@XECDesign thanks for the heads-up. And congratulations on releasing the new RPI4 with Buster!

Are you using this same pi-gen repository internally with your arm build servers? In other words is this repository still considered the official reference Raspbian image builder? Are you planning to update pi-gen to build buster images regardless of the problem with non-arm hosts? Thanks!

I've just pushed the commits that we were using internally, but couldn't make public yet.

Not sure how to approach non-arm host builds right now.

Thanks a lot for that! Appreciated!
I guess for now we have to just wait for the qemu issue to get fixed upstream, unfortunately, i.e. patience.

It's looking more like a kernel issue, but discussions I've seen on the mailing list seem to have fizzled out a long time ago without any resolution. Maybe when Buster is more commonly used it will press the issue.

Hopefully it gets more attention now that Buster is about to go live.
One final question in case you know from the top of your head: this problem only happens when the host is 64 bits or it happens on any host that is non-arm? If the host is non-arm but 32 bits do you think it would work ok? I can test using a VM if you are not sure.

Sorry, not sure off the top of my head.

No problem, will quickly setup a VM with 32-bits Debian and check it out, if it works, then we have a temporary solution for the moment until it's fixed. Will report back. Thanks again!

Hi @XECDesign , so I can confirm now that this issue is specifically for hosts with 64 bits kernels no matter if arm or not. I made a testing VM with vanilla Debian i386 (32 bits kernel) and the generated image works fine on real hardware (tested with RPI 3B).

To verify this I built a control "broken" Buster image with a 64 bits Debian host using Docker and I did get SSL problems with curl (with GitHub and other websites too), for example:

$ curl -sSL https://github.com
curl: (60) SSL certificate problem: unable to get local issuer certificate
More details here: https://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html

curl failed to verify the legitimacy of the server and therefore could not
establish a secure connection to it. To learn more about this situation and
how to fix it, please visit the web page mentioned above.

Then I built another Buster image using a 32 bits Debian host and the curl command above worked fine on the same hardware and same network almost at the same time.

Aside, I also noticed a minor issue with the Qemu version shipped with Debian Stretch, where the man-db package being installed for Buster in the image triggers many of these errors:

qemu: Unsupported syscall: 383

This is a manifestation of the following bug: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=891109

Fortunately this is resolved in the current Qemu version shipped with Debian Buster, therefore building with a Debian Buster host will not show any errors. I will send a PR to update the Dockerfile for this.

In summary, I wanted to let you know that this bug is not affecting 32 bits build hosts, no matter if they are arm or not (at least for me). For now you can use a 32 bits build host and pi-gen will generate a working image.

Hope this is useful for future readers!

Thanks for looking into it. Much appreciated.

On a similar note, if you run buster in a chroot on Ubuntu 18.04 you will need to upgrade proot to 5.1.0-1.13 (if you use it) and qemu-user to something newer than 2.11 (3.1 works). This is because buster uses renameat2() and new features of getauxval(). These versions are available in Ubuntu 19.04 but not 18.04 LTS. In particular bootstrapping will not work in proot without both these upgrades because 'mv' command will not work, which completely borks the preinst and postinst scripts.

This bug is an example of the kind of issue you'll see with too old qemu versions:

https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=923289

Hi all, we were able to overcome the issue of SSL certs only by rehashing the ssl certs with c_rehash

Specifically

# Patch Issue with ssl certs as per https://github.com/RPi-Distro/pi-gen/issues/271
on_chroot << EOF
echo Patching certs...
c_rehash /etc/ssl/certs
EOF

Credit to Keith Tate as well :)

As indicated below by @hhromic its not a complete solution.

@Chaser that is a workaround for the ca-certificates package only, not a solution to the actual problem described in this issue. I wouldn't advice advertising it as a solution.

The problem affects any program using the readdir() syscall, not just ca-certificates and the effects are of varying nature. The SSL certificates issue is just one manifestation. Another (as the original post indicated) are icons not being correctly rendered in the Desktop.

It is unknown/unverified what other packages might be affected. Therefore the safest solution for now is to build using a 32-bits host (be ARM or non-ARM) as indicated before.

