Modules for use with VCV Rack 2.0, with an emphasis on generative and self-regulating structure. Exploring the region between random and static.

• Memory System: A set of inter-related recording/playback modules with their own documentation.
• BASICally: A simple, likely familiar procedural programming language within the context of VCV Rack.
• Drifter: Creates sequences of values that can slowly (or quickly) vary, like a series of points doing random walks connected into a series.
• Fermata: A text editor and labeling module. Write much longer text notes. Resizable, scrolls, font choices, and more. Or just add some visual emphasis, Stochastic Telegraph-style.
• Fuse: Block, allow, or attenuate a signal passing through, based on the number of triggers observed in a different signal.
• TTY: A scrolling text window that displays distinct values it gets, and also displays Tipsy text messages sent by other modules (like BASICally).
• Venn: A 2D graphical signal generator consisting of up to sixteen visible Circles and a visible Point chosen by mouse or CV. Where the Point is in relation to a Circle determines four CV values per Circle.

A simple, likely familiar procedural programming language within the context of VCV Rack. Can act like:

• a very flexible sequencer
• VCO or LFO
• a wavefolder
• a control voltage utility
• sample and hold
• a tape delay or tape loop
• all of the above and more, simultaneously

Useful for:

• quickly trying out an idea
• simple transformations that would otherwise involve many small utility modules
• non-standard approaches to otherwise straightforward ideas

Note that STYLE is set to "Start on trigger, don't loop".

The examples above are all in this patch. A patch with some simple/strange/silly ideas for other things BASICally can do are in this patch.

There are over a dozen presets demonstrating how BASICally can be used, including unusual sequencers, oscillators, tape and delay effects, a sample and hold, a signal router, and four different quantizers. Since the workings of these are controlled solely by the BASICally code, it's easy to change how they behave.

While there are other modules with a similar emphasis on "writing code within VCV", BASICally has some interesting differences:

• It intentionally bears a visual resemblance to the BASIC language (albeit a quite limited version of BASIC). BASIC is a language that many people know, once knew, or can pick up by looking at examples.
• The right side of the module is a resize bar; pull it to the right or left, and the code window changes size. Handy for reading those long comments without line breaks and for shrinking the module down to a small size when you don't wish to edit the code. Also, the text window scrolls vertically as you move through it.
• Four different run "STYLES" (see Controls below), giving it the ability to act on a RUN trigger, or to run the most recent working version continuously as you type, or only run while a button or trigger is pressed.
• Edits in the text window become part of the VCV Rack Undo/Redo system.
• You can pick from a (small) number of screen color schemes in the menu.
• Scientific pitch notation is supported (e.g., c4, Db2, d#8). They are turned into V/OCT values.
• Using the Tipsy text protocol, BASICally can send messages to modules that accept Tipsy text messages, such as TTY. This can be useful for debugging and other situations where mere graphs are not as informative as text, and one may expect future modules that accept Tipsy text messages.
• Easily allows for multitasking within the same BASICally module.

Always in the form:

variable name = mathematical expression

Set values of the OUT1, OUT2, OUT3, OUT4, OUT5, and OUT6 ports for other modules to read via connected cables. Assignment is also used for setting variables for use elsewhere by your program.

Examples:

' Creates a variable called 'foo' and sets it to 3.0. All values
' in BASICally are floating point numbers.
foo = 3
' Uses the value of the 'foo' variable.
bar = 5 * in1 + foo
' Sets the value of the OUT1 port.
out1 = bar * -0.01
' Sets out2 equal to -1.9. Operator precedence is the same as most other languages.
out2 = 0.1 + 2 * -1
' Set out2 to emit the V/OCT value for middle C.
out2 = C4

• All variables start with the value 0.0 when first read.
• Variables stay available in the environment of a module until the patch is restarted. This is true even if the code that created the variable has been removed from the program.
• OUT1-6 are by default clamped to the range -10v <--> 10v. You can make individual OUT ports unclamped in the module menu. Input values and internal values are not clamped.
• Scientific pitch notation is supported (e.g., c4, Db2, d#8), turning them into V/OCT values. So you can use out1 = c4, send OUT1 to a VCO in the default position, and the VCO will output a tone at middle C.

The following are operators and functions you can use in mathematical expressions:

• "+", "-", "*", "/" -- add, subtract, multiply, divide. Note that dividing any number by zero, while undefined in mathematics, is defined by BASICally to be 0.0.
• "<", "<=", ">" , ">=", "==", "!=" -- comparison operators. Most commonly used in IF-THEN[-ELSE] statements.
• "and", "or", "not" -- Boolean logic operators. For purposes of these, a zero value is treated as FALSE, and any non-zero value is treated as TRUE.
• Technical note: correct testing of equality or inequality in floating point numbers is notoriously non-obvious to beginners (and even experts). For example, in previous versions of BASICally, "3.1" does NOT equal "31 * .1"! As of version 2.0.14, BASICally uses an ever-so-slightly looser definition of equality, as described at the end of the essay linked above. For most uses this will work exactly as before and be less prone to surprises like this example. But if you find yourself comparing two numbers and you want differences of 0.00001V to matter, I'll suggest that instead of writing "a == b", you use "a <= b AND a >= b", which does not invoke the looser definition.

