src/pipx/main.py

# PYTHON_ARGCOMPLETE_OK

"""The command line interface to pipx"""

import argparse
import logging
import logging.config
import os
import re
import shlex
import sys
import textwrap
import time
import urllib.parse
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple

import argcomplete
import platformdirs
from packaging.utils import canonicalize_name

from pipx import commands, constants, paths
from pipx.animate import hide_cursor, show_cursor
from pipx.colors import bold, green
from pipx.commands.environment import ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES
from pipx.constants import (
    EXIT_CODE_OK,
    EXIT_CODE_SPECIFIED_PYTHON_EXECUTABLE_NOT_FOUND,
    MINIMUM_PYTHON_VERSION,
    WINDOWS,
    ExitCode,
)
from pipx.emojis import hazard
from pipx.interpreter import (
    DEFAULT_PYTHON,
    InterpreterResolutionError,
    find_python_interpreter,
)
from pipx.util import PipxError, mkdir, pipx_wrap, rmdir
from pipx.venv import VenvContainer
from pipx.version import version as __version__

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

VenvCompleter = Callable[[str], List[str]]


def print_version() -> None:
    print(__version__)


def prog_name() -> str:
    try:
        prog = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
        if prog == "__main__.py":
            return f"{sys.executable} -m pipx"
        else:
            return prog
    except Exception:
        pass
    return "pipx"


SPEC_HELP = textwrap.dedent(
    """\
    The package name or specific installation source passed to pip.
    Runs `pip install -U SPEC`.
    For example `--spec mypackage==2.0.0` or `--spec  git+https://github.com/user/repo.git@branch`
    """
)

PIPX_DESCRIPTION = textwrap.dedent(
    f"""
    Install and execute apps from Python packages.

    Binaries can either be installed globally into isolated Virtual Environments
    or run directly in a temporary Virtual Environment.

    Virtual Environment location is {paths.ctx.venvs!s}.
    Symlinks to apps are placed in {paths.ctx.bin_dir!s}.
    Symlinks to manual pages are placed in {paths.ctx.man_dir!s}.

    """
)
PIPX_DESCRIPTION += pipx_wrap(
    """
    optional environment variables:
      PIPX_HOME              Overrides default pipx location. Virtual Environments will be installed to $PIPX_HOME/venvs.
      PIPX_GLOBAL_HOME       Used instead of PIPX_HOME when the `--global` option is given.
      PIPX_BIN_DIR           Overrides location of app installations. Apps are symlinked or copied here.
      PIPX_GLOBAL_BIN_DIR    Used instead of PIPX_BIN_DIR when the `--global` option is given.
      PIPX_MAN_DIR           Overrides location of manual pages installations. Manual pages are symlinked or copied here.
      PIPX_GLOBAL_MAN_DIR    Used instead of PIPX_MAN_DIR when the `--global` option is given.
      PIPX_DEFAULT_PYTHON    Overrides default python used for commands.
      USE_EMOJI              Overrides emoji behavior. Default value varies based on platform.
      PIPX_HOME_ALLOW_SPACE  Overrides default warning on spaces in the home path
    """,
    subsequent_indent=" " * 24,  # match the indent of argparse options
    keep_newlines=True,
)

DOC_DEFAULT_PYTHON = os.getenv("PIPX__DOC_DEFAULT_PYTHON", DEFAULT_PYTHON)

INSTALL_DESCRIPTION = textwrap.dedent(
    f"""
    The install command is the preferred way to globally install apps
    from python packages on your system. It creates an isolated virtual
    environment for the package, then ensures the package's apps are
    accessible on your $PATH. The package's manual pages installed in
    share/man/man[1-9] can be viewed with man on an operating system where
    it is available and the path in the environment variable `PIPX_MAN_DIR`
    (default: {paths.DEFAULT_PIPX_MAN_DIR}) is in the man search path
    ($MANPATH).

    The result: apps you can run from anywhere, located in packages
    you can cleanly upgrade or uninstall. Guaranteed to not have
    dependency version conflicts or interfere with your OS's python
    packages. 'sudo' is not required to do this.

    pipx install PACKAGE_SPEC ...
    pipx install --python PYTHON PACKAGE_SPEC
    pipx install VCS_URL
    pipx install ./LOCAL_PATH
    pipx install ZIP_FILE
    pipx install TAR_GZ_FILE

    The PACKAGE_SPEC argument is passed directly to `pip install`.