Thanks @hhromic updated my comment to be clear its not a solution.

Are there tests that should be done to confirm issues? I have just built an image on a EC2 ARM (64bit) instance (a1.2xlarge) running ubuntu 18.04 LTS. I would like to do some sanity checks on it.

@hhromic @XECDesign - did you attempt to use a i386 container and see the results? I have heard reports it worked within our team.

@Chaser I tested using a 32-bits Debian kernel inside a VM as explained on my comment here: #271 (comment)
That is not the same as an i386 userland running inside a 64 bits Docker host (which has a 64 bits kernel), if that is what you mean. Nevertheless I didn't try that approach, but I don't think it would work as the problem is related to the kernel and Qemu.

If you try it and you can confirm it works like I described in my comment, then it would be nice to know. Thanks!

@hhromic - Clean execution of todays pi-gen mainline 1143530

As is pulls down qemu-user-static amd64

Get:103 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian buster/main amd64 qemu-user-static amd64 1:3.1+dfsg-8~deb10u1 [21.1 MB]

Changing to FROM i386/debian:buster

Get:103 http://cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org/debian buster/main i386 qemu-user-static i386 1:3.1+dfsg-8~deb10u1 [22.5 MB]

The build completed successfully. Hopefully this helps.

@Chaser be aware that a successful build is not sufficient proof as no errors during building doesn't imply that the system was built correctly. As explained in the original post, this is a silent bug therefore the build succeeds but the built image is broken.

To verify your built image, burn it to an SD Card and boot a real RPI device with it. Then perform the simple test I explained in my comment: #271 (comment)

$ curl -sSL https://github.com

If you get an SSL error message, then it didn't work. If you get HTML content, then it worked.

@hhromic - understood, curl works as expected. HTML content received.

@Chaser that is a very interesting result then and would mean that actually just Qemu needs to be in 32 bits, not the host kernel. That refiniment is indeed way better than using a 32 bits VM.

Can you confirm you were using a 64 bits Docker host for this test?
I will also give it a try myself too to double-check. Appreciate the testing!

@hhromic - was using Codebuild docker image - https://github.com/aws/aws-codebuild-docker-images/blob/master/ubuntu/standard/2.0/Dockerfile

uname -a output:

Linux 046536f42b8e 4.14.123-86.109.amzn1.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Jun 10 19:44:53 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

@hhromic I usually run my builds in a VM running Ubuntu 18.04. I don't use docker. I can confirm using the 64-bit 18.04 I will get the SSL error message.
I then changed nothing else other than installing the 32-bit qemu-user-static package and rebuilt the image. Once deployed, I was able to get HTML content without any SSL error messages.
All that to say, I also think having the 32-bit qemu is all that's needed. Not sure if there's any other tests that we can do to prove there are no other issues.

@Chaser @rkubes thanks for your input, really appreciated!
I now tested it myself too and can also confirm that indeed is just Qemu that needs to be 32 bits, not the kernel of the host system.

I used the included Dockerfile from pi-gen and used the i386/debian:buster base image instead to bring 32 bits binaries (including Qemu) as @Chaser suggested. Worked fine on actual RPI.

Not sure if there's any other tests that we can do to prove there are no other issues.

It is not clear at the moment how to test 100% reliably, however the SSL certificates test is a very good indicator as far as I can tell because it provides a tangible control case.

I will send a PR to update the included Dockerfile. @Chaser thanks a lot again for your input, I didn't know there were i386 images for Docker out there, I would have tested that for sure otherwise.

EDIT: @ryanteck might be interested. You don't need to setup a VM nor a 32-bits kernel for your host build system, just make sure you are installing the i386 version of Qemu in multiarch.

Any update on this with Debian 11 Bullseye?

I can build Bullseye without issue on Bullseye AMD Machine

32 or 64 bit?

I can build fine on AMD machine too (pop_os 21.04 and 21.10) both armhf and arm64 for buster or bullseye.
I build server images thus

Depending on the version of qemu and whether you're using docker, server images might not exhibit issues, but I still wouldn't recommend it until qemu is fixed.