Note on time() and time_millis(): The resolution of these clocks appears to be system-dependent. On my Windows system, for one, the minimum non-zero interval between calls to time_millis() is about 16 milliseconds. This makes them unsuitable for making, say, consistent 40Hz signals.

BASICally can create text messages and send them in the Tipsy encoding to modules that can use them or display them (for example, TTY or Memory).

As of version 2.0.16, BASICally has variables and arrays that can store text. These are distinguished from other variables by the name ending in a "$". For example:

hey$ = "hello, "
you$[0] = {"world", "planet", "Earth", "universe"}
pick = random(0, 4)   ' A number from 0 -> 3.99999..., 
print(OUT6, hey$, you$[pick], "!")

Always in the form:

WAIT mathematical expression

Specifies a number of milliseconds for the program to make no changes. The OUTn ports maintain their voltages at the values they were at when the WAIT started.

Examples:

' Waits a full second.'
wait 1000
' Wait half of one thousandth of a second.
WAIT 0.5
' wait [in2] tenths of a second.
wait in2 * 100
' The shortest possible WAIT. Exactly one sample.
WAIT 0
' Negative values are treated as if the were zero.
WAIT -3

If you find that your BASICally module is using a lot of CPU, even a short WAIT will help make the module use less CPU.

A single quote (') followed by a space indicates that the rest of the line will be treated as a comment only to be read by the user. Comments have no effect on the execution of other statements.

Examples:

out2 = c3 ' A C3 note.
out2 = -1 ' Also a C3 note.
WAIT 200 ' Pause for 1/5 of a second.
' The next line can be turned on just by removing the initial tick (').
' out1 = 2.3 * in1  ' Look, I'm live-coding!

Simple one-dimensional, 0-indexed arrays are available. The index will have floor() act on it internally. Using an index less than zero will be ignored.

a[3.3] = 2.2  ' Same as a[3] = 2.2
a[-1] = 6     ' Ignored, will have no effect.

You can set a series of values in a array quickly by specifying just the initial index, and enclosing the series of values with curly braces '{}' For example, this will assign value to b[1], b[2], and b[3]. Note that these values do not need to be constants, as some other languages require.

b[1] = { -5, sin(in3), 2.2 }

Reading from an array works the same; The index will have floor() act on it internally. Using an index less than zero will return a value of 0.0. Accessing any index within the array that hasn't been set will also return a value of 0.0.

out1 = b[1]

Unlike BASIC and many other languages, there is no need to set the size of the array before using it (i.e, there is no DIM() statement.)

There are also arrays of strings, see Text Functions for details.

There are four kinds of IF statements:

IF conditional expression THEN

...Statements for True...

END IF

or

IF conditional expression THEN

...statements for True...

ELSE

...Statements for False...

END IF

or

IF conditional expression 1 THEN

...Statements for expression 1 is True...

ELSEIF conditional expression 2 THEN

...Statements for expression 2 is True...

ELSEIF conditional expression 3 THEN

...Statements for expression 3 is True... (You can have multiple ELSEIF clauses.)

END IF

or

IF conditional expression 1 THEN

...Statements for expression 1 is True...

ELSEIF conditional expression 2 THEN

...Statements for expression 2 is True...

ELSEIF conditional expression 3 THEN

...Statements for expression 3 is True... (You can have multiple ELSEIF clauses.)

ELSE

...Statements for expression 3 is False...

END IF

The conditional expression evaluates to False if it equals zero; it evaluates to True otherwise.

Examples:

if in1 > 3.7 then
  out1 = in2 * 0.01
  out2 = sin(in2)
end if

if in1 > 3.7 or foo == -1 then
  out1 = in2 * 0.01
  out2 = sin(in2)
else
  out1 = 0
  out2 = 0.5
end if

if a == 5 then
  out1 = in2 + 1
elseif a == 4 then
  out1 = in2
elseif a == 3 then
  out1 = in2 - 1
else
  out1 = in3
end if

Useful for repeating statements for some limited number of times. There are two kinds of FOR loops:

FOR variable = expression TO expression ...Statements... NEXT

(variable goes up by one every loop)

or

FOR variable = expression TO expression STEP expression ...Statements... NEXT

(variable goes up by the STEP expression every loop, or down if it's negative)

Examples:

for i = -5 to 5
  out1 = i
  wait 100
next
' out1 will be: -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and then leave the loop

for i = 0 to 5
  for j = 0.4 to 0 step -0.1
    out1 = i + j
    wait 10
  next
  wait 100
next
' out1 will be: 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2, ...

Note that the TO and STEP expressions are only computed when entering the loop.

dest = 10
leap = 2
FOR j = 0 TO dest STEP leap
  dest = .1  ' Has no effect on loop.
  leap = .1  ' Also no effect.
  out1 = j
  wait 10
next
' out1 will be: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and then leave the loop.

NB: Remember that all variables, including the loop variables in FOR-NEXT loops, are in the same variable space. If you are using blocks which might be running at the same time, make sure you use different loop variables in different blocks. Not doing so leads to VERY confusing behavior when running.

While in a FOR loop, there may be circumstances when you want to change what statements to run. There are two special ways to do this.

CONTINUE FOR moves execution back to the beginning of the loop, changing the variable value as it normally would.