    Virtual Environments will be installed to `$PIPX_HOME/venvs`.
    The default pipx home location is {paths.DEFAULT_PIPX_HOME} and can
    be overridden by setting the environment variable `PIPX_HOME`.
    If the `--global` option is used, the default pipx home location
    instead is {paths.DEFAULT_PIPX_GLOBAL_HOME} and can be overridden
    by setting the environment variable `PIPX_GLOBAL_HOME`.

    The default app location is {paths.DEFAULT_PIPX_BIN_DIR} and can be
    overridden by setting the environment variable `PIPX_BIN_DIR`.
    If the `--global` option is used, the default app location instead
    is {paths.DEFAULT_PIPX_GLOBAL_BIN_DIR} and can be overridden by
    setting the environment variable `PIPX_GLOBAL_BIN_DIR`.

    The default manual pages location is {paths.DEFAULT_PIPX_MAN_DIR} and
    can be overridden by setting the environment variable `PIPX_MAN_DIR`.
    If the `--global` option is used, the default manual pages location
    instead is {paths.DEFAULT_PIPX_GLOBAL_MAN_DIR} and can be overridden
    by setting the environment variable `PIPX_GLOBAL_MAN_DIR`.

    The default python executable used to install a package is
    {DOC_DEFAULT_PYTHON} and can be overridden
    by setting the environment variable `PIPX_DEFAULT_PYTHON`.
    """
)


class LineWrapRawTextHelpFormatter(argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter):
    def _split_lines(self, text: str, width: int) -> List[str]:
        text = self._whitespace_matcher.sub(" ", text).strip()
        return textwrap.wrap(text, width)


class InstalledVenvsCompleter:
    def __init__(self, venv_container: VenvContainer) -> None:
        self.packages = [str(p.name) for p in sorted(venv_container.iter_venv_dirs())]

    def use(self, prefix: str, **kwargs: Any) -> List[str]:
        return [f"{prefix}{x[len(prefix):]}" for x in self.packages if x.startswith(canonicalize_name(prefix))]


def get_pip_args(parsed_args: Dict[str, str]) -> List[str]:
    pip_args: List[str] = []
    if parsed_args.get("index_url"):
        pip_args += ["--index-url", parsed_args["index_url"]]

    if parsed_args.get("pip_args"):
        # Stripping the single quote that can be parsed from several shells
        pip_args_striped = parsed_args["pip_args"].strip("'")
        pip_args += shlex.split(pip_args_striped, posix=not WINDOWS)

    # make sure --editable is last because it needs to be right before
    #   package specification
    if parsed_args.get("editable"):
        pip_args += ["--editable"]
    return pip_args


def get_venv_args(parsed_args: Dict[str, str]) -> List[str]:
    venv_args: List[str] = []
    if parsed_args.get("system_site_packages"):
        venv_args += ["--system-site-packages"]
    return venv_args


def package_is_url(package: str, raise_error: bool = True) -> bool:
    url_parse_package = urllib.parse.urlparse(package)
    if url_parse_package.scheme and url_parse_package.netloc:
        if not raise_error:
            return True
        raise PipxError("Package cannot be a URL. A valid package name should be passed instead.")
    return False


def package_is_path(package: str):
    if os.path.sep in package:
        raise PipxError(
            pipx_wrap(
                f"""
                Error: '{package}' looks like a path.
                Expected the name of an installed package.
                """
            )
        )


def run_pipx_command(args: argparse.Namespace, subparsers: Dict[str, argparse.ArgumentParser]) -> ExitCode:  # noqa: C901
    verbose = args.verbose if "verbose" in args else False

    pip_args = get_pip_args(vars(args))
    venv_args = get_venv_args(vars(args))

    venv_container = VenvContainer(paths.ctx.venvs)

    if "package" in args:
        package = args.package
        package_is_url(package)
        package_is_path(package)

        if "spec" in args and args.spec is not None:
            if package_is_url(args.spec, raise_error=False):
                if "#egg=" not in args.spec:
                    args.spec = args.spec + f"#egg={package}"

        venv_dir = venv_container.get_venv_dir(package)
        logger.info(f"Virtual Environment location is {venv_dir}")

    if "packages" in args:
        for package in args.packages:
            package_is_url(package)
            package_is_path(package)
        venv_dirs = {package: venv_container.get_venv_dir(package) for package in args.packages}
        venv_dirs_msg = "\n".join(f"- {key} : {value}" for key, value in venv_dirs.items())
        logger.info(f"Virtual Environment locations are:\n{venv_dirs_msg}")

    if "skip" in args:
        skip_list = [canonicalize_name(x) for x in args.skip]

