... Abstract The intestinal mucosa is the largest body surface exposed to the environment. While there are common features when comparing immune responses along the intestinal mucosa, the small bowel and colon exhibit striking differences in their mechanisms driving immune regulation. The vitamin...

... Abstract The immune surveillance theory proposed almost half a century ago stated that theimmune system was responsible for preventing the formation of spontaneous tumors by identifyingand eliminating neoplastic cells early in their development. Recent studies demonstratingthat innate...

... Abstract The primary role of the immune system is to provide protection against pathogens, but it is also important in achieving tolerance to harmless environmental exposures. There are a number of mechanisms by which diet and nutrition can influence the immune system: providing the necessary...

... Abstract Dental caries is a bacteria-mediated disease that inherently triggers a response from the host. The impact of this response is discussed in this chapter with a focus on genes involved in either the innate or the adaptive immune system. Since erosive tooth wear involves losses...

... integrity. Gut microbes interact with the host in a bi-directional manner as the microbiota can support the development and education of the innate and adaptive immune systems, thereby conferring protection against pathogens and harmful stimuli while training the host to maintain a homeostatic tolerance...

... Abstract The human mammary gland is an integral effector component of the common mucosal immune system. However, from physiological and immunological aspects, it displays several unique features not shared by other mucosal sites. The development, maturation, and activity of the mammary gland...

... Abstract The neonatal immune system has its own reactivity, constraints, and challenges, which profoundly differ from the adult. Breast milk is most probably a key requirement both for optimal immune function in early life and for imprinting of the immune system for long-term immune health...

... Abstract Gut immune function conditions the development of local and systemic diseases that result from defects in immune regulation, such as inflammatory bowel disease, allergy and obesity. As epidemiological studies support the developmental origin of health and disease, deciphering...

.... In immune-mediated glomerular diseases, a variety of immunomodulatory agents are used to maintain podocytes by systemic immunosuppression, which indirectly ameliorates podocyte injury by interrupting the input of immunological stress. However, in contrast to the indirect therapeutic strategy mediated...

... involved in immune activation, oxidative stress, and chronic glucocorticoid exposure. Positron emission tomography studies of the TSPO distribution volume, a marker of microglial activation, provide strong evidence for microglial activation throughout the gray matter of the brain during MDE of MDD...