EXIT FOR, in contrast, moves to the statement after the NEXT, quitting the loop entirely.

Examples:

for i = 0 to 5
  if i == 2 then CONTINUE FOR end if  ' Skips rest of loop when i == 2.
  out1 = i
  wait 100
next
' out1 will be 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, and then leave this loop.

for i = 0 to 5
  if i == 2 then EXIT FOR end if   ' Leaves loop when i == 2.
  out1 = i
  wait 100
next
' out1 will be 0, 1, and then leave this loop.

Similarly, you can use CONTINUE ALL to move execution to the top of the program (or ALSO block).

For the two STYLES that support halting the program, which are:

• Start on trigger, loop
• Start on trigger, don't loop

encountering an EXIT ALL will actually halt the program/block. A trigger to the RUN input or pushing the RUN button will start it again.

"CLEAR ALL" resets all variables to 0, and resets all arrays to empty.

Whenever a "RESET" is executed, it immediately stops processing this sample, and on the next sample each block (see Multitasking, below) will start from scratch. It does NOT change any variable values. This is very similar to the state when you've just typed a character into the editing window and the code compiles correctly, with one exception; recompiling the code makes start() become true, but RESET does NOT make start() become true.

Note that RESET's effect is immediate. For example:

...
IF trigger(in7) OR foo > 20 THEN
  RESET
  out2 = 0
END IF
...

the "out2 = 0" will NEVER be executed.

Note: This section has kind of advanced topics, or at least they have the potential to make BASICally more confusing, especially if you are new to programming in general. You don't need to know this part to make BASICally do useful things for you, so feel free to skip this section the first time you learn about BASICally. But come back later; this may be useful to you soon.

The code style described above (one big loop of code that gets repeated) doesn't allow for certain kinds of programs to be easily written, and can be less efficient than required. For example, when running in just one loop:

• Any initialization code will get executed every time. One can minimize this to an extent by setting and checking an "init" variable being non-zero, but this concept should be better integrated into the language.
• Running two loops with WAITs in them would be diabolically difficult to write.
• Checking for a trigger at an IN port is difficult, and impossible during a WAIT.

To allow BASICally to do these things, version 2.0.7 introduced "multitasking" and "blocks".

There are two kinds of Blocks of code.

ALSO blocks each run continuously, exactly the way the (un-blocked) code examples elsewhere in this manual do. For example:

FOR OUT1 = -5 TO 5 STEP 0.1
  WAIT 100
NEXT

Causes OUT1 to emit a stepped saw wave with a period of 10 seconds.

However, if you wanted the same program to also run this downward saw on OUT2:

FOR OUT2 = 5 TO -1 STEP -0.2
  WAIT 75
NEXT

that would be very difficult. But with ALSO blocks, it's easy.

FOR OUT1 = -5 TO 5 STEP 0.1
  WAIT 100
NEXT

ALSO
FOR OUT2 = 5 TO -1 STEP -0.2
  WAIT 75
NEXT
END ALSO

Now both loops will run at the same time!

The ALSO ... END ALSO is the new part here. Each ALSO block runs simultaneously with all of the other blocks. The ALSO blocks are run in the order that they appear in the program. So in this example:

' Block1
IF IN1 == 0 THEN
  foo = random(0, 1)
END IF

' Block2
ALSO
out1 = foo * 10
END ALSO

Then the foo variable that Block2 uses will be changed when Block1 changes it. They share the same "variable space".

As we see in these examples, if there is code at the top of the program that isn't otherwise in a block, BASICally treats it like an ALSO block. Note that these all work the same:

(some code)

ALSO
(more code)
END ALSO

ALSO
(some code)
END ALSO

ALSO
(more code)
END ALSO

But the following won't compile:

ALSO
(some code)
END ALSO

(more code)

WHEN Blocks are of the form:

WHEN (condition)
(some code)
END WHEN

For example:

WHEN foo > 3
FOR OUT1 = -5 TO 5 STEP 0.1
  WAIT 100
NEXT
END WHEN

BASICally will wait for the condition (in this case, "foo > 3") to be true, and then will start running the FOR-NEXT loop. Once the FOR-NEXT loop has completed, the block will stop running until the condition is true again. All of this is independent of the ALSO blocks; they will continue running simultaneously.

WHEN Blocks are useful when used with the start() or trigger() methods, especially for running the "initialization" code mentioned above:

' A trigger to IN9 resets the speed the notes are played.
FOR n = 0 TO 3
  out1 = note[n]
  WAIT pause_length
NEXT

WHEN start() OR trigger(in9)
IF start() THEN
  note[0] = { c3, g3, c4, c4 }  ' The notes in my score.
END IF
pause_length = random(100, 2000)  '  How fast we play the notes.
END WHEN

Some notes about how this all works under the hood.

Every sample, BASICally does the following:

• Walk through the list of WHEN Blocks, in the order they appear in the code.
• • If a WHEN block is not already running, then the (condition) is evaluated, and if it is true, then the Block is started.
• • If a WHEN block was already running (or was just started in the step above), then it is run for one sample's worth of time.
• Walk through the ALSO Blocks, in the order they appear in the code.
• • Each ALSO Block is run for one sample's worth of time.

