In PyKEEN, the base class for Knowledge Graph Embedding Models is :class:`pykeen.models.ERModel`.

It combines entity and relation representations with an interaction function. On a very-high level, triple scores are obtained by first extracting the representations corresponding to the head and tail entity and relation (given as integer indices), and then uses the interaction interaction function to calculate a scalar score from them.

This tutorial gives a high-level overview of these components, and explains how to extend and modify them.

A :class:`pykeen.nn.representation.Representation` module provides a method to obtain representations, e.g., vectors, for given integer indices. These indices may correspond to entity or relation indices. The representations are chosen by providing appropriate inputs to the parameters

• entity_representations / entity_representations_kwargs for entity representations, or
• relation_representations / relation_representations_kwargs for relation representations.

These inputs are then used to instantiate the representations using :meth:`pykeen.nn.representation_resolver.make_many`. Notice that the model class, :class:`pykeen.models.ERModel`, takes care of filling in the max_id parameter into the ..._kwargs. The default is to use a single :class:`pykeen.nn.Embedding` for entities and relations, as encountered in many publications.

The following examples are for entity representations, but can be equivalently used for relation representations.

• a single :class:`pykeen.nn.Embedding` with dimensionality 64, suitable, e.g., for interactions such as :class:`pykeen.nn.TransEInteraction`, or :class:`pykeen.nn.DistMultInteraction`.

  model = ERModel(
      # the default:
      # entity_representations=None,
      # equivalent to
      # entity_representations=[None],
      # equivalent to
      # entity_representations=[pykeen.nn.Embedding],
      entity_representations_kwargs=dict(shape=64),
      ...,
  )

• two :class:`pykeen.nn.Embedding` with same dimensionality 64, suitable, e.g., for interactions such as :class:`pykeen.nn.BoxEInteraction`

  model = ERModel(
      entity_representations=[None, None],
      # note: ClassResolver.make_many supports "broad-casting" kwargs
      entity_representations_kwargs=dict(shape=64),
      # equivalent:
      # entity_representations_kwargs=[dict(shape=64), dict(shape=64)],
      ...,
  )

An interaction function calculates scalar scores from head, relation and tail representations. These scores can be interpreted as the plausibility of a triple, i.e., the higher the score, the more plausible the triple is. Good models thus should output high scores for true triples, and low scores for false triples.

In PyKEEN, interactions are provided as subclasses of :class:`pykeen.nn.Interaction`, which is a :class:`torch.nn.Module`, i.e., it can hold additional (trainable) parameters, and can also be used outside of PyKEEN. Its core method is :meth:`pykeen.nn.Interaction.forward`, which receives batches of head, relation and tail representations and calculates the corresponding triple scores.

As with the representations, interactions passed to :class:`pykeen.models.ERModel` are resolved, this time using :meth:`pykeen.nn.interaction_resolver.make`. Hence, we can provide, e.g., strings corresponding to the interaction function instead of an instantiated class. Further information can be found at :ref:`using_resolvers`.