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doc/docusaurus/docs/essential-concepts/plutus-core-and-plutus-tx.md
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# Plutus Core and Plutus Tx | ||
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Understanding the roles and relationships between different languages is key to the effective and efficient development of smart contracts. | ||
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## Untyped Plutus Core | ||
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Untyped Plutus Core (UPLC), also known simply as Plutus Core or Plutus, is a low-level, Turing-complete language based on untyped lambda calculus, a simple and well-established computational model that dates back to the 1930s. | ||
Thanks to its simplicity and extensive academic research, the need for updates or modifications to the language over time is minimal, ensuring long-term stability. | ||
It also facilitates the creation of simple, formally verified evaluators. | ||
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Along with UPLC and its evaluator, we provide a compiler from Plutus Tx, a subset of Haskell, to UPLC. | ||
However, UPLC can be an easy compilation target for any language that supports functional-style programming, in particular immutable data and higher-order functions, both of which are widely adopted today in programming languages, and are particularly suited to Cardano's UTXO ledger model, where UTXOs are immutable. | ||
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UPLC is the code that runs on-chain, i.e., by every node validating the transaction, using an interpreter known as the CEK machine. | ||
A UPLC program included in a Cardano transaction is often referred to as a Plutus script or a Plutus validator. | ||
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### Typed Plutus Core and Plutus IR | ||
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Typed Plutus Core (TPLC) is the intrinsically typed counterpart of UPLC. | ||
It is based on higher-order polymorphic lambda calculus with isorecursive types (System Fωμ). | ||
TPLC serves as a low-level intermediate representation (IR) for the Plutus Tx compiler. | ||
TPLC is closely related to UPLC, and compiling TPLC into UPLC is simply a matter of erasing types. | ||
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Plutus IR (PIR) is a high-level IR also used by the Plutus Tx compiler. | ||
It extends TPLC by adding recursive bindings and recursive data types. | ||
The fact that recursion is explicit in PIR, rather than encoded using fixed point operators as in TPLC and UPLC, makes PIR significantly more readable than TPLC and UPLC. | ||
When optimizing the cost or size of Plutus scripts written in Plutus Tx, it is usually useful to look into PIR. | ||
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## Plutus Tx | ||
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Plutus Tx, the primary focus of this user guide, is a high-level language for writing the validation logic of the contract, the logic that determines whether a transaction is allowed to perform things such as spending a UTXO, minting or burning assets, and more. | ||
Plutus Tx is not a new language, but rather a subset of Haskell, and it is compiled into UPLC. | ||
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There are several other high-level languages available as alternatives to Plutus Tx, all of which compile to UPLC. | ||
See [Overview of Languages Compiling to UPLC](../delve-deeper/languages.md) for more information. | ||
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## Further reading | ||
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The formal details of Plutus Core are in its [specification](https://github.com/IntersectMBO/plutus#specifications-and-design). | ||
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PIR is discussed in [_Unraveling recursion: compiling an IR with recursion to System F_](https://iohk.io/en/research/library/papers/unraveling-recursion-compiling-an-ir-with-recursion-to-system-f/). |
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doc/docusaurus/docs/essential-concepts/plutus-foundation.md
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# Plutus platform | ||
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