    python_flag_passed = False

    if "python" in args:
        python_flag_passed = bool(args.python)
        fetch_missing_python = args.fetch_missing_python
        try:
            interpreter = find_python_interpreter(
                args.python or DEFAULT_PYTHON, fetch_missing_python=fetch_missing_python
            )
            args.python = interpreter
        except InterpreterResolutionError as e:
            logger.debug("Failed to resolve interpreter:", exc_info=True)
            print(
                pipx_wrap(
                    f"{hazard} {e}",
                    subsequent_indent=" " * 4,
                )
            )
            return EXIT_CODE_SPECIFIED_PYTHON_EXECUTABLE_NOT_FOUND

    if args.command == "run":
        commands.run(
            args.app_with_args[0],
            args.spec,
            args.path,
            args.app_with_args[1:],
            args.python,
            pip_args,
            venv_args,
            args.pypackages,
            verbose,
            not args.no_cache,
        )
        # We should never reach here because run() is NoReturn.
        return ExitCode(1)
    elif args.command == "install":
        return commands.install(
            None,
            None,
            args.package_spec,
            paths.ctx.bin_dir,
            paths.ctx.man_dir,
            args.python,
            pip_args,
            venv_args,
            verbose,
            force=args.force,
            reinstall=False,
            include_dependencies=args.include_deps,
            preinstall_packages=args.preinstall,
            suffix=args.suffix,
            python_flag_passed=python_flag_passed,
        )
    elif args.command == "install-all":
        return commands.install_all(
            args.spec_metadata_file,
            paths.ctx.bin_dir,
            paths.ctx.man_dir,
            args.python,
            pip_args,
            venv_args,
            verbose,
            force=args.force,
        )
    elif args.command == "inject":
        return commands.inject(
            venv_dir,
            None,
            args.dependencies,
            args.requirements,
            pip_args,
            verbose=verbose,
            include_apps=args.include_apps,
            include_dependencies=args.include_deps,
            force=args.force,
            suffix=args.with_suffix,
        )
    elif args.command == "uninject":
        return commands.uninject(
            venv_dir,
            args.dependencies,
            local_bin_dir=paths.ctx.bin_dir,
            local_man_dir=paths.ctx.man_dir,
            leave_deps=args.leave_deps,
            verbose=verbose,
        )
    elif args.command == "upgrade":
        return commands.upgrade(
            venv_dirs,
            args.python,
            pip_args,
            venv_args,
            verbose,
            include_injected=args.include_injected,
            force=args.force,
            install=args.install,
            python_flag_passed=python_flag_passed,
        )
    elif args.command == "upgrade-all":
        return commands.upgrade_all(
            venv_container,
            verbose,
            include_injected=args.include_injected,
            skip=skip_list,
            force=args.force,
            pip_args=pip_args,
            python_flag_passed=python_flag_passed,
        )
    elif args.command == "upgrade-shared":
        return commands.upgrade_shared(
            verbose,
            pip_args,
        )
    elif args.command == "list":
        return commands.list_packages(
            venv_container,
            args.include_injected,
            args.json,
            args.short,
            args.pinned,
        )
    elif args.command == "interpreter":
        if args.interpreter_command == "list":
            return commands.list_interpreters(venv_container)
        elif args.interpreter_command == "prune":
            return commands.prune_interpreters(venv_container)
        elif args.interpreter_command == "upgrade":
            return commands.upgrade_interpreters(venv_container, verbose)
        elif args.interpreter_command is None:
            subparsers["interpreter"].print_help()
            return EXIT_CODE_OK
        else:
            raise PipxError(f"Unknown interpreter command {args.interpreter_command}")
    elif args.command == "pin":
        return commands.pin(venv_dir, verbose, skip_list, args.injected_only)
    elif args.command == "unpin":
        return commands.unpin(venv_dir, verbose)
    elif args.command == "uninstall":
        return commands.uninstall(venv_dir, paths.ctx.bin_dir, paths.ctx.man_dir, verbose)
    elif args.command == "uninstall-all":
        return commands.uninstall_all(
            venv_container,
            paths.ctx.bin_dir,
            paths.ctx.man_dir,
            verbose,
        )
    elif args.command == "reinstall":
        return commands.reinstall(
            venv_dir=venv_dir,
            local_bin_dir=paths.ctx.bin_dir,
            local_man_dir=paths.ctx.man_dir,
            python=args.python,
            verbose=verbose,
            python_flag_passed=python_flag_passed,
        )
    elif args.command == "reinstall-all":
        return commands.reinstall_all(
            venv_container,
            paths.ctx.bin_dir,
            paths.ctx.man_dir,
            args.python,
            verbose,
            skip=skip_list,
            python_flag_passed=python_flag_passed,
        )
    elif args.command == "runpip":
        if not venv_dir:
            raise PipxError("Developer error: venv_dir is not defined.")
        return commands.run_pip(package, venv_dir, args.pipargs, args.verbose)
    elif args.command == "ensurepath":
        try:
            return commands.ensure_pipx_paths(prepend=args.prepend, force=args.force)
        except Exception as e:
            logger.debug("Uncaught Exception:", exc_info=True)
            raise PipxError(str(e), wrap_message=False) from None
    elif args.command == "completions":
        print(constants.completion_instructions)
        return ExitCode(0)
    elif args.command == "environment":
        return commands.environment(value=args.value)
    else:
        raise PipxError(f"Unknown command {args.command}")


