From 69453a66db52256d060634e3b5a905bf12e35c4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Vincent Moens <vmoens@meta.com>
Date: Wed, 31 Jan 2024 11:47:08 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] [BugFix] Fix flaky gym penv test (#1853)

---
 test/_utils_internal.py                       | 24 +++++++++----------
 torchrl/data/datasets/minari_data.py          |  4 ++--
 torchrl/data/datasets/openx.py                |  2 +-
 torchrl/data/replay_buffers/replay_buffers.py |  4 ++--
 torchrl/data/replay_buffers/samplers.py       |  4 ++--
 torchrl/data/replay_buffers/storages.py       |  2 +-
 torchrl/data/replay_buffers/utils.py          |  4 ++--
 torchrl/data/replay_buffers/writers.py        |  4 ++--
 torchrl/data/rlhf/utils.py                    |  6 ++---
 torchrl/data/tensor_specs.py                  | 12 +++++-----
 torchrl/envs/libs/dm_control.py               |  4 ++--
 torchrl/envs/libs/envpool.py                  |  6 ++---
 torchrl/envs/libs/gym.py                      |  1 +
 torchrl/envs/libs/pettingzoo.py               |  6 ++---
 torchrl/envs/transforms/gym_transforms.py     |  4 ++--
 torchrl/envs/transforms/r3m.py                |  4 ++--
 torchrl/envs/transforms/rlhf.py               |  2 +-
 torchrl/envs/transforms/transforms.py         |  8 +++----
 torchrl/envs/transforms/vc1.py                |  4 ++--
 torchrl/envs/transforms/vip.py                |  4 ++--
 torchrl/modules/distributions/continuous.py   |  4 ++--
 torchrl/modules/models/exploration.py         |  4 +++-
 torchrl/modules/planners/mppi.py              |  2 +-
 .../modules/tensordict_module/exploration.py  | 12 +++++-----
 torchrl/objectives/a2c.py                     |  6 +++--
 torchrl/objectives/deprecated.py              | 14 ++++++-----
 26 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/_utils_internal.py b/test/_utils_internal.py
index 8d473dbf4ee..c9fdc7e39ba 100644
--- a/test/_utils_internal.py
+++ b/test/_utils_internal.py
@@ -330,9 +330,9 @@ def rollout_consistency_assertion(
 ):
     """Tests that observations in "next" match observations in the next root tensordict when done is False, and don't match otherwise."""
 
-    done = rollout[:, :-1]["next", done_key].squeeze(-1)
+    done = rollout[..., :-1]["next", done_key].squeeze(-1)
     # data resulting from step, when it's not done
-    r_not_done = rollout[:, :-1]["next"][~done]
+    r_not_done = rollout[..., :-1]["next"][~done]
     # data resulting from step, when it's not done, after step_mdp
     r_not_done_tp1 = rollout[:, 1:][~done]
     torch.testing.assert_close(
@@ -343,17 +343,15 @@ def rollout_consistency_assertion(
 
     if done_strict and not done.any():
         raise RuntimeError("No done detected, test could not complete.")
-
-    # data resulting from step, when it's done
-    r_done = rollout[:, :-1]["next"][done]
-    # data resulting from step, when it's done, after step_mdp and reset
-    r_done_tp1 = rollout[:, 1:][done]
-    assert (
-        (r_done[observation_key] - r_done_tp1[observation_key]).norm(dim=-1) > 1e-1
-    ).all(), (
-        f"Entries in next tensordict do not match entries in root "
-        f"tensordict after reset : {(r_done[observation_key] - r_done_tp1[observation_key]).norm(dim=-1) < 1e-1}"
-    )
+    if done.any():
+        # data resulting from step, when it's done
+        r_done = rollout[..., :-1]["next"][done]
+        # data resulting from step, when it's done, after step_mdp and reset
+        r_done_tp1 = rollout[..., 1:][done]
+        # check that at least one obs after reset does not match the version before reset
+        assert not torch.isclose(
+            r_done[observation_key], r_done_tp1[observation_key]
+        ).all()
 