NB: Remember that all variables, including the loop variables in FOR-NEXT loops, are in the same variable space. If you are using blocks which might be running at the same time, make sure you use different loop variables in different blocks. Not doing so leads to VERY confusing behavior when running.

For example:

WHEN trigger(IN1)
  FOR i = 1 to 10  ' Uses "i"
    foo[i] = random(0, 10)
  NEXT
END WHEN

WHEN bar > 3
  FOR i = -5 to 5 STEP 0.1  ' ALSO uses "i"!
    OUT1 = sin(i)
  NEXT
END WHEN

is going to have wildly unpredictable results whenever both WHEN blocks are running at the same time. Better for the second block to use "j", or "i2", or something meaningful in context that is not used elsewhere in the program.

BASICally is intended for the very casual user, with the hope that examples alone will suffice to suggest how programs can be written. Because of the UI limitations, detailed error reporting is difficult to provide. But if you hover your mouse over the little red area to the left that says "Fix", it will attempt to point out the first place that BASICally couldn't understand the code.

Programs are typically short. For that reason, this language doesn't need the features that are useful for writing long programs but increase the amount of boilerplate code. Here are a few surprising differences from more robust languages:

• BASICally is case-insensitive. "OUT1", "oUt1", and "out1" all refer to the same variable. "WAIT" and "wait" are identical in meaning. DB3, Db3, and db3 are the same note. I would certainly suggest you capitalize consistently within in your programs to make them easier to read, but BASICally won't insist on it.
• Newlines do not matter, except that comments always end at the newline. The following are identical in meaning:

out1 = sin(in2) * 0.3 + mod(in1, 4)

 out1 =
 sin(in2)
   * 0.3
      + mod(
  in1, 4)

If lines are wrapping around in a way that makes it hard to read, remember that you can resize the code window by dragging the right-side edge of the module.

• Indentation does not matter. That said, even short programs can become more readable to you by using the indentation demonstrated in the examples.

In the case of

wait in2 * 100

the length of time might get shorter or longer if in2 changes while the WAIT has started. For example, if in2 is 10.0 when the WAIT starts, then it will start to wait for 1000 millis. However, if, say, 100 milliseconds later the value of in2 changes to 0.5, then the WAIT is now for 50 milliseconds. What should happen?

What BASICally does is frequently recompute the wait time and then see if the WAIT has already exceeded the new value; if it does, the WAIT ends and the next statement runs. Doing this makes BASICally more responsive to changes from the user.

If this is not what you want, just assign the value to a variable:

pause_ms = in2 * 100
wait pause_ms

Then (in the scenario above) the length of the WAIT will be 1000 millis, and no change to in2 during the WAIT can change that.

Note that this differs from the way FOR-NEXT loops work, where the TO and STEP values are computed only upon entering the loop.

Under the hood, WAIT statements are how BASICally knows to stop running its code and pass control back to the other modules in VCV Rack. If it never WAITed, VCV Rack would hang and eventually the program will crash. Therefore, there are a number of hardwired WAIT 0 lines inserted. For example, consider this program:

OUT3 = 0
WAIT 100
FOR level = 0 To 5 STEP 0.01
  OUT3 = level
NEXT
OUT1 = sin(in2 * in2)

Under the hood, it is turned into:

OUT3 = 0
WAIT 100
FOR level = 0 To 5 STEP 0.01
  OUT3 = level
  WAIT 0   ' There is a hidden WAIT 0 inserted just before every NEXT in a FOR-NEXT loop.
NEXT
OUT1 = sin(in2 * in2)
WAIT 0  ' There is a hidden WAIT 0 inserted at the bottom of the program.

The lit word in the upper left corner indicates whether or not BASICally has figured out how to turn your code into instructions. If it looks like:

then BASICally can run your code. However if it looks like:

Then it cannot run the code as it stands. You can see that the line where it gets confused is highlighted in red.

If you roll the mouse pointer over the "Fix", then BASICally will attempt to describe the first error it found. As you can see here, it can only vaguely tell you where it got confused and why. Note that if the editing window is scrolled away from the line where the error occurs, you won't be able to see the highlight line until you scroll up (or down) to it.

If the red and green colors are hard to tell apart, there is a menu option to change it to blue and orange.

There are four options to determine when the code will run. Three of them rely on the RUN Button and trigger/gate, which are described below.

• Always run -- Will always try to run the latest code in the window that compiled. This is the best state for making changes on the fly and seeing them applied immediately. Also nice for when you are first determining what your code for this module should be. Note that when the code changes, BASICally restart the code from the start of the code.

• Start on trigger, loop -- If not already running, then it waits for the RUN button to be pressed or a trigger to be seen by the RUN input. When the signal to run happens, it will run and "loop", meaning it will when it gets to the last line, it will do a "WAIT 0", and then start again from the top.

• Start on trigger, don't loop -- If not already running, then it waits for the RUN button to be pressed or a trigger to be seen by the RUN input. When the signal to run happens, it will run and then stop when the last line is reached. This is useful for making Sample & Hold behavior; the RUN input becomes the trigger for the Hold.