def add_pip_venv_args(parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    parser.add_argument(
        "--system-site-packages",
        action="store_true",
        help="Give the virtual environment access to the system site-packages dir.",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--index-url", "-i", help="Base URL of Python Package Index")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--editable",
        "-e",
        help="Install a project in editable mode",
        action="store_true",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--pip-args",
        help="Arbitrary pip arguments to pass directly to pip install/upgrade commands",
    )


def add_include_dependencies(parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    parser.add_argument("--include-deps", help="Include apps of dependent packages", action="store_true")


def add_python_options(parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    parser.add_argument(
        "--python",
        help=(
            "Python to install with. Possible values can be the executable name (python3.11), "
            "the version of an available system Python or to pass to py launcher (3.11), "
            f"or the full path to the executable. Requires Python {MINIMUM_PYTHON_VERSION} or above."
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--fetch-missing-python",
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "Whether to fetch a standalone python build from GitHub if the specified python version is not found locally on the system."
        ),
    )


def _add_install(subparsers: argparse._SubParsersAction, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "install",
        help="Install a package",
        formatter_class=LineWrapRawTextHelpFormatter,
        description=INSTALL_DESCRIPTION,
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument("package_spec", help="package name(s) or pip installation spec(s)", nargs="+")
    add_include_dependencies(p)
    p.add_argument(
        "--force",
        "-f",
        action="store_true",
        help="Modify existing virtual environment and files in PIPX_BIN_DIR and PIPX_MAN_DIR",
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "--suffix",
        default="",
        help=(
            "Optional suffix for virtual environment and executable names. "
            "NOTE: The suffix feature is experimental and subject to change."
        ),
    )
    add_python_options(p)
    p.add_argument(
        "--preinstall",
        action="append",
        help=(
            "Optional package to be installed into the Virtual Environment before "
            "installing the main package. Use this flag multiple times if you want to preinstall multiple packages."
        ),
    )
    add_pip_venv_args(p)


def _add_install_all(subparsers: argparse._SubParsersAction, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "install-all",
        help="Install all packages",
        formatter_class=LineWrapRawTextHelpFormatter,
        description="Installs all the packages according to spec metadata file.",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument("spec_metadata_file", help="Spec metadata file generated from pipx list --json")
    p.add_argument(
        "--force",
        "-f",
        action="store_true",
        help="Modify existing virtual environment and files in PIPX_BIN_DIR and PIPX_MAN_DIR",
    )
    add_python_options(p)
    add_pip_venv_args(p)


def _add_inject(subparsers, venv_completer: VenvCompleter, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "inject",
        help="Install packages into an existing Virtual Environment",
        description="Installs packages to an existing pipx-managed virtual environment.",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "package",
        help="Name of the existing pipx-managed Virtual Environment to inject into",
    ).completer = venv_completer
    p.add_argument(
        "dependencies",
        nargs="*",
        help="the packages to inject into the Virtual Environment--either package name or pip package spec",
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "-r",
        "--requirement",
        dest="requirements",
        action="append",
        default=[],
        metavar="file",
        help=(
            "file containing the packages to inject into the Virtual Environment--"
            "one package name or pip package spec per line. "
            "May be specified multiple times."
        ),
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "--include-apps",
        action="store_true",
        help="Add apps from the injected packages onto your PATH and expose their manual pages",
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "--include-deps",
        help="Include apps of dependent packages. Implies --include-apps",
        action="store_true",
    )
    add_pip_venv_args(p)
    p.add_argument(
        "--force",
        "-f",
        action="store_true",
        help="Modify existing virtual environment and files in PIPX_BIN_DIR and PIPX_MAN_DIR",
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "--with-suffix",
        action="store_true",
        help="Add the suffix (if given) of the Virtual Environment to the packages to inject",
    )