There has been some good progress upstream. One of the issues has been fixed and another has a fix in the pipeline (https://gitlab.com/qemu-project/qemu/-/issues/633). Not sure how long it will be before there's an official release with both fixes.

EDIT: I should mention that the fixes only make it work with i686 qemu. amd64 still won't work, but that seems to be a glibc and/or kernel issue that might not be fixable. I'm not sure what the current state of that is.

The qemu inside the Docker image seems to be irrelevant, you need qemu installed on the host (running a Docker build, I got errors about wrong architecture until I installed qemu-user-static on the host). And then I hit this bitness error (invalid SSL certificates etc).

I tried installing qemu-user-static:i386 on the host, but this makes GPG fail in the chroot, so apt can't verify signatures and it fails even earlier. Is there any valid workaround nowadays?

I need some clarification - it was mentioned in this thread that any binary using the readdir syscall is not going to work. To that I say "of course", as this syscall is not implemented in arm64 (or in any architecture that I know of other than x86). I have to be missing something obvious. Why would a binary compiled for arm64 even try to use the readdir syscall? Could someone explain?

Was it meant that any binary using the readdir() library function will not work? I could buy that.

I need some clarification - it was mentioned in this thread that any binary using the readdir syscall is not going to work.

It has been a while since I've looked at this so I can't give full details.

It's likely that you're thinking of this, while the issue is with this.

If the actual syscall is involved, a particular arm binary doesn't have to call it itself. It could be something qemu does, depending on the architecture it's built for and the paths it takes. Not sure.

Either way, the issue seems to be resolved in Bullseye, at least.

Just an update for someone getting here:

I confirm that I just built an arm64 bullseye lite (stage2) image using build.sh on the arm64 branch of this repo. My machine is an amd64 debian bullseye. After dumping the image on a real RPi4 and running curl -sSL https://github.com I got proper html code (so I guess it is indeed fixed)

I think this hasn't been an issue for a while, so it's probably time to close it. Thanks all

Tried to do this on bullseye and I've hit an annoying error.

 The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 0E98404D386FA1D9 NO_PUBKEY 6ED0E7B82643E131 NO_PUBKEY 605C66F00D6C9793
Err:1 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security InRelease                             
  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 112695A0E562B32A NO_PUBKEY 54404762BBB6E853
Err:3 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates InRelease                                            
  The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 0E98404D386FA1D9 NO_PUBKEY 6ED0E7B82643E131
Reading package lists... Done                                                                            
W: GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 0E98404D386FA1D9 NO_PUBKEY 6ED0E7B82643E131 NO_PUBKEY 605C66F00D6C9793
E: The repository 'http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye InRelease' is not signed.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
W: GPG error: http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 112695A0E562B32A NO_PUBKEY 54404762BBB6E853
E: The repository 'http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security InRelease' is not signed.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.
W: GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 0E98404D386FA1D9 NO_PUBKEY 6ED0E7B82643E131
E: The repository 'http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates InRelease' is not signed.
N: Updating from such a repository can't be done securely, and is therefore disabled by default.
N: See apt-secure(8) manpage for repository creation and user configuration details.

I've added the keys with gpg --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 0E98404D386FA1D9 for the various keys listed and that doesn't seem to solve the issue.

I don't think bullseye has the necessary fixes. https://gitlab.com/qemu-project/qemu/-/issues/633

Edit: Actually, ignore what I said. What you're seeing seems like a different issue.

It may be worth opening a new issue with all of the necessary information to reproduce the behaviour you're seeing. However, support will be limited since now we just say you should build on an arm machine. qemu introduces too many things that can go wrong.

It may be worth opening a new issue with all of the necessary information to reproduce the behaviour you're seeing. However, support will be limited since now we just say you should build on an arm machine. qemu introduces too many things that can go wrong.

I'll see if I can test with an arm machine as I currently don't have one, if I can't then I might open an issue.
Thank you!

I'd tested with bookworm earlier and got stuck with this error;

install: cannot create regular file '/home/guest/pi-gen/work/Sugar-RPi-Test/stage0/rootfs/etc/apt/': No such file or directory

I couldn't figure out why that was happening.

Any information about the build environment?