 
 def rand_reset(env):
diff --git a/torchrl/data/datasets/minari_data.py b/torchrl/data/datasets/minari_data.py
index 5deeccd3253..babe5638c91 100644
--- a/torchrl/data/datasets/minari_data.py
+++ b/torchrl/data/datasets/minari_data.py
@@ -412,8 +412,8 @@ def _proc_spec(spec):
             )
         return BoundedTensorSpec(
             shape=spec["shape"],
-            low=torch.tensor(spec["low"]),
-            high=torch.tensor(spec["high"]),
+            low=torch.as_tensor(spec["low"]),
+            high=torch.as_tensor(spec["high"]),
             dtype=_DTYPE_DIR[spec["dtype"]],
         )
     elif spec["type"] == "Discrete":
diff --git a/torchrl/data/datasets/openx.py b/torchrl/data/datasets/openx.py
index 0b825188a5b..598ab782147 100644
--- a/torchrl/data/datasets/openx.py
+++ b/torchrl/data/datasets/openx.py
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ def _slice_data(data: TensorDict, slice_len, pad_value):
         truncated,
         dim=data.ndim - 1,
         value=True,
-        index=torch.tensor(-1, device=truncated.device),
+        index=torch.as_tensor(-1, device=truncated.device),
     )
     done = data.get(("next", "done"))
     data.set(("next", "truncated"), truncated)
diff --git a/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/replay_buffers.py b/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/replay_buffers.py
index 79bf3b9b180..c3999806aaf 100644
--- a/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/replay_buffers.py
+++ b/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/replay_buffers.py
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ def add(self, data: TensorDictBase) -> int:
                 device=data.device,
             )
             if data.batch_size:
-                data_add["_rb_batch_size"] = torch.tensor(data.batch_size)
+                data_add["_rb_batch_size"] = torch.as_tensor(data.batch_size)
 
         else:
             data_add = data
@@ -1441,7 +1441,7 @@ def __getitem__(
         if isinstance(index, slice) and index == slice(None):
             return self
         if isinstance(index, (list, range, np.ndarray)):
-            index = torch.tensor(index)
+            index = torch.as_tensor(index)
         if isinstance(index, torch.Tensor):
             if index.ndim > 1:
                 raise RuntimeError(
diff --git a/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/samplers.py b/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/samplers.py
index 3460f6ed51c..15e46ae1038 100644
--- a/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/samplers.py
+++ b/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/samplers.py
@@ -461,10 +461,10 @@ def dumps(self, path):
                 filename=path / "mintree.memmap",
             )
         mm_st.copy_(
-            torch.tensor([self._sum_tree[i] for i in range(self._max_capacity)])
+            torch.as_tensor([self._sum_tree[i] for i in range(self._max_capacity)])
         )
         mm_mt.copy_(
-            torch.tensor([self._min_tree[i] for i in range(self._max_capacity)])
+            torch.as_tensor([self._min_tree[i] for i in range(self._max_capacity)])
         )
         with open(path / "sampler_metadata.json", "w") as file:
             json.dump(
diff --git a/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/storages.py b/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/storages.py
index 8a0510b11b4..fd847f25c74 100644
--- a/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/storages.py
+++ b/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/storages.py
@@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@ def __getitem__(self, index):
         if isinstance(index, slice) and index == slice(None):
             return self
         if isinstance(index, (list, range, np.ndarray)):
-            index = torch.tensor(index)
+            index = torch.as_tensor(index)
         if isinstance(index, torch.Tensor):
             if index.ndim > 1:
                 raise RuntimeError(
diff --git a/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/utils.py b/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/utils.py
index c042f54c652..7846a6bb9d4 100644
--- a/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/utils.py
+++ b/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/utils.py
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ def _to_torch(
     data: Tensor, device, pin_memory: bool = False, non_blocking: bool = False
 ) -> torch.Tensor:
     if isinstance(data, np.generic):
-        return torch.tensor(data, device=device)
+        return torch.as_tensor(data, device=device)
     elif isinstance(data, np.ndarray):
         data = torch.from_numpy(data)
     elif not isinstance(data, Tensor):
-        data = torch.tensor(data, device=device)
+        data = torch.as_tensor(data, device=device)
 
