Lwt is a concurrent programming library for OCaml. It provides a single data type: the promise, which is a value that will become determined in the future. Creating a promise spawns a computation. When that computation is I/O, Lwt runs it in parallel with your OCaml code.
OCaml code, including creating and waiting on promises, is run in a single thread by default, so you don't have to worry about locking or preemption. You can detach code to be run in separate threads on an opt-in basis.
Here is a simplistic Lwt program which requests the Google front page, and fails if the request is not completed in five seconds:
open Lwt.Syntax
let () =
let request =
let* addresses = Lwt_unix.getaddrinfo "google.com" "80" [] in
let google = Lwt_unix.((List.hd addresses).ai_addr) in
Lwt_io.(with_connection google (fun (incoming, outgoing) ->
let* () = write outgoing "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n" in
let* () = write outgoing "Connection: close\r\n\r\n" in
let* response = read incoming in
Lwt.return (Some response)))
in
let timeout =
let* () = Lwt_unix.sleep 5. in
Lwt.return None
in
match Lwt_main.run (Lwt.pick [request; timeout]) with
| Some response -> print_string response
| None -> prerr_endline "Request timed out"; exit 1
(* ocamlfind opt -package lwt.unix -linkpkg example.ml && ./a.out *)
In the program, functions such as Lwt_io.write
create promises. The
let* ... in
construct is used to wait for a promise to become determined; the
code after in
is scheduled to run in a "callback." Lwt.pick
races promises
against each other, and behaves as the first one to complete. Lwt_main.run
forces the whole promise-computation network to be executed. All the visible
OCaml code is run in a single thread, but Lwt internally uses a combination of
worker threads and non-blocking file descriptors to resolve in parallel the
promises that do I/O.
Lwt compiles to native code on Linux, macOS, Windows, and other systems. It's also routinely compiled to JavaScript for the front end and Node by js_of_ocaml.
In Lwt,
- The core library
Lwt
provides promises... - ...and a few pure-OCaml helpers, such as promise-friendly mutexes, condition variables, and mvars.
- There is a big Unix binding,
Lwt_unix
that binds almost every Unix system call. A higher-level moduleLwt_io
provides nice I/O channels. Lwt_process
is for subprocess handling.Lwt_preemptive
spawns system threads.- The PPX syntax allows using all of the above without going crazy!
- There are also some other helpers, such as
Lwt_react
for reactive programming. See the table of contents on the linked manual pages!
- Use your system package manager to install a development libev package.
It is often called
libev-dev
orlibev-devel
. opam install conf-libev lwt
We are currently working on improving the Lwt documentation (drastically; we are rewriting the manual). In the meantime:
- The current manual can be found here.
- Mirage has a nicely-written Lwt tutorial.
- An example of a simple server written in Lwt.
- Concurrent Programming with Lwt is a nice source of Lwt examples. They are translations of code from the excellent Real World OCaml, but are just as useful if you are not reading the book.
Note: much of the current manual refers to 'a Lwt.t
as "lightweight threads"
or just "threads." This will be fixed in the new manual. 'a Lwt.t
is a
promise, and has nothing to do with system or preemptive threads.
Open an issue, visit Discord chat, ask on discuss.ocaml.org, or on Stack Overflow.
Release announcements are made in /r/ocaml, and on discuss.ocaml.org. Watching the repo for "Releases only" is also an option.
CONTRIBUTING.md
contains tips for working on the code, such as how to check the code out, how review works, etc. There is also a high-level outline of the code base.- Ask us anything, whether it's about working on Lwt, or any question at all about it :)
- The documentation always needs proofreading and fixes.
- You are welcome to pick up any other issue, review a PR, add your opinion, etc.
- Any feedback is welcome, including how to make contributing easier!
- alcotest — unit testing
- angstrom — parser combinators
- cohttp — HTTP client and server
- cstruct — interop with C-like structures
- ezjsonm — JSON parsing and output
- faraday — serialization combinators
- logs — logging
- lwt-parallel — distributed computing
- mwt — preemptive (system) thread pools
- opium — web framework