Debian12 running in a vm with config;

IMG_NAME="Sugar-RPi-Test"
DEPLOY_COMPRESSION="none"

My changes are focused on stage3 and this is what 00-run-chroot.sh looks like in subdir 00-install-sugar

#!/bin/bash
set -e

# install git if not present
[ ! -e /usr/bin/git ] && apt install -y git

# make place to put sources
#C=cache.sugar/usr/src
#mkdir -p $C

cd /usr/src/
# clone the sugar modules
#for x in sugar{-datastore,-artwork,-toolkit-gtk3,} gwebsockets; do
#    git clone --depth 2 https://github.com/sugarlabs/$x $P
#done

# prepare for activities
mkdir -p $C/sugar-activities

function clone {
    #P=$C/sugar-activities/$2
    P=/usr/src/sugar-activities/$2
    if [ ! -e $P ]; then
	git clone --depth 2 $1 $P
    fi
}

# clone demonstration activities, the fructose set
#clone https://github.com/sugarlabs/browse-activity      Browse.activity
#clone https://github.com/sugarlabs/sugarlabs-calculate  Calculate.activity
#clone https://github.com/sugarlabs/chat                 Chat.activity
#clone https://github.com/sugarlabs/imageviewer-activity ImageViewer.activity
#clone https://github.com/sugarlabs/jukebox-activity     Jukebox.activity
#clone https://github.com/sugarlabs/log-activity         Log.activity
#clone https://github.com/sugarlabs/Pippy                Pippy.activity
#clone https://github.com/sugarlabs/read-activity        Read.activity
#clone https://github.com/sugarlabs/terminal-activity    Terminal.activity
#clone https://github.com/sugarlabs/turtleart-activity   TurtleBlocks.activity
#clone https://github.com/sugarlabs/write-activity       Write.activity

# clone assorted other activities, the honey set
#clone https://github.com/sugarlabs/memorize-activity Memorize.activity

dir="/usr/lib/python3.11"

if [ ! -e $dir ]; then
    dir="/usr/lib/python3.12"
fi

echo $dir

# build - sugar-datastore

# build - sugar-artwork
cd /usr/src/sugar-artwork && (
    echo "Building sugar-artwork"
    ./autogen.sh --prefix=/usr
    make
    make install
    echo ok
) > /usr/src/install-sugar-artwork.log 2>&1

# build - sugar-toolkit-gtk3
cd /usr/src/sugar-toolkit-gtk3 && (
    echo "Building sugar-toolkit-gtk3"
    ./autogen.sh --prefix /usr --with-python3
    make
    make install
    rsync -r /usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/sugar3 /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/
    git clean -dfx
    ./autogen.sh --prefix /usr --with-python2
    make
    make install
    echo ok
) > /usr/src/install-sugar-toolkit-gtk3.log 2>&1

cd /usr/src/sugar-datastore && (
    echo "Building sugar-datastore"
    ./autogen.sh --prefix /usr
    make
    make install
    rsync -r /usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/carquinyol /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/
    echo ok
) > /usr/src/install-sugar-datastore.log 2>&1

# build - sugar
cd /usr/src/sugar && (
    echo "Building sugar"
    ./autogen.sh --prefix /usr
    make
    make install
    mv /usr/lib/python3.11/site-packages/jarabe /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/
    echo ok
) > /usr/src/install-sugar.log 2>&1

# build - gwebsockets
cd /usr/src/gwebsockets && (
    echo "Building gwebsockets"
    git clean -dfx
    python3 setup.py build
    python3 setup.py install --prefix /usr
    cp -pr gwebsockets /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/
    echo ok
) > /usr/src/install-gwebsockets.log 2>&1

# replace all installed activities with sugar activities from source
# side effect: debian package version mismatch
(
    mkdir /usr/share/sugar/activities
    cd /usr/src/sugar-activities
    for ACTIVITY in *.activity; do
        echo $ACTIVITY
        rm -rf /usr/share/sugar/activities/$ACTIVITY
        (cd /usr/share/sugar/activities &&
                ln -s /usr/src/sugar-activities/$ACTIVITY) && echo ok
    done
) > /usr/src/install-sugar-activities.log 2>&1