     if pin_memory:
         data = data.pin_memory()
diff --git a/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/writers.py b/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/writers.py
index 41d551535ac..156d32f9539 100644
--- a/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/writers.py
+++ b/torchrl/data/replay_buffers/writers.py
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ def __getstate__(self):
     def dumps(self, path):
         path = Path(path).absolute()
         path.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
-        t = torch.tensor(self._current_top_values)
+        t = torch.as_tensor(self._current_top_values)
         try:
             MemoryMappedTensor.from_filename(
                 filename=path / "current_top_values.memmap",
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ def __getitem__(self, index):
         if isinstance(index, slice) and index == slice(None):
             return self
         if isinstance(index, (list, range, np.ndarray)):
-            index = torch.tensor(index)
+            index = torch.as_tensor(index)
         if isinstance(index, torch.Tensor):
             if index.ndim > 1:
                 raise RuntimeError(
diff --git a/torchrl/data/rlhf/utils.py b/torchrl/data/rlhf/utils.py
index ed7c7d1d35f..311b2584aa5 100644
--- a/torchrl/data/rlhf/utils.py
+++ b/torchrl/data/rlhf/utils.py
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ def update(self, kl_values: Sequence[float]):
             )
         n_steps = len(kl_values)
         # renormalize kls
-        kl_value = -torch.tensor(kl_values).mean() / self.coef
+        kl_value = -torch.as_tensor(kl_values).mean() / self.coef
         proportional_error = np.clip(kl_value / self.target - 1, -0.2, 0.2)  # ϵₜ
         mult = 1 + proportional_error * n_steps / self.horizon
         self.coef *= mult  # βₜ₊₁
@@ -314,10 +314,10 @@ def _get_done_status(self, generated, batch):
         # of generated tokens
         done_idx = torch.minimum(
             (generated != self.EOS_TOKEN_ID).sum(dim=-1) - batch.prompt_rindex,
-            torch.tensor(self.max_new_tokens) - 1,
+            torch.as_tensor(self.max_new_tokens) - 1,
         )
         truncated_idx = (
-            torch.tensor(self.max_new_tokens, device=generated.device).expand_as(
+            torch.as_tensor(self.max_new_tokens, device=generated.device).expand_as(
                 done_idx
             )
             - 1
diff --git a/torchrl/data/tensor_specs.py b/torchrl/data/tensor_specs.py
index b4d628a9051..1cfc970e61f 100644
--- a/torchrl/data/tensor_specs.py
+++ b/torchrl/data/tensor_specs.py
@@ -1374,9 +1374,9 @@ def encode(
     ) -> torch.Tensor:
         if not isinstance(val, torch.Tensor):
             if ignore_device:
-                val = torch.tensor(val)
+                val = torch.as_tensor(val)
             else:
-                val = torch.tensor(val, device=self.device)
+                val = torch.as_tensor(val, device=self.device)
 
         if space is None:
             space = self.space
@@ -1555,9 +1555,9 @@ def __init__(
             dtype = torch.get_default_dtype()
 
         if not isinstance(low, torch.Tensor):
-            low = torch.tensor(low, dtype=dtype, device=device)
+            low = torch.as_tensor(low, dtype=dtype, device=device)
         if not isinstance(high, torch.Tensor):
-            high = torch.tensor(high, dtype=dtype, device=device)
+            high = torch.as_tensor(high, dtype=dtype, device=device)
         if high.device != device:
             high = high.to(device)
         if low.device != device:
@@ -1857,8 +1857,8 @@ def __init__(
         dtype, device = _default_dtype_and_device(dtype, device)
         box = (
             ContinuousBox(
-                torch.tensor(-np.inf, device=device).expand(shape),
-                torch.tensor(np.inf, device=device).expand(shape),
+                torch.as_tensor(-np.inf, device=device).expand(shape),
+                torch.as_tensor(np.inf, device=device).expand(shape),
             )
             if shape == _DEFAULT_SHAPE
             else None
diff --git a/torchrl/envs/libs/dm_control.py b/torchrl/envs/libs/dm_control.py
index b2fdac0a802..2e96efcaf6a 100644
--- a/torchrl/envs/libs/dm_control.py
+++ b/torchrl/envs/libs/dm_control.py
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ def _get_envs(to_dict: bool = True) -> Dict[str, Any]:
 