• Run when gate is open -- While the RUN button is pressed or the RUN input is high, then BASICALLY will run. If the button is released or the input falls low, then the program will stop. As long as the program isn't changed, when the next button press/input high occurs, execution will pick up from where it left off. For example, suppose a five second WAIT starts, and then after 3.5 seconds the button is released. When the button is later pressed, the WAIT will continue for another 1.5 seconds before moving on to the next statement.

You can specify a short title that will appear above the INn ports. This may make it easier to identify what each BASICally module is doing, especially when you've minimized the size.

A small number of choices about text colors.

By default, if BASICally can't understand your code in its entirety, then it will attempt to highlight the line where it stopped understanding your code. It's not terribly accurate, but gives you a sense of where to change your code. If the red highlight is distracting, you can turn it off here.

By default, BASICally uses green and red for the Good/Fix light. In hopes of making the distinction clearer to more people, this option turns those colors to blue and orange, and makes the error line highlighting orange as well.

Normally OUTn values are not allowed to go below -10V or go above 10V; the bulk of VCV Rack modules do not have meaningful uses for values outside of that range. However, values within BASICally can be any floating point number, and it can be useful (especially for debugging a script) to see the true value of a variable in an OUTn. You can clamp/unclamp each of the OUTn ports individually in this menu.

Two modules that can usefully display the unclamped values are ML Modules' Volt Meter and NYSTHI's MultiVoltimetro.

Just in case you're in the middle of coding and you don't want to look up this documentation, there's some hints about the syntax of BASICally. You can click on a particular statement and it will be inserted into your code.

• If the text is taking over 1000 physical lines (like if the window is really narrow, and there is a LOT of text), then you can only show the first 1000 lines. I'll gently suggest you make the module wider, and then more of the text will be reachable.

When the module is bypassed, all OUTn ports are set to zero volts.

• Frank Buss's Formula.
• docB's Formula One, which, compared to BASICally, seems to be slightly more CPU efficient for doing raw math.
• Monome Teletype, If I understand it correctly, it mostly responds to triggers with scripts in a very terse language, likely an artifact of the hardware it is based on. Looks pretty deep and interesting.
• docB's dbRackCsound (download), which uses the very powerful CSound engine. Not in the Library as I write this (January 2023).
• VCV Prototype, which I think is only available for VCV Rack version 1. But you can write code in Lua or Javascript (in an external editor).

Creates sequences of values that can slowly (or quickly) vary, like a series of points doing random walks connected into a series.

• Set this up, and you'll just hear a single tone.
• Now try tapping the DRIFT button a few times, and you'll hear the frequency change.
• The IN signal is the value coming out of the Saw wave, and is shown in the display as a short line moving from left to right along the bottom.
• The OUT signal is the height (Y position) of the line in the display that jumps whenever you press DRIFT at the X position of IN.
• Set the TOTAL DRIFT value to something larger, like 5.0.
• Now press DRIFT; the line moves a lot more now!
• Play with the STYLE knob, which changes the shape of the line in the display and hear how that changes the OUT values.
• There are many more knobs and controls, and they are described below. They long to be twiddled!

More examples can be found in this patch. You can hear the results.

Creating or modifying a series of values you wish was gradually (or drastically) changing - melodies, volume levels, waveforms, CV levels. Note that the use of a Saw wave as the input in the sample rack is just to better illustrate the idea of it being a transformation function; you can put whatever you like into IN. Sine wave, oscillator output, random,... Drifter alters signals, basically.

Here's a video from Pazi K. showing two Drifters being used to simultaneously create the timbre of two sounds and create matching visuals in Etchasketchoscope.

Another patch, this one demonstratating using Drifter to hold melodies that we play several times and then allow to vary at specific times.

(Someday I'll make a video or two that demonstrates these other notions better.)

The maximum distance, in V, that each point can move along the X-axis (i.e., left-to-right) in one DRIFT event. Setting it to zero locks the points horizontally in place. Higher values allow larger changes each DRIFT. Hint: start small.

Sets the range of the expected inputs and outputs from 0V - 10V or -5V - +5V.

The maximum distance, in V, that each point can move in the 2-dimensional space in one DRIFT event. Setting it to zero locks the points in place. Higher values allow larger changes each time. Hint: start small.

Selects one of three options:

• Left and right end points stay locked at their current value OR end points drift up and down when DRIFT events occur.
• Left and right end points drift independently.
• The right-side end point stays at the same value as the left one.

A trigger to the Input or a Button press will cause all of the points defining the output curve to move once, within the limits set by X DRIFT, TOTAL DRIFT, and ENDS.

The number of segments in the steps/line/curve, from 1 (just connecting the end points) to 32. Takes effect at the next RESET.

A trigger to the Input or a Button press resets the line to its starting position (see Menu Options below for choosing a starting position). This also applies any change to COUNT.

Selects one of three different line types, Steps/Lines/Curves. Changes are applied instantly.

Selects the horizontal position of the point on the line to be selected. Shown on the display as a short line at the bottom of the display.

The vertical position of the line at the position determined by IN.

• If checked - when the rack is saved, the current position of the line will be saved with the rack, and that position will be loaded along with the rack.
• If not checked - when the rack is loaded, the line will always start at all zeros.

The default behavior for Drifter is to reset the line to evenly-spaced zero values. However, this makes using Drifter for some uses tricky, so there are many other shapes you can now RESET to. Each shape has variants called simply A, B, C, and D.