def _add_uninject(subparsers, venv_completer: VenvCompleter, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser):
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "uninject",
        help="Uninstall injected packages from an existing Virtual Environment",
        description="Uninstalls injected packages from an existing pipx-managed virtual environment.",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "package",
        help="Name of the existing pipx-managed Virtual Environment to inject into",
    ).completer = venv_completer
    p.add_argument(
        "dependencies",
        nargs="+",
        help="the package names to uninject from the Virtual Environment",
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "--leave-deps",
        action="store_true",
        help="Only uninstall the main injected package but leave its dependencies installed.",
    )


def _add_pin(subparsers, venv_completer: VenvCompleter, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "pin",
        help="Pin the specified package to prevent it from being upgraded",
        description="Pin the specified package to prevent it from being upgraded",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument("package", help="Installed package to pin")
    p.add_argument(
        "--injected-only",
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "Pin injected packages in venv only, so that they will not be upgraded during upgrade operations. "
            "Note that this should not be passed if you wish to pin both main package and injected packages."
        ),
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "--skip",
        nargs="+",
        default=[],
        help="Skip these packages. Implies `--injected-only`.",
    )


def _add_unpin(subparsers, venv_completer: VenvCompleter, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "unpin",
        help="Unpin the specified package",
        description="Unpin the specified package and all injected packages in its venv to allow them to be upgraded",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument("package", help="Installed package to unpin")


def _add_upgrade(subparsers, venv_completer: VenvCompleter, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "upgrade",
        help="Upgrade a package",
        description="Upgrade package(s) in pipx-managed Virtual Environment(s) by running 'pip install --upgrade PACKAGE'",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument("packages", help="package names(s) to upgrade", nargs="+").completer = venv_completer
    p.add_argument(
        "--include-injected",
        action="store_true",
        help="Also upgrade packages injected into the main app's environment",
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "--force",
        "-f",
        action="store_true",
        help="Modify existing virtual environment and files in PIPX_BIN_DIR and PIPX_MAN_DIR",
    )
    add_pip_venv_args(p)
    p.add_argument(
        "--install",
        action="store_true",
        help="Install package spec if missing",
    )
    add_python_options(p)


def _add_upgrade_all(subparsers: argparse._SubParsersAction, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "upgrade-all",
        help="Upgrade all packages. Runs `pip install -U <pkgname>` for each package.",
        description="Upgrades all packages within their virtual environments by running 'pip install --upgrade PACKAGE'",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "--include-injected",
        action="store_true",
        help="Also upgrade packages injected into the main app's environment",
    )
    p.add_argument("--skip", nargs="+", default=[], help="skip these packages")
    p.add_argument(
        "--force",
        "-f",
        action="store_true",
        help="Modify existing virtual environment and files in PIPX_BIN_DIR and PIPX_MAN_DIR",
    )


def _add_upgrade_shared(subparsers: argparse._SubParsersAction, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "upgrade-shared",
        help="Upgrade shared libraries.",
        description="Upgrade shared libraries.",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "--pip-args",
        help="Arbitrary pip arguments to pass directly to pip install/upgrade commands",
    )


def _add_uninstall(subparsers, venv_completer: VenvCompleter, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "uninstall",
        help="Uninstall a package",
        description="Uninstalls a pipx-managed Virtual Environment by deleting it and any files that point to its apps.",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument("package").completer = venv_completer


def _add_uninstall_all(subparsers: argparse._SubParsersAction, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    subparsers.add_parser(
        "uninstall-all",
        help="Uninstall all packages",
        description="Uninstall all pipx-managed packages",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )


def _add_reinstall(subparsers, venv_completer: VenvCompleter, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "reinstall",
        formatter_class=LineWrapRawTextHelpFormatter,
        help="Reinstall a package",
        description=textwrap.dedent(
            """
            Reinstalls a package.

            Package is uninstalled, then installed with pipx install PACKAGE
            with the same options used in the original install of PACKAGE.

            """
        ),
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument("package").completer = venv_completer
    add_python_options(p)


def _add_reinstall_all(subparsers: argparse._SubParsersAction, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "reinstall-all",
        formatter_class=LineWrapRawTextHelpFormatter,
        help="Reinstall all packages",
        description=textwrap.dedent(
            """
            Reinstalls all packages.

            Packages are uninstalled, then installed with pipx install PACKAGE
            with the same options used in the original install of PACKAGE.
            This is useful if you upgraded to a new version of Python and want
            all your packages to use the latest as well.