 def _robust_to_tensor(array: Union[float, np.ndarray]) -> torch.Tensor:
     if isinstance(array, np.ndarray):
-        return torch.tensor(array.copy())
+        return torch.as_tensor(array.copy())
     else:
-        return torch.tensor(array)
+        return torch.as_tensor(array)
 
 
 class DMControlWrapper(GymLikeEnv):
diff --git a/torchrl/envs/libs/envpool.py b/torchrl/envs/libs/envpool.py
index acf2da598b1..410e25a1b28 100644
--- a/torchrl/envs/libs/envpool.py
+++ b/torchrl/envs/libs/envpool.py
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ def _transform_step_output(
                 f"The output of step was had {len(out)} elements, but only 4 or 5 are supported."
             )
         obs = self._treevalue_or_numpy_to_tensor_or_dict(obs)
-        reward_and_done = {self.reward_key: torch.tensor(reward)}
+        reward_and_done = {self.reward_key: torch.as_tensor(reward)}
         reward_and_done["done"] = done
         reward_and_done["terminated"] = terminated
         reward_and_done["truncated"] = truncated
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ def _treevalue_or_numpy_to_tensor_or_dict(
         if isinstance(x, treevalue.TreeValue):
             ret = self._treevalue_to_dict(x)
         elif not isinstance(x, dict):
-            ret = {"observation": torch.tensor(x)}
+            ret = {"observation": torch.as_tensor(x)}
         else:
             ret = x
         return ret
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ def _treevalue_to_dict(
         """
         import treevalue
 
-        return {k[0]: torch.tensor(v) for k, v in treevalue.flatten(tv)}
+        return {k[0]: torch.as_tensor(v) for k, v in treevalue.flatten(tv)}
 
     def _set_seed(self, seed: Optional[int]):
         if seed is not None:
diff --git a/torchrl/envs/libs/gym.py b/torchrl/envs/libs/gym.py
index 48da354e7ba..59730c6df8c 100644
--- a/torchrl/envs/libs/gym.py
+++ b/torchrl/envs/libs/gym.py
@@ -1506,6 +1506,7 @@ def _read_obs(self, obs, key, tensor, index):
     def __call__(self, info_dict, tensordict):
         terminal_obs = info_dict.get(self.backend_key[self.backend], None)
         for key, item in self.info_spec.items(True, True):
+            key = (key,) if isinstance(key, str) else key
             final_obs_buffer = item.zero()
             if terminal_obs is not None:
                 for i, obs in enumerate(terminal_obs):
diff --git a/torchrl/envs/libs/pettingzoo.py b/torchrl/envs/libs/pettingzoo.py
index 14e45eb4bc4..a1470776f10 100644
--- a/torchrl/envs/libs/pettingzoo.py
+++ b/torchrl/envs/libs/pettingzoo.py
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ def _init_env(self):
                             "info": CompositeSpec(
                                 {
                                     key: UnboundedContinuousTensorSpec(
-                                        shape=torch.tensor(value).shape,
+                                        shape=torch.as_tensor(value).shape,
                                         device=self.device,
                                     )
                                     for key, value in info_dict[agent].items()
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ def _init_env(self):
                     device=self.device,
                 )
             except AttributeError:
-                state_example = torch.tensor(self.state(), device=self.device)
+                state_example = torch.as_tensor(self.state(), device=self.device)
                 state_spec = UnboundedContinuousTensorSpec(
                     shape=state_example.shape,
                     dtype=state_example.dtype,
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ def _reset(
                 if group_info is not None:
                     agent_info_dict = info_dict[agent]
                     for agent_info, value in agent_info_dict.items():
-                        group_info.get(agent_info)[index] = torch.tensor(
+                        group_info.get(agent_info)[index] = torch.as_tensor(
                             value, device=self.device
                         )
 
