rules/alerting.go

// Copyright 2013 The Prometheus Authors
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package rules

import (
	"fmt"
	"html/template"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"

	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/promql"
	"github.com/prometheus/prometheus/util/strutil"
)

const (
	// AlertMetricName is the metric name for synthetic alert timeseries.
	alertMetricName model.LabelValue = "ALERTS"

	// AlertNameLabel is the label name indicating the name of an alert.
	alertNameLabel model.LabelName = "alertname"
	// AlertStateLabel is the label name indicating the state of an alert.
	alertStateLabel model.LabelName = "alertstate"
)

// AlertState denotes the state of an active alert.
type AlertState int

func (s AlertState) String() string {
	switch s {
	case StateInactive:
		return "inactive"
	case StatePending:
		return "pending"
	case StateFiring:
		return "firing"
	default:
		panic("undefined")
	}
}

const (
	// StateInactive is the state of an alert that is either firing nor pending.
	StateInactive AlertState = iota
	// StatePending is the state of an alert that has been active for less than
	// the configured threshold duration.
	StatePending
	// StateFiring is the state of an alert that has been active for longer than
	// the configured threshold duration.
	StateFiring
)

// Alert is used to track active (pending/firing) alerts over time.
type Alert struct {
	// The name of the alert.
	Name string
	// The vector element labelset triggering this alert.
	Labels model.LabelSet
	// The state of the alert (Pending or Firing).
	State AlertState
	// The time when the alert first transitioned into Pending state.
	ActiveSince model.Time
	// The value of the alert expression for this vector element.
	Value model.SampleValue
}

// sample returns a Sample suitable for recording the alert.
func (a Alert) sample(timestamp model.Time, value model.SampleValue) *model.Sample {
	recordedMetric := make(model.Metric, len(a.Labels)+3)
	for label, value := range a.Labels {
		recordedMetric[label] = value
	}

	recordedMetric[model.MetricNameLabel] = alertMetricName
	recordedMetric[alertNameLabel] = model.LabelValue(a.Name)
	recordedMetric[alertStateLabel] = model.LabelValue(a.State.String())

	return &model.Sample{
		Metric:    recordedMetric,
		Value:     value,
		Timestamp: timestamp,
	}
}

// An AlertingRule generates alerts from its vector expression.
type AlertingRule struct {
	// The name of the alert.
	name string
	// The vector expression from which to generate alerts.
	vector promql.Expr
	// The duration for which a labelset needs to persist in the expression
	// output vector before an alert transitions from Pending to Firing state.
	holdDuration time.Duration
	// Extra labels to attach to the resulting alert sample vectors.
	labels model.LabelSet
	// Short alert summary, suitable for email subjects.
	summary string
	// More detailed alert description.
	description string
	// A reference to a runbook for the alert.
	runbook string

	// Protects the below.
	mutex sync.Mutex
	// A map of alerts which are currently active (Pending or Firing), keyed by
	// the fingerprint of the labelset they correspond to.
	activeAlerts map[model.Fingerprint]*Alert
}

// NewAlertingRule constructs a new AlertingRule.
func NewAlertingRule(
	name string,
	vector promql.Expr,
	holdDuration time.Duration,
	labels model.LabelSet,
	summary string,
	description string,
	runbook string,
) *AlertingRule {
	return &AlertingRule{
		name:         name,
		vector:       vector,
		holdDuration: holdDuration,
		labels:       labels,
		summary:      summary,
		description:  description,
		runbook:      runbook,

		activeAlerts: map[model.Fingerprint]*Alert{},
	}
}

// Name returns the name of the alert.
func (rule *AlertingRule) Name() string {
	return rule.name
}

// eval evaluates the rule expression and then creates pending alerts and fires
// or removes previously pending alerts accordingly.
func (rule *AlertingRule) eval(timestamp model.Time, engine *promql.Engine) (model.Vector, error) {
	query, err := engine.NewInstantQuery(rule.vector.String(), timestamp)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	exprResult, err := query.Exec().Vector()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	rule.mutex.Lock()
	defer rule.mutex.Unlock()