            """
        ),
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    add_python_options(p)
    p.add_argument("--skip", nargs="+", default=[], help="skip these packages")


def _add_list(subparsers: argparse._SubParsersAction, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "list",
        help="List installed packages",
        description="List packages and apps installed with pipx",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "--include-injected",
        action="store_true",
        help="Show packages injected into the main app's environment",
    )
    g = p.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    g.add_argument("--json", action="store_true", help="Output rich data in json format.")
    g.add_argument("--short", action="store_true", help="List packages only.")
    g.add_argument(
        "--pinned",
        action="store_true",
        help="List pinned packages only. Pass --include-injected at the same time to list injected packages that were pinned.",
    )
    g.add_argument("--skip-maintenance", action="store_true", help="(deprecated) No-op")


def _add_interpreter(
    subparsers: argparse._SubParsersAction, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser
) -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
    p: argparse.ArgumentParser = subparsers.add_parser(
        "interpreter",
        help="Interact with interpreters managed by pipx",
        description="Interact with interpreters managed by pipx",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    s = p.add_subparsers(
        title="subcommands",
        description="Get help for commands with pipx interpreter COMMAND --help",
        dest="interpreter_command",
    )
    s.add_parser("list", help="List available interpreters", description="List available interpreters")
    s.add_parser("prune", help="Prune unused interpreters", description="Prune unused interpreters")
    s.add_parser(
        "upgrade",
        help="Upgrade installed interpreters to the latest available micro/patch version",
        description="Upgrade installed interpreters to the latest available micro/patch version",
    )
    return p


def _add_run(subparsers: argparse._SubParsersAction, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "run",
        formatter_class=LineWrapRawTextHelpFormatter,
        help=(
            "Download the latest version of a package to a temporary virtual environment, "
            "then run an app from it. Also compatible with local `__pypackages__` "
            "directory (experimental)."
        ),
        description=textwrap.dedent(
            f"""
            Download the latest version of a package to a temporary virtual environment,
            then run an app from it. The environment will be cached
            and re-used for up to {constants.TEMP_VENV_EXPIRATION_THRESHOLD_DAYS} days. This
            means subsequent calls to 'run' for the same package will be faster
            since they can reuse the cached Virtual Environment.

            In support of PEP 582 'run' will use apps found in a local __pypackages__
            directory, if present. Please note that this behavior is experimental,
            and acts as a companion tool to pythonloc. It may be modified or
            removed in the future. See https://github.com/cs01/pythonloc.
            """
        ),
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "--no-cache",
        action="store_true",
        help="Do not reuse cached virtual environment if it exists",
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "app_with_args",
        metavar="app ...",
        nargs=argparse.REMAINDER,
        help="app/package name and any arguments to be passed to it",
        default=[],
    )
    p.add_argument("--path", action="store_true", help="Interpret app name as a local path")
    p.add_argument(
        "--pypackages",
        action="store_true",
        help="Require app to be run from local __pypackages__ directory",
    )
    p.add_argument("--spec", help=SPEC_HELP)
    add_python_options(p)
    add_pip_venv_args(p)
    p.set_defaults(subparser=p)

    # modify usage text to show required app argument
    p.usage = re.sub(r"^usage: ", "", p.format_usage())
    # add a double-dash to usage text to show requirement before app
    p.usage = re.sub(r"\.\.\.", "app ...", p.usage)


def _add_runpip(subparsers, venv_completer: VenvCompleter, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "runpip",
        help="Run pip in an existing pipx-managed Virtual Environment",
        description="Run pip in an existing pipx-managed Virtual Environment",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "package",
        help="Name of the existing pipx-managed Virtual Environment to run pip in",
    ).completer = venv_completer
    p.add_argument(
        "pipargs",
        nargs=argparse.REMAINDER,
        default=[],
        help="Arguments to forward to pip command",
    )


def _add_ensurepath(subparsers: argparse._SubParsersAction, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "ensurepath",
        help=("Ensure directories necessary for pipx operation are in your PATH environment variable."),
        description=(
            "Ensure directory where pipx stores apps is in your "
            "PATH environment variable. Also if pipx was installed via "
            "`pip install --user`, ensure pipx itself is in your PATH. "
            "Note that running this may modify "
            "your shell's configuration file(s) such as '~/.bashrc'."
        ),
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "--prepend",
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "Prepend directories to your PATH instead of appending. "
            "This is useful if you want to prioritize pipx apps over system apps."
        ),
    )
    p.add_argument(
        "--force",
        "-f",
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "Add text to your shell's config file even if it looks like your "
            "PATH already contains paths to pipx and pipx-install apps."
        ),
    )


def _add_environment(subparsers: argparse._SubParsersAction, shared_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
    p = subparsers.add_parser(
        "environment",
        formatter_class=LineWrapRawTextHelpFormatter,
        help="Print a list of environment variables and paths used by pipx.",
        description=textwrap.dedent(
            """
            Prints the names and current values of environment variables used by pipx,
            followed by internal pipx variables which are derived from the environment
            variables and platform specific default values.