diff --git a/torchrl/envs/transforms/gym_transforms.py b/torchrl/envs/transforms/gym_transforms.py
index b5aed62d503..99f38ebb32c 100644
--- a/torchrl/envs/transforms/gym_transforms.py
+++ b/torchrl/envs/transforms/gym_transforms.py
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ def _get_lives(self):
         if callable(lives):
             lives = lives()
         elif isinstance(lives, list) and all(callable(_lives) for _lives in lives):
-            lives = torch.tensor([_lives() for _lives in lives])
+            lives = torch.as_tensor([_lives() for _lives in lives])
         return lives
 
     def _call(self, tensordict: TensorDictBase) -> TensorDictBase:
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ def _reset(self, tensordict, tensordict_reset):
         end_of_life = False
         tensordict_reset.set(
             self.eol_key,
-            torch.tensor(end_of_life).expand(
+            torch.as_tensor(end_of_life).expand(
                 parent.full_done_spec[self.done_key].shape
             ),
         )
diff --git a/torchrl/envs/transforms/r3m.py b/torchrl/envs/transforms/r3m.py
index 05017a8a8ec..1c12cf9be15 100644
--- a/torchrl/envs/transforms/r3m.py
+++ b/torchrl/envs/transforms/r3m.py
@@ -292,8 +292,8 @@ def _init(self):
         std = [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]
         normalize = ObservationNorm(
             in_keys=in_keys,
-            loc=torch.tensor(mean).view(3, 1, 1),
-            scale=torch.tensor(std).view(3, 1, 1),
+            loc=torch.as_tensor(mean).view(3, 1, 1),
+            scale=torch.as_tensor(std).view(3, 1, 1),
             standard_normal=True,
         )
         transforms.append(normalize)
diff --git a/torchrl/envs/transforms/rlhf.py b/torchrl/envs/transforms/rlhf.py
index 79ee94318cb..623bc2864fe 100644
--- a/torchrl/envs/transforms/rlhf.py
+++ b/torchrl/envs/transforms/rlhf.py
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ def find_sample_log_prob(module):
         self.functional_actor.apply(find_sample_log_prob)
 
         if not isinstance(coef, torch.Tensor):
-            coef = torch.tensor(coef)
+            coef = torch.as_tensor(coef)
         self.register_buffer("coef", coef)
 
     def _reset(
diff --git a/torchrl/envs/transforms/transforms.py b/torchrl/envs/transforms/transforms.py
index 52ac8e8f66d..e59c481419c 100644
--- a/torchrl/envs/transforms/transforms.py
+++ b/torchrl/envs/transforms/transforms.py
@@ -1332,7 +1332,7 @@ def check_val(val):
             if val is None:
                 return None, None, torch.finfo(torch.get_default_dtype()).max
             if not isinstance(val, torch.Tensor):
-                val = torch.tensor(val)
+                val = torch.as_tensor(val)
             if not val.dtype.is_floating_point:
                 val = val.float()
             eps = torch.finfo(val.dtype).resolution
@@ -1626,10 +1626,10 @@ def __init__(
             out_keys = copy(in_keys)
         super().__init__(in_keys=in_keys, out_keys=out_keys)
         clamp_min_tensor = (
-            clamp_min if isinstance(clamp_min, Tensor) else torch.tensor(clamp_min)
+            clamp_min if isinstance(clamp_min, Tensor) else torch.as_tensor(clamp_min)
         )
         clamp_max_tensor = (
-            clamp_max if isinstance(clamp_max, Tensor) else torch.tensor(clamp_max)
+            clamp_max if isinstance(clamp_max, Tensor) else torch.as_tensor(clamp_max)
         )
         self.register_buffer("clamp_min", clamp_min_tensor)
         self.register_buffer("clamp_max", clamp_max_tensor)
@@ -2396,7 +2396,7 @@ def __init__(
             out_keys_inv=out_keys_inv,
         )
         if not isinstance(standard_normal, torch.Tensor):
-            standard_normal = torch.tensor(standard_normal)
+            standard_normal = torch.as_tensor(standard_normal)
         self.register_buffer("standard_normal", standard_normal)
         self.eps = 1e-6
 
