references.bib

@article{G.Liebmann_1950,
  author={G Liebmann},
  title={Solution of Partial Differential Equations with a Resistance Network Analogue},
  journal={British Journal of Applied Physics},
  volume={1},
  number={4},
  pages={92},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0508-3443/1/i=4/a=303},
  year={1950},
  abstract={It is shown in this paper that resistance networks are capable of very high accuracy in the solution of partial differential equations with given boundary conditions, as the networks possess certain averaging properties. Fairly exhaustive tests carried out on a resistance network constructed by the author gave accuracies in the range of 1 part in 1 000 to 1 part in 10 000. The design of this resistance network is described; it is of the axially symmetrical type, with 60 meshes in the z -direction and 20 meshes in the r -direction, and is surrounded by a termination strip. Fifty current feeding points for adjusting boundary conditions are provided. The boundaries of the models need not coincide with the mesh points as correction can be made by local modifications of the network. It is also possible to take measurements within a mesh of the network and to simulate the introduction of dielectric material into an electric field. The high accuracy, and simplicity and speed of operation, make the resistance network a useful tool in the investigation of field distributions in many branches of science and engineering.}

@article{liebmann1954resistance,
  title={Resistance-network analogues with unequal meshes or subdivided meshes},
  author={Liebmann, G},
  journal={British Journal of Applied Physics},
  volume={5},
  number={10},
  pages={362},
  year={1954},
  publisher={IOP Publishing}
}

@article{G.Liebmann_1954,
  author={G Liebmann},
  title={Resistance-network analogues with unequal meshes or subdivided meshes},
  journal={British Journal of Applied Physics},
  volume={5},
  number={10},
  pages={362},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0508-3443/5/i=10/a=307},
  year={1954},
  abstract={A general method for deriving the finite difference approximations to the partial differential equation div K grad U = g , which is solved by resistance-network analogues, is applied to find the resistance values and the currents which have to be fed in for ( x , y )- and ( r , z )-networks with unequal mesh sizes. Two ways of subdividing a network into finer meshes in the ratio 1: 2 are then given, and a network subdivision in the ratio 2: 5 is described. Experimental tests have shown that these subdivisions introduce negligible errors into the measured field distributions.}
}

@article{G.Liebmann_1954_Second,
  author={G Liebmann and R Bailey},
  title={An improved experimental iteration method for use with resistance-network analogues},
  journal={British Journal of Applied Physics},
  volume={5},
  number={1},
  pages={32},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0508-3443/5/i=1/a=308},
  year={1954},
  abstract={When solving the wave equation ∇ 2 U + k 2 U = 0, and similar field problems, on resistance-network analogues by iteration, an error signal can be derived which is a measure of how far the analogue solution satisfies the given equation. An experimental apparatus is described for displaying simultaneously, on a cathode-ray tube screen, the error signals ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/icons/Entities/epsilon.gif] {epsilon} for a number of resistance-network points; the solution then proceeds until all ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/icons/Entities/epsilon.gif] {epsilon} ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/icons/Entities/simeq.gif] {simeq} 0. The apparatus can also be used to display network voltages or gradients, which is helpful in many other kinds of problems solved with resistance-network analogues, and to obtain solutions of "best fit" in equation solvers.}
}

@book{S.Farlow_1993,
      author        = {Farlow, Stanley J},
      title         = {Partial differential equations for scientists and
                       engineers},
      publisher     = {Dover},
      address       = {New York, NY},
      series        = {Dover Books on Mathematics},
      year          = {1993},
      url           = {http://cds.cern.ch/record/1985990},
      note          = {This Dover edition, first published in 1993, is an
                       unabridged, corrected and enlarged republication of the
                       work first published by John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982.
                       For this edition the author has corrected a number of
                       errors and added a new section, "Answers to selected
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}

@techreport{darpa2017,
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  Year = {2017}
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@book{J.Zhu_1994,
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@article{L.Pinuel_1998, 
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@article{P.Palmer_1959,
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@misc{J.Ramirez-Angulo_2000,
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@book{R.Wienands_2004,
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@article{OPA857_2016,
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@article{TS5N118_2005,
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@article{ADS1605_2007,
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 publisher = {ACM},
 address = {New York, NY, USA},
 keywords = {Sparse direct solver, distributed-memory computers, parallelism, scalability, supernodal factorization},
} 

@article{H.Tsang_2008,
  title={Nonlinear optical properties of silicon waveguides},
  author={Tsang, H.K. and Liu, Y},
  journal={Semiconductor Science and Technology},
  volume={23},
  number={6},
  pages={064007},
  year={2008},
  publisher={IOP Publishing}
}