            Available variables:
            """
        )
        + textwrap.fill(", ".join(ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES), break_long_words=False),
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    p.add_argument("--value", "-V", metavar="VARIABLE", help="Print the value of the variable.")


def get_command_parser() -> Tuple[argparse.ArgumentParser, Dict[str, argparse.ArgumentParser]]:
    venv_container = VenvContainer(paths.ctx.venvs)

    completer_venvs = InstalledVenvsCompleter(venv_container)

    shared_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False)

    shared_parser.add_argument(
        "--quiet",
        "-q",
        action="count",
        default=0,
        help=(
            "Give less output. May be used multiple times corresponding to the"
            " ERROR and CRITICAL logging levels. The count maxes out at 2."
        ),
    )

    shared_parser.add_argument(
        "--verbose",
        "-v",
        action="count",
        default=0,
        help=(
            "Give more output. May be used multiple times corresponding to the"
            " INFO, DEBUG and NOTSET logging levels. The count maxes out at 3."
        ),
    )

    if not constants.WINDOWS:
        shared_parser.add_argument(
            "--global",
            action="store_true",
            dest="is_global",
            help="Perform action globally for all users.",
        )

    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        prog=prog_name(),
        formatter_class=LineWrapRawTextHelpFormatter,
        description=PIPX_DESCRIPTION,
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    parser.man_short_description = PIPX_DESCRIPTION.splitlines()[1]  # type: ignore[attr-defined]

    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(dest="command", description="Get help for commands with pipx COMMAND --help")

    subparsers_with_subcommands = {}
    _add_install(subparsers, shared_parser)
    _add_install_all(subparsers, shared_parser)
    _add_uninject(subparsers, completer_venvs.use, shared_parser)
    _add_inject(subparsers, completer_venvs.use, shared_parser)
    _add_pin(subparsers, completer_venvs.use, shared_parser)
    _add_unpin(subparsers, completer_venvs.use, shared_parser)
    _add_upgrade(subparsers, completer_venvs.use, shared_parser)
    _add_upgrade_all(subparsers, shared_parser)
    _add_upgrade_shared(subparsers, shared_parser)
    _add_uninstall(subparsers, completer_venvs.use, shared_parser)
    _add_uninstall_all(subparsers, shared_parser)
    _add_reinstall(subparsers, completer_venvs.use, shared_parser)
    _add_reinstall_all(subparsers, shared_parser)
    _add_list(subparsers, shared_parser)
    subparsers_with_subcommands["interpreter"] = _add_interpreter(subparsers, shared_parser)
    _add_run(subparsers, shared_parser)
    _add_runpip(subparsers, completer_venvs.use, shared_parser)
    _add_ensurepath(subparsers, shared_parser)
    _add_environment(subparsers, shared_parser)

    parser.add_argument("--version", action="store_true", help="Print version and exit")
    subparsers.add_parser(
        "completions",
        help="Print instructions on enabling shell completions for pipx",
        description="Print instructions on enabling shell completions for pipx",
        parents=[shared_parser],
    )
    return parser, subparsers_with_subcommands


def delete_oldest_logs(file_list: List[Path], keep_number: int) -> None:
    file_list = sorted(file_list)
    if len(file_list) > keep_number:
        for existing_file in file_list[:-keep_number]:
            try:
                existing_file.unlink()
            except FileNotFoundError:
                pass


def _setup_log_file(pipx_log_dir: Optional[Path] = None) -> Path:
    max_logs = 10
    pipx_log_dir = pipx_log_dir or paths.ctx.logs
    # don't use utils.mkdir, to prevent emission of log message
    pipx_log_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

    delete_oldest_logs(list(pipx_log_dir.glob("cmd_*[0-9].log")), max_logs)
    delete_oldest_logs(list(pipx_log_dir.glob("cmd_*_pip_errors.log")), max_logs)

    datetime_str = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d_%H.%M.%S")
    log_file = pipx_log_dir / f"cmd_{datetime_str}.log"
    counter = 1
    while log_file.exists() and counter < 10:
        log_file = pipx_log_dir / f"cmd_{datetime_str}_{counter}.log"
        counter += 1

    log_file.touch()

    return log_file


def setup_log_file() -> Path:
    try:
        return _setup_log_file()
    except PermissionError:
        return _setup_log_file(platformdirs.user_log_path("pipx"))


def setup_logging(verbose: int) -> None:
    pipx_str = bold(green("pipx >")) if sys.stdout.isatty() else "pipx >"
    paths.ctx.log_file = setup_log_file()