diff --git a/torchrl/envs/transforms/vc1.py b/torchrl/envs/transforms/vc1.py
index 252ddfc4a90..746bfe52f1d 100644
--- a/torchrl/envs/transforms/vc1.py
+++ b/torchrl/envs/transforms/vc1.py
@@ -132,8 +132,8 @@ def _map_tv_to_torchrl(
         elif isinstance(model_transforms, transforms.Normalize):
             return ObservationNorm(
                 in_keys=in_keys,
-                loc=torch.tensor(model_transforms.mean).reshape(3, 1, 1),
-                scale=torch.tensor(model_transforms.std).reshape(3, 1, 1),
+                loc=torch.as_tensor(model_transforms.mean).reshape(3, 1, 1),
+                scale=torch.as_tensor(model_transforms.std).reshape(3, 1, 1),
                 standard_normal=True,
             )
         elif isinstance(model_transforms, transforms.ToTensor):
diff --git a/torchrl/envs/transforms/vip.py b/torchrl/envs/transforms/vip.py
index ed288fdea9e..9c272b42b89 100644
--- a/torchrl/envs/transforms/vip.py
+++ b/torchrl/envs/transforms/vip.py
@@ -266,8 +266,8 @@ def _init(self):
         std = [0.229, 0.224, 0.225]
         normalize = ObservationNorm(
             in_keys=in_keys,
-            loc=torch.tensor(mean).view(3, 1, 1),
-            scale=torch.tensor(std).view(3, 1, 1),
+            loc=torch.as_tensor(mean).view(3, 1, 1),
+            scale=torch.as_tensor(std).view(3, 1, 1),
             standard_normal=True,
         )
         transforms.append(normalize)
diff --git a/torchrl/modules/distributions/continuous.py b/torchrl/modules/distributions/continuous.py
index d4256dcd61f..eb5f2a38944 100644
--- a/torchrl/modules/distributions/continuous.py
+++ b/torchrl/modules/distributions/continuous.py
@@ -240,11 +240,11 @@ def __init__(
         if isinstance(max, torch.Tensor):
             max = max.to(self.device)
         else:
-            max = torch.tensor(max, device=self.device)
+            max = torch.as_tensor(max, device=self.device)
         if isinstance(min, torch.Tensor):
             min = min.to(self.device)
         else:
-            min = torch.tensor(min, device=self.device)
+            min = torch.as_tensor(min, device=self.device)
         self.min = min
         self.max = max
         self.update(loc, scale)
diff --git a/torchrl/modules/models/exploration.py b/torchrl/modules/models/exploration.py
index f909b6568c6..59819d940d0 100644
--- a/torchrl/modules/models/exploration.py
+++ b/torchrl/modules/models/exploration.py
@@ -345,7 +345,9 @@ def __init__(
             )
 
         if sigma_init != 0.0:
-            self.register_buffer("sigma_init", torch.tensor(sigma_init, device=device))
+            self.register_buffer(
+                "sigma_init", torch.as_tensor(sigma_init, device=device)
+            )
 
     @property
     def sigma(self):
diff --git a/torchrl/modules/planners/mppi.py b/torchrl/modules/planners/mppi.py
index c65b81eb11d..9c0bbc8f147 100644
--- a/torchrl/modules/planners/mppi.py
+++ b/torchrl/modules/planners/mppi.py
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.num_candidates = num_candidates
         self.top_k = top_k
         self.reward_key = reward_key
-        self.register_buffer("temperature", torch.tensor(temperature))
+        self.register_buffer("temperature", torch.as_tensor(temperature))
 
     def planning(self, tensordict: TensorDictBase) -> torch.Tensor:
         batch_size = tensordict.batch_size
diff --git a/torchrl/modules/tensordict_module/exploration.py b/torchrl/modules/tensordict_module/exploration.py
index f641fdfef88..c8fa9cc040f 100644
--- a/torchrl/modules/tensordict_module/exploration.py
+++ b/torchrl/modules/tensordict_module/exploration.py
@@ -107,10 +107,10 @@ def __init__(
 
         super().__init__()
 