@article{N.Engheta_2007,
  title={Circuits with light at nanoscales: optical nanocircuits inspired by metamaterials},
  author={Engheta, Nader},
  journal={Science},
  volume={317},
  number={5845},
  pages={1698--1702},
  year={2007},
  publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@article{A.Silva_2014,
  title={Performing mathematical operations with metamaterials},
  author={Silva, Alexandre and Monticone, Francesco and Castaldi, Giuseppe and Galdi, Vincenzo and Al{\`u}, Andrea and Engheta, Nader},
  journal={Science},
  volume={343},
  number={6167},
  pages={160--163},
  year={2014},
  publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@inproceedings{ley2009doing,
  title={Doing more with less-An IEEE 1149.7 embedded tutorial: Standard for reduced-pin and enhanced-functionality test access port and boundary-scan architecture},
  author={Ley, Adam W},
  booktitle={2009 International Test Conference},
  pages={1--10},
  year={2009},
  organization={IEEE}
},

@book{J.Townsend_2012,
    Author = {John S. Townsend},
    title = {Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics Second Edition},
    description = {Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics Second Edition (Book, 2012)},
    publisher = {Univ Science Books},
    interhash = {37a3c3e3c87c081ccc8deabbaf93c8c1},
    intrahash = {5d1e5ba609b6e9528b342afa4905e05a},
    year = {2012},
    isbn = {1891389785},
    url = {https://www.xarg.org/ref/a/B01N6O728O/}
}

@misc{ramirez2000digitally,
  title={Digitally-configurable analog VLSI chip and method for real-time solution of partial differential equations},
  author={Ramirez-Angulo, Jaime and DeYong, Mark R},
  year={2000},
  publisher={Google Patents},
  note={US Patent 6,141,676}
}

@misc{acm_learning_center, title={Current Trends in High Performance Computing and Challenges for the Future with Jack Dongarra}, url={https://learning.acm.org/webinars/hpc}, journal={ACM Learning Center}}

@inproceedings{richter2015memristive,
  title={Memristive accelerator for extreme scale linear solvers},
  author={Richter, Isaac and Pas, Kamil and Guo, Xiaochen and Patel, Ravi and Liu, Ji and Ipek, Engin and Friedman, Eby G},
  booktitle={Government Microcircuit Applications \& Critical Technology Conference (GOMACTech)},
  year={2015}
}

@article{ma2015indium,
  title={Indium-tin-oxide for high-performance electro-optic modulation},
  author={Ma, Zhizhen and Li, Zhuoran and Liu, Ke and Ye, Chenran and Sorger, Volker J},
  journal={Nanophotonics},
  volume={4},
  number={1},
  pages={198--213},
  year={2015},
  publisher={De Gruyter Open}
}

@article{sethumadhavan2012case,
  title={A case for hybrid discrete-continuous architectures},
  author={Sethumadhavan, Simha and Roberts, Ryan and Tsividis, Yannis},
  journal={IEEE Computer Architecture Letters},
  volume={11},
  number={1},
  pages={1--4},
  year={2012},
  publisher={IEEE}
}

@book{tsoulos2006mimo,
  title={MIMO system technology for wireless communications},
  author={Tsoulos, George},
  year={2006},
  publisher={CRC press}
}

@article{koshka2018comparison,
  title={Comparison of Use of a 2000 Qubit D-Wave Quantum Annealer and MCMC for Sampling, Image Reconstruction, and Classification},
  author={Koshka, Yaroslav and Novotny, Mark A},
  journal={IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence},
  year={2018},
  publisher={IEEE}
}

@article{de2013image,
  title={Image denoising: Learning the noise model via nonsmooth PDE-constrained optimization},
  author={De los Reyes, Juan Carlos and Sch{\"o}nlieb, Carola-Bibiane},
  journal={Inverse Problems \& Imaging},
  volume={7},
  number={4},
  pages={1183--1214},
  year={2013}
}

@misc{technologies_tsmc,
    url={http://www.europractice-ic.com/SiPhotonics_technology_imec_ISIPP25G.php}, 
    journal={Technologies TSMC}
}

@inproceedings{li2015power,
  title={A power-aware symbiotic scheduling algorithm for concurrent GPU kernels},
  author={Li, Teng and Narayana, Vikram K and El-Ghazawi, Tarek},
  booktitle={2015 IEEE 21st International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS)},
  pages={562--569},
  year={2015},
  organization={IEEE}
}

@misc{aim_photonics, 
    title={AIM Photonics}, 
    url={http://www.aimphotonics.com/}, 
    journal={AIM Photonics}
}