Variants A, B, C, and D

Note that the transients in these "squares" aren't perfectly vertical, because there is always initially some horizontal distance between the points that define the shape.

If this module is bypassed, then OUT will equal IN.

Write longer notes! And wider or narrower text notes.

Here is Fermata:

• as a label, in three of the six available sizes
• expanded a bit, turning it into a text editor
• further expanded, and with different font and screen color choices.

• Instructions for playing the patch.
• Notes/reminders on how this part of the patch works. Take a look at this patch for one example of what this might look like.
• TODO's or ideas.
• A short story you're writing while listening to your patch.
• As a label, the title names a chunk of the patch, allowing the person seeing it to pull it open and, say, read more detail on how it works. An example of this can be found in this patch.

• Up and down arrow keys work mostly like you expect. Home and End go to the top and bottom of the text, PgUp and PgDown go up and down a screen length.
• Text scrolls as you move up and down.
• Resize the module by dragging the left or right edges. Size can range from 3-64 HP.
• Pick from a (small) variety of fonts.
• Pick from a (small) variety of foreground/background colors.
• Set the title in the module menu.

Also useful for making a label:

• Set the title in the menu.
• Resize the module narrow enough (3-8 HP) and the title becomes a large label.

Type in the title you'd like to use here.

Pick from a small number of color choices for the editor window.

Pick from a small number of fonts. The "Mono" fonts are monospaced fonts.

• If the text is taking over 1000 physical lines (like if the window is really narrow, and there is a LOT of text), then you can only show the first 1000 lines. I'll gently suggest you make the module wider, and then more of the text will be reachable.

If this module is bypassed, then it will be darker. But otherwise, no different.

• VCV's Notes.

• cf's LABEL.
• NYSTHI's Label and LabelSlim.
• stoermelder's GLUE.
• Submarine's TD-510, TD-410, and TD-316.

Block, allow, or attenuate a signal passing through, based on the number of triggers observed in a different signal.

Here the LIMIT is set to 7, and Fuse basically acts like a clock divider, sending out a trigger every seven input triggers and then resetting the count.

Set this up and let it run, and you'll see that each setting of STYLE has a different effect on the relationship between IN and OUT, especially as the count of TRIGGER events gets closer to LIMIT. See the STYLE Knob description for details.

More examples can be found in this patch. You can hear the results.

• Paired with other modules, can simulate modules that "wear out" or "break" with repeated use.
• Allow generative patches to self-conduct behavioral changes over time.
• Periodically reset other accumulated state in a patch (e.g., in Drifter).
• Create fade-ins or fade-outs of signals that take hours to complete.

Note that hovering the cursor over the colored fuse progress bar displays the current count of TRIGGER events seen and the percentage of the LIMIT has been reached

Selects from one of four styles of behavior:

• BLOW CLOSED (IN -> 0.0) ** While count is less than LIMIT, OUT equals IN. Once count >= LIMIT, OUT is set to 0.0V.
• BLOW OPEN (0.0 -> IN) ** While count is less than LIMIT, OUT equals 0.0V. Once count >= LIMIT, OUT equals IN.
• NARROW (IN * (1 - count/LIMIT) -> 0.0) ** Initially, OUT equals IN. As the count increases, OUT becomes an increasingly attenuated version of IN, until it eventually becomes 0.0V.
• WIDEN (IN * (count/LIMIT) -> IN) ** Initially, OUT is 0.0V. As the count increases, OUT becomes an increasingly larger version of IN, until it eventually equals IN.

Specify the number of TRIGGER events (from 1 to 1000) that need to be received for the Fuse to blow.

Hint: To count more than 1000 TRIGGER events, connect the BLOWN signal of a first Fuse (with LIMIT X) to the TRIGGER of a second (with LIMIT Y) and to the RESET of the first; then the second Fuse will blow after X*Y TRIGGER events.

A trigger to the Input or a Button press adds one to the count of accumulated TRIGGER events. If that count now equals LIMIT, then BLOWN will emit a short trigger.

If the fuse is not currently blown, then a trigger to the Input or a Button press subtracts one from the count of accumulated TRIGGER events.

A trigger to the Input or a Button press resets the count of accumulated TRIGGER events to zero.

In math terms, OUT = X * IN. X is a value from 0.0 - 1.0 that is determined by the STYLE, LIMIT and current count of TRIGGER events.

Note that this knob controls the slew on X, not the slew on OUT. At the default SLEW value (0.0), changes to X happen instantaneously; this might cause clicks in OUT, especially when OUT is an audio signal (e.g., a Sine wave) using the NARROW or WIDEN style. Values of 0.1 will generally prevent this click.

The value of SLEW is the minimum number of seconds it takes for X to change from 0.0 -> 1.0 or from 1.0 -> 0.0. This means it will also affect how quickly RESET takes effect. For example, a SLEW value of 2.3 means that a RESET to a blown BLOW CLOSED Fuse will take 2.3 seconds to move from OUT = 0.0 -> OUT = IN. The change will be linear (i.e., a straight line).

Outputs a single trigger once count == LIMIT.

The signal being altered by Fuse.

The altered version of IN. See STYLE Knob for how it will be altered.

