein
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Yan, X., Zhou, R., Ma, Z. (2019). Autophagy—Cell Survival and Death. In: Qin, ZH. (eds) Autophagy: Biology and Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1206. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0602-4_29
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0602-4_29
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