The generic/fallback AbstractString 2-arg show omits the annotations,
meaning that eval(Meta.parse(repr(::AnnotatedString))) doesn't
round-trip.

The resolution to this is fairly simple, we just need to implement a
specialised show method. The implementation is fairly obvious, we're
just also able to get away with hiding the vector type annotation since
the constructor is fine without it.

(cherry picked from commit cc26f4a)

Backported PRs:
- [x] #53665 <!-- use afoldl instead of tail recursion for tuples -->
- [x] #53976 <!-- LinearAlgebra: LazyString in interpolated error
messages -->
- [x] #54005 <!-- make `view(::Memory, ::Colon)` produce a Vector -->
- [x] #54010 <!-- Overload `Base.literal_pow` for `AbstractQ` -->
- [x] #54069 <!-- Allow PrecompileTools to see MI's inferred by foreign
abstract interpreters -->
- [x] #53750 <!-- inference correctness: fields and globals can revert
to undef -->
- [x] #53984 <!-- Profile: fix heap snapshot is valid char check -->
- [x] #54102 <!-- Explicitly compute stride in unaliascopy for SubArray
-->
- [x] #54070 <!-- Fix integer overflow in `skip(s::IOBuffer,
typemax(Int64))` -->
- [x] #54013 <!-- Support case-changes to Annotated{String,Char}s -->
- [x] #53941 <!-- Fix writing of AnnotatedChars to AnnotatedIOBuffer -->
- [x] #54137 <!-- Fix typo in docs for `partialsortperm` -->
- [x] #54129 <!-- use correct size when creating output data from an
IOBuffer -->
- [x] #54153 <!-- Fixup IdSet docstring -->
- [x] #54143 <!-- Fix `make install` from tarballs -->
- [x] #54151 <!-- LinearAlgebra: Correct zero element in
`_generic_matvecmul!` for block adj/trans -->
- [x] #54213 <!-- Add `public` statement to `Base.GC` -->
- [x] #54222 <!-- Utilize correct tbaa when emitting stores of unions.
-->
- [x] #54233 <!-- set MAX_OS_WRITE on unix -->
- [x] #54255 <!-- fix `_checked_mul_dims` in the presence of 0s and
overflow. -->
- [x] #54259 <!-- Fix typo in `readuntil` -->
- [x] #54251 <!-- fix typo in gc_mark_memory8 when chunking a large
array -->
- [x] #54276 <!-- Fix solve for complex `Hermitian` with non-vanishing
imaginary part on diagonal -->
- [x] #54248 <!-- ensure package callbacks are invoked when no valid
precompile file exists for an "auto loaded" stdlib -->
- [x] #54308 <!-- Implement eval-able AnnotatedString 2-arg show -->
- [x] #54302 <!-- Specialised substring equality for annotated strs -->
- [x] #54243 <!-- prevent `package_callbacks` to run multiple time for a
single package -->
- [x] #54350 <!-- add a precompile signature to Artifacts code that is
used by JLLs -->
- [x] #54331 <!-- correctly track freed bytes in
jl_genericmemory_to_string -->
- [x] #53509 <!-- revert moving "creating packages" from Pkg.jl -->
- [x] #54335 <!-- When accessing the data pointer for an array, first
decay it to a Derived Pointer -->
- [x] #54239 <!-- Make sure `fieldcount` constant-folds for `Tuple{...}`
-->
- [x] #54288
- [x] #54067
- [x] #53715 <!-- Add read/write specialisation for IOContext{AnnIO} -->
- [x] #54289 <!-- Rework annotation ordering/optimisations -->
- [x] #53815 <!-- create phantom task for GC threads -->
- [x] #54130 <!-- inference: handle `LimitedAccuracy` in
`handle_global_assignment!` -->
- [x] #54428 <!-- Move ConsoleLogging.jl into Base -->
- [x] #54332 <!-- Revert "add unsetindex support to more copyto methods
(#51760)" -->
- [x] #53826 <!-- Make all command-line options documented in all
related files -->
- [x] #54465 <!-- typeintersect: conservative typevar subtitution during
`finish_unionall` -->
- [x] #54514 <!-- typeintersect: followup cleanup for the nothrow path
of type instantiation -->
- [x] #54499 <!-- make `@doc x` work without REPL loaded -->
- [x] #54210 <!-- attach finalizer in `mmap` to the correct object -->
- [x] #54359 <!-- Pkg REPL: cache `pkg_mode` lookup -->

Non-merged PRs with backport label:
- [ ] #54471 <!-- Actually setup jit targets when compiling
packageimages instead of targeting only one -->
- [ ] #54457 <!-- Make `String(::Memory)` copy -->
- [ ] #54323 <!-- inference: fix too conservative effects for recursive
cycles -->
- [ ] #54322 <!-- effects: add new `@consistent_overlay` macro -->
- [ ] #54191 <!-- make `AbstractPipe` public -->
- [ ] #53957 <!-- tweak how filtering is done for what packages should
be precompiled -->
- [ ] #53882 <!-- Warn about cycles in extension precompilation -->
- [ ] #53707 <!-- Make ScopedValue public -->
- [ ] #53452 <!-- RFC: allow Tuple{Union{}}, returning Union{} -->
- [ ] #53402 <!-- Add `jl_getaffinity` and `jl_setaffinity` -->
- [ ] #53286 <!-- Raise an error when using `include_dependency` with
non-existent file or directory -->
- [ ] #52694 <!-- Reinstate similar for AbstractQ for backward
compatibility -->
- [ ] #51479 <!-- prevent code loading from lookin in the versioned
environment when building Julia -->