A convenience only used when IN has no cable running into it. The option (-10V, -5V, -1V, 1V, 5V, 10V) that is selected (if any) is then assumed to be the constant value entering IN. This constant value is then affected by the STYLE, LIMIT, and count of TRIGGERS when computing OUT, as per the usual case.

If this module is bypassed, then OUT will equal IN. If IN has no cable running into it, then OUT will be 0.0V, even if the "Unplugged value of IN" menu option is set to something else.

• AlliewayAudio's Bumper.
• ML Modules' Counter.

A teletype-like module for displaying text messages. Useful for debugging or saving sets of values that are of interest. TTY can also track streams of unique CV values from modules, noting them only when they change.

Video of TTY in action.

TTY logs the values being produced by Random.

TTY logging the text being sent by BASICally.

TTY logging the text being sent by Memory when it loads or saves files.

More examples in this patch.

• Logging CV values that a generative or non-deterministic process creates. In some cases, this is more precise, more fine-grained, and easier to read than a scope trace, especially when monitoring over a long period of time.
• Logging text messages from modules that produce them using the Tipsy protocol. As of this writing in June 2024, the only such modules that I know of are my BASICally and Memory modules.

• Note that navigation works much better when the Pause button is lit. Up and Down arrow keys work mostly like you expect. Home and End go to the top and bottom of the text, PgUp and PgDown go up and down a screen length.
• Text scrolls as you move up and down.
• Resize the module by dragging the right edge. Size can range from 4-64 HP.
• Pick from a (small) variety of fonts. Be sure to try "Veteran Typewriter" font for a more authentic teletype feeling.
• Pick from a (small) variety of foreground/background colors. Be sure to try "Black on Yellow (TTY Paper)" for that authentic teletype feeling.
• Can be cleared by clicking the CLEAR button or by sending a "!!CLEAR!!" message.

Specifies the number of milliseconds between reads on the V1/V2 inputs. If set to zero, then every sample will be examined. If set to 1000, then TTY will only examine inputs to V1/V2 once every second. Note that a low number (turning the knob to the right) means a very high RATE. This may be a poor nomenclature decision on my part. RATE has no effect on TEXT inputs.

Signals sent to V1 or V2 will be monitored. Each time they are examined (see RATE knob), if the value is different than it was the time before, the new value will be printed to the text window.

This button latches. If set, new messages will no longer be written to the log. When unset, new messages will start being written again to the log.

When pressed, the logging window will be cleared of all messages. The window will also be cleared if any of the TEXT inputs receives a message that is exactly the special message "!!CLEAR!!" (no quotes).

Text messages can be sent to these ports via the Tipsy protocol. If they have the Tipsy MIME type "text/plain", then they will be added to the log.

If set, then each message will be proceeded by the port that the message came from, e.g., from "1.23456" to "V1> 1.23456".

If set, then the text currently visible in the buffer will be saved into the patch, and will be restored when the patch is loaded. If not set, then the log will be empty when the patch starts.

Pick from a small number of color choices for the editor window.

Pick from a small number of fonts. The "Mono" fonts are monospaced fonts.

• By design, TTY only keeps the previous 900-1000 lines of output. By "lines", this means physical lines on the screen. Since line length is dictated by the screen width, this means that shrinking the module down to it's minimum width can result in deleting most of the contents of the output window.
• Putting noise into the TEXTn inputs can crash VCV Rack.
• If lines of text are scrolling by very quickly, it's probably using more CPU than you want. If the values are coming from V1 or V2, consider raising the RATE.
• There is internal load-shedding inside of TTY. If the UI is not keeping up with the all of messages being added, it will throw away new ones until the backlog is lessened. This typically only happens when V1/V2 is connected to a continuously changing signal (e.g., a VCO Sine wave) and the RATE is very high (like less than ten).

If this module is bypassed, then it will stop logging new input, much like when it is Paused.

• Despite TTY being a common shorthand for "teletype", do NOT confuse TTY with Monome's Teletype, which is a deep, interesting platform for dynamic algorithmic event triggering.

Venn is a signal generator for VCV Rack. It creates up to 64 CV signals simultaneously with an intuitive and visually appealing interface.

Venn's UI is inspired by part of Leafcutter John's Forester 2022 desktop sonic playground. Forester 2022 does a LOT more than Venn, and you should certainly take a look at it. This is just my take on an innovative piece of Forester that I wanted to see in VCV Rack.

• Using Venn to control the panning and mixing of four audio signals.
• A detailed look at editing the Circles and using Venn to create sonic neighborhoods.

• With a single gesture, change multiple aspects of a single sound, or change the mix of several sounds or effects, or both at the same time.
• Use it as a loose-as-you-like sequencer to send notes or events to other modules or connected MIDI instruments. The movement of the Point is highly controllable and can easily be made complex and yet non-random.
• If you attach audio rate X+Y signals, you'll get droning sounds from the outputs.
• Set up environments where signals that drive the position of the Point can vary the sound of a patch in numerous ways, like a process that takes two random numbers and turns them into a dozen slightly less random numbers.

The large black area in the center of Venn is where the Circles and the Point reside.

Each Circle has a number (displayed in the center), and that number is the same as the channel in the polyphonic outputs (on the right side of Venn) that it outputs to. Since the maximum polyphony of VCV Rack is sixteen channels, you can have no more than 16 Circles in one Venn.