	// Create pending alerts for any new vector elements in the alert expression
	// or update the expression value for existing elements.
	resultFPs := map[model.Fingerprint]struct{}{}
	for _, sample := range exprResult {
		fp := sample.Metric.Fingerprint()
		resultFPs[fp] = struct{}{}

		if alert, ok := rule.activeAlerts[fp]; !ok {
			labels := model.LabelSet(sample.Metric.Clone())
			labels = labels.Merge(rule.labels)
			if _, ok := labels[model.MetricNameLabel]; ok {
				delete(labels, model.MetricNameLabel)
			}
			rule.activeAlerts[fp] = &Alert{
				Name:        rule.name,
				Labels:      labels,
				State:       StatePending,
				ActiveSince: timestamp,
				Value:       sample.Value,
			}
		} else {
			alert.Value = sample.Value
		}
	}

	var vector model.Vector

	// Check if any pending alerts should be removed or fire now. Write out alert timeseries.
	for fp, activeAlert := range rule.activeAlerts {
		if _, ok := resultFPs[fp]; !ok {
			vector = append(vector, activeAlert.sample(timestamp, 0))
			delete(rule.activeAlerts, fp)
			continue
		}

		if activeAlert.State == StatePending && timestamp.Sub(activeAlert.ActiveSince) >= rule.holdDuration {
			vector = append(vector, activeAlert.sample(timestamp, 0))
			activeAlert.State = StateFiring
		}

		vector = append(vector, activeAlert.sample(timestamp, 1))
	}

	return vector, nil
}

func (rule *AlertingRule) String() string {
	s := fmt.Sprintf("ALERT %s", rule.name)
	s += fmt.Sprintf("\n\tIF %s", rule.vector)
	if rule.holdDuration > 0 {
		s += fmt.Sprintf("\n\tFOR %s", strutil.DurationToString(rule.holdDuration))
	}
	if len(rule.labels) > 0 {
		s += fmt.Sprintf("\n\tWITH %s", rule.labels)
	}
	s += fmt.Sprintf("\n\tSUMMARY %q", rule.summary)
	s += fmt.Sprintf("\n\tDESCRIPTION %q", rule.description)
	s += fmt.Sprintf("\n\tRUNBOOK %q", rule.runbook)
	return s
}

// HTMLSnippet returns an HTML snippet representing this alerting rule. The
// resulting snippet is expected to be presented in a <pre> element, so that
// line breaks and other returned whitespace is respected.
func (rule *AlertingRule) HTMLSnippet(pathPrefix string) template.HTML {
	alertMetric := model.Metric{
		model.MetricNameLabel: alertMetricName,
		alertNameLabel:        model.LabelValue(rule.name),
	}
	s := fmt.Sprintf("ALERT <a href=%q>%s</a>", pathPrefix+strutil.GraphLinkForExpression(alertMetric.String()), rule.name)
	s += fmt.Sprintf("\n  IF <a href=%q>%s</a>", pathPrefix+strutil.GraphLinkForExpression(rule.vector.String()), rule.vector)
	if rule.holdDuration > 0 {
		s += fmt.Sprintf("\n  FOR %s", strutil.DurationToString(rule.holdDuration))
	}
	if len(rule.labels) > 0 {
		s += fmt.Sprintf("\n  WITH %s", rule.labels)
	}
	s += fmt.Sprintf("\n  SUMMARY %q", rule.summary)
	s += fmt.Sprintf("\n  DESCRIPTION %q", rule.description)
	s += fmt.Sprintf("\n  RUNBOOK %q", rule.runbook)
	return template.HTML(s)
}

// State returns the "maximum" state: firing > pending > inactive.
func (rule *AlertingRule) State() AlertState {
	rule.mutex.Lock()
	defer rule.mutex.Unlock()

	maxState := StateInactive
	for _, activeAlert := range rule.activeAlerts {
		if activeAlert.State > maxState {
			maxState = activeAlert.State
		}
	}
	return maxState
}

// ActiveAlerts returns a slice of active alerts.
func (rule *AlertingRule) ActiveAlerts() []Alert {
	rule.mutex.Lock()
	defer rule.mutex.Unlock()

	alerts := make([]Alert, 0, len(rule.activeAlerts))
	for _, alert := range rule.activeAlerts {
		alerts = append(alerts, *alert)
	}
	return alerts
}