    # Determine logging level, a value between 0 and 50
    level_number = min(max(0, logging.WARNING - 10 * verbose), 50)

    level = logging.getLevelName(level_number)

    # "incremental" is False so previous pytest tests don't accumulate handlers
    logging_config = {
        "version": 1,
        "formatters": {
            "stream_nonverbose": {
                "class": "logging.Formatter",
                "format": "{message}",
                "style": "{",
            },
            "stream_verbose": {
                "class": "logging.Formatter",
                "format": pipx_str + "({funcName}:{lineno}): {message}",
                "style": "{",
            },
            "file": {
                "class": "logging.Formatter",
                "format": "{relativeCreated: >8.1f}ms ({funcName}:{lineno}): {message}",
                "style": "{",
            },
        },
        "handlers": {
            "stream": {
                "class": "logging.StreamHandler",
                "formatter": "stream_verbose" if verbose else "stream_nonverbose",
                "level": level,
            },
            "file": {
                "class": "logging.FileHandler",
                "formatter": "file",
                "filename": str(paths.ctx.log_file),
                "encoding": "utf-8",
                "level": "DEBUG",
            },
        },
        "loggers": {"pipx": {"handlers": ["stream", "file"], "level": "DEBUG"}},
        "incremental": False,
    }
    logging.config.dictConfig(logging_config)


def setup(args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
    if "version" in args and args.version:
        print_version()
        sys.exit(0)

    if not constants.WINDOWS and args.is_global:
        paths.ctx.make_global()

    verbose = args.verbose - args.quiet

    setup_logging(verbose)

    logger.debug(f"{time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}")
    logger.debug(f"{' '.join(sys.argv)}")
    logger.info(f"pipx version is {__version__}")
    logger.info(f"Default python interpreter is '{DEFAULT_PYTHON}'")

    mkdir(paths.ctx.venvs)
    mkdir(paths.ctx.bin_dir)
    mkdir(paths.ctx.man_dir)
    mkdir(paths.ctx.venv_cache)
    mkdir(paths.ctx.standalone_python_cachedir)

    for cachedir in [
        paths.ctx.venv_cache,
        paths.ctx.standalone_python_cachedir,
    ]:
        cachedir_tag = cachedir / "CACHEDIR.TAG"
        if not cachedir_tag.exists():
            logger.debug("Adding CACHEDIR.TAG to cache directory")
            signature = (
                "Signature: 8a477f597d28d172789f06886806bc55\n"
                "# This file is a cache directory tag created by pipx.\n"
                "# For information about cache directory tags, see:\n"
                "#       https://bford.info/cachedir/\n"
            )
            with open(cachedir_tag, "w") as file:
                file.write(signature)

    rmdir(paths.ctx.trash, False)

    old_pipx_venv_location = paths.ctx.venvs / "pipx-app"
    if old_pipx_venv_location.exists():
        logger.warning(
            pipx_wrap(
                f"""
                {hazard}  A virtual environment for pipx was detected at
                {old_pipx_venv_location!s}. The 'pipx-app' package has been
                renamed back to 'pipx'
                (https://github.com/pypa/pipx/issues/82).
                """,
                subsequent_indent=" " * 4,
            )
        )


def check_args(parsed_pipx_args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
    if parsed_pipx_args.command == "run":
        # we manually discard a first -- because using nargs=argparse.REMAINDER
        #   will not do it automatically
        if parsed_pipx_args.app_with_args and parsed_pipx_args.app_with_args[0] == "--":
            parsed_pipx_args.app_with_args.pop(0)
        # since we would like app to be required but not in a separate argparse
        #   add_argument, we implement our own missing required arg error
        if not parsed_pipx_args.app_with_args:
            parsed_pipx_args.subparser.error("the following arguments are required: app")


def cli() -> ExitCode:
    """Entry point from command line"""
    try:
        hide_cursor()
        parser, subparsers = get_command_parser()
        argcomplete.autocomplete(parser)
        parsed_pipx_args = parser.parse_args()
        setup(parsed_pipx_args)
        check_args(parsed_pipx_args)
        if not parsed_pipx_args.command:
            parser.print_help()
            return ExitCode(1)
        return run_pipx_command(parsed_pipx_args, subparsers)
    except PipxError as e:
        print(str(e), file=sys.stderr)
        logger.debug(f"PipxError: {e}", exc_info=True)
        return ExitCode(1)
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        return ExitCode(1)
    except Exception:
        logger.debug("Uncaught Exception:", exc_info=True)
        raise
    finally:
        logger.debug("pipx finished.")
        show_cursor()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(cli())