-        self.register_buffer("eps_init", torch.tensor([eps_init]))
-        self.register_buffer("eps_end", torch.tensor([eps_end]))
+        self.register_buffer("eps_init", torch.as_tensor([eps_init]))
+        self.register_buffer("eps_end", torch.as_tensor([eps_end]))
         self.annealing_num_steps = annealing_num_steps
-        self.register_buffer("eps", torch.tensor([eps_init], dtype=torch.float32))
+        self.register_buffer("eps", torch.as_tensor([eps_init], dtype=torch.float32))
 
         if spec is not None:
             if not isinstance(spec, CompositeSpec) and len(self.out_keys) >= 1:
@@ -254,12 +254,12 @@ def __init__(
         )
 
         super().__init__(policy)
-        self.register_buffer("eps_init", torch.tensor([eps_init]))
-        self.register_buffer("eps_end", torch.tensor([eps_end]))
+        self.register_buffer("eps_init", torch.as_tensor([eps_init]))
+        self.register_buffer("eps_end", torch.as_tensor([eps_end]))
         if self.eps_end > self.eps_init:
             raise RuntimeError("eps should decrease over time or be constant")
         self.annealing_num_steps = annealing_num_steps
-        self.register_buffer("eps", torch.tensor([eps_init], dtype=torch.float32))
+        self.register_buffer("eps", torch.as_tensor([eps_init], dtype=torch.float32))
         self.action_key = action_key
         self.action_mask_key = action_mask_key
         if spec is not None:
diff --git a/torchrl/objectives/a2c.py b/torchrl/objectives/a2c.py
index c32a795a2a0..de963bcfdb9 100644
--- a/torchrl/objectives/a2c.py
+++ b/torchrl/objectives/a2c.py
@@ -283,8 +283,10 @@ def __init__(
         except AttributeError:
             device = torch.device("cpu")
 
-        self.register_buffer("entropy_coef", torch.tensor(entropy_coef, device=device))
-        self.register_buffer("critic_coef", torch.tensor(critic_coef, device=device))
+        self.register_buffer(
+            "entropy_coef", torch.as_tensor(entropy_coef, device=device)
+        )
+        self.register_buffer("critic_coef", torch.as_tensor(critic_coef, device=device))
         if gamma is not None:
             warnings.warn(_GAMMA_LMBDA_DEPREC_WARNING, category=DeprecationWarning)
             self.gamma = gamma
diff --git a/torchrl/objectives/deprecated.py b/torchrl/objectives/deprecated.py
index e920bc83960..6ef7ab7386e 100644
--- a/torchrl/objectives/deprecated.py
+++ b/torchrl/objectives/deprecated.py
@@ -174,22 +174,24 @@ def __init__(
         except AttributeError:
             device = torch.device("cpu")
 
-        self.register_buffer("alpha_init", torch.tensor(alpha_init, device=device))
+        self.register_buffer("alpha_init", torch.as_tensor(alpha_init, device=device))
         self.register_buffer(
-            "min_log_alpha", torch.tensor(min_alpha, device=device).log()
+            "min_log_alpha", torch.as_tensor(min_alpha, device=device).log()
         )
         self.register_buffer(
-            "max_log_alpha", torch.tensor(max_alpha, device=device).log()
+            "max_log_alpha", torch.as_tensor(max_alpha, device=device).log()
         )
         self.fixed_alpha = fixed_alpha
         if fixed_alpha:
             self.register_buffer(
-                "log_alpha", torch.tensor(math.log(alpha_init), device=device)
+                "log_alpha", torch.as_tensor(math.log(alpha_init), device=device)
             )
         else:
             self.register_parameter(
                 "log_alpha",
-                torch.nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(math.log(alpha_init), device=device)),
+                torch.nn.Parameter(
+                    torch.as_tensor(math.log(alpha_init), device=device)
+                ),
             )
 
         self._target_entropy = target_entropy
@@ -230,7 +232,7 @@ def target_entropy(self):
                     np.prod(action_spec[self.tensor_keys.action].shape)
                 )
             self.register_buffer(
-                "target_entropy_buffer", torch.tensor(target_entropy, device=device)
+                "target_entropy_buffer", torch.as_tensor(target_entropy, device=device)
             )
             return self.target_entropy_buffer
         return target_entropy