The Circles are created, resized, moved, and deleted with keystrokes. These are all centered around the WASD keys familiar to anyone who has played games on a computer. These edits affect whichever Circle is currently selected; the currently selected Circle is shown in slightly thicker lines, and it's corresponding number is shown in a small window to the left of the Surface.

Just to spell out those icons:

• F - create a new Circle of slightly randomized size, centered on where the mouse cursor is currently hovering over the surface. That new Circle will now be the selected Circle.
• W/A/S/D - move the selected Circle around the space.
• Q - shrink the selected Circle
• E - enlarge the selecetd Circle
• Z/C - cycles through the Circles, selecting each in turn. C moves to the next higher numbered Circle, Z moves to lower numbers, and both gestures wrap around.
• R - this solos the selected Circle. Like soloing in a mixer, this turns off all of the other Circles, and only that Circle's output is non-zero in the outputs. You can still cycle through the Circles with Z/C, soloing each in turn. The display will show the muted Circles only faintly. Typing R again will turn off soloing, and all Circles will be registered in the outputs again.

When a new Venn module is created, a smaller version of the graphic above is shown in the upper left corner of the Surface; this provides hints to new users, reminders for returning users, and also informs the user that the keyboard commands are now active. Note that if you click elsewhere in your patch, the graphic will disappear, and this means those keyboard commands will no longer affect the Circles.

Once you've learned the keyboard commands, you may wish to have it out of the way so more of the Surface is visible. Unset the option in the module's menu (Show Keyboard Commands) to replace the graphic with a much smaller indicator. The smaller indicator still serves the purpose of letting you know when the keyboard commands will (or will not) work.

The Point is a small white circle in the Surface that controls the signals sent by each of the Circles. The position of Point is a pair of X and Y voltages, where X = -5, Y = -5 is at the lower left corner and X = 5, Y = 5 is at the upper right corner.

Its position can be set (and moved) in a number of ways:

• Clicking or dragging on the surface will move the Point to that position.
• On the left side of Venn, there are a number of controls to move Point:
• • Inputs at the top for setting X and Y. If these are not set, then the last position set by clicking on the surface will be used.
• • Below that, inputs with attenuverters are added to the values from the inputs (or last clicked position).
• • And below that are outputs of the current position of Point.
• Note that X and Y are independent of each other, meaning that you can, for example, use the inputs above to control the X position of Point, but control the Y solely by clicks on the surface.

A polyphonic output with as many channels as the highest numbered Circle.

Each channel is 0.0V when Point is outside of the corresponding Circle. The value ranges from 0V to 10V as Point approaches the center. How quickly that value increases is affected by the DISTANCE Shape Knob.

A polyphonic output with as many channels as the highest numbered Circle.

Each channel outputs 0V when Point is outside of it, and 10V gates when inside. You think of these as a gate signal for when the Point is inside a Circle.

These are polyphonic outputs with as many channels as the highest numbered Circle.

The values of a channel reflect the relative distance from the center of a Circle.

• Each channel is 0V when the Point is outside the Circle. Values within the Circle range from -5V to 5V (but see the INV and OFST switches).
• When Point is inside the Circle, then Point's horizontal or vertical distance from the center is divided by the radius of the Circle and muliplied by 5.
• For example, if Point is at X = 3, and that's inside a Circle whose center is at X = 4 with a radius of 2.5, then X for that Circle's channel is (3 - 4) / 2.5 * 5 = -2.

This parameter allows you to change how the DISTANCE value grows from 0V - 10V as Point approches the center.

• At full left (-1), the curve looks like the red line; rapidly increasing at first, then growing far more slowly.
• At center (0, the default), the curve looks like the yellow line; increasing linearly with distance.
• At full right (1), the curve looks like the green line; growing inperceptively, then growing far more quickly very near to the center.

When set, INV inverts the corresponding signal:

• For WITHIN, setting INV means that the value is 10.0 when Point is outside the Circle, and 0.0 when inside the Circle.
• For X, setting INV means that values increase as Point moves from right to left.
• For Y, setting INV means that values increase as Point moves from top to bottom.

When set, adds 5V to what would otherwise be output, so X or Y would output 0V - 10V instead of -5V - 5V.

The Randomize menu option found on every module will, in Venn, also replace any existing Circles with a random set of new ones.

As noted above, when set (the default), this will show the larger version of the editing keyboard commands. Unsetting it will replace it with a small icon.

If this module is bypassed, then all output values will be 0.0V. However, you can continue to edit the Surface, adding and changing Circles as you wish.

Thanks to all of the helpful people on the VCV Rack Community board for their willingness to help and advise me as I've been learning this new domain.

Many thanks to Marc Weidenbaum for his encouragement and enthusiasm for my module-making efforts.

Thanks to both BaconPaul and pachde of the VCV Rack community for greatly extending my silly idea to send text over a VCV cable and seeing far more value in it then I did. And for then doing the actual work of implementing it.

And my deepest gratitude to Diane LeVan, for letting me ignore her and/or the world for periods of time just to craft these things. I apologize for waking up with new ideas at 5AM, and for having a retirement hobby that is nearly impossible to even start describing to any of our friends.