@article{sun2015case,
  title={The case for hybrid photonic plasmonic interconnects (HyPPIs): Low-latency energy-and-area-efficient on-chip interconnects},
  author={Sun, Shuai and Badawy, Abdel-Hameed A and Narayana, V and El-Ghazawi, Tarek and Sorger, Volker J},
  journal={IEEE Photonics Journal},
  volume={7},
  number={6},
  pages={1--14},
  year={2015},
  publisher={IEEE}
}

@techreport{itrs2.0_2015,
  title={INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR SEMICONDUCTORS 2.0 2015 EDITION EXECUTIVE REPORT},
  institution={ITRS},
  year={2015}
}

@techreport{irds_2017,
  title={INTERNATIONAL ROADMAP FOR DEVICES AND SYSTEMS 2017 EDITION},
  institution={IEEE},
  year={2017}
}

@article{stockman2018roadmap,
  title={Roadmap on plasmonics},
  author={Stockman, Mark I and Kneipp, Katrin and Bozhevolnyi, Sergey I and Saha, Soham and Dutta, Aveek and Ndukaife, Justus and Kinsey, Nathaniel and Reddy, Harsha and Guler, Urcan and Shalaev, Vladimir M and others},
  journal={Journal of Optics},
  volume={20},
  number={4},
  pages={043001},
  year={2018},
  publisher={IOP Publishing}
}

@article{li2016waveguide,
  title={Waveguide metatronics: Lumped circuitry based on structural dispersion},
  author={Li, Yue and Liberal, I{\~n}igo and Della Giovampaola, Cristian and Engheta, Nader},
  journal={Science advances},
  volume={2},
  number={6},
  pages={e1501790},
  year={2016},
  publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@patent{patent_20170161417,
    title     = {RECONFIGURABLE OPTICAL COMPUTER},
    number    = {20170161417},
    author    = {Sorger, Volker J. and Sun, Shuai and El-ghazawi, Tarek and Badawy, Abdel hameed A. and Narayana, Vikram K. },
    year      = {2017}
}

@book{engheta2006metamaterials,
  title={Metamaterials: physics and engineering explorations},
  author={Engheta, Nader and Ziolkowski, Richard W},
  year={2006},
  publisher={John Wiley \& Sons}
}

@article{alu2007epsilon,
  title={Epsilon-near-zero metamaterials and electromagnetic sources: Tailoring the radiation phase pattern},
  author={Alu, Andrea and Silveirinha, M{\'a}rio G and Salandrino, Alessandro and Engheta, Nader},
  journal={Physical review B},
  volume={75},
  number={15},
  pages={155410},
  year={2007},
  publisher={APS}
}

@article{gui2018impact,
  title={Impact of the process parameters to the optical and electrical properties of RF sputtered Indium Thin Oxide films: a holistic approach},
  author={Gui, Yaliang and Miscuglio, Mario and Ma, Zhizhen and Tahersima, Mohammad T and Dalir, Hamid and Sorger, Volker J},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.08344},
  year={2018}
}

@article{amin20180,
  title={0.52 V mm ITO-based Mach-Zehnder modulator in silicon photonics},
  author={Amin, Rubab and Maiti, Rishi and Carfano, Caitlin and Ma, Zhizhen and Tahersima, Mohammad H and Lilach, Yigal and Ratnayake, Dilan and Dalir, Hamed and Sorger, Volker J},
  journal={APL Photonics},
  volume={3},
  number={12},
  pages={126104},
  year={2018},
  publisher={AIP Publishing}
}

@article{alu2018metasurfaces,
  title={Metasurfaces - from science to applications},
  author={Alu, Andrea and Shalaev, Vladimir and Loncar, Marko and Sorger, Volker J},
  journal={Nanophotonics},
  volume={7},
  number={6},
  pages={949--951},
  year={2018},
  publisher={De Gruyter Open}
}

@article{tahersima2017testbeds,
  title={Testbeds for Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Photonics: Efficacy of Light Emission Enhancement in Monomer vs Dimer Nanoscale Antennae},
  author={Tahersima, Mohammad H and Birowosuto, M Danang and Ma, Zhizhen and Coley, William C and Valentin, Michael D and Naghibi Alvillar, Sahar and Lu, I-Hsi and Zhou, Yao and Sarpkaya, Ibrahim and Martinez, Aimee and others},
  journal={ACS Photonics},
  volume={4},
  number={7},
  pages={1713--1721},
  year={2017},
  publisher={ACS Publications}
}

@article{rocca2015entropic,
  title={``Entropic” Solutions to a Thermodynamically Consistent PDE System for Phase Transitions and Damage},
  author={Rocca, Elisabetta and Rossi, Riccarda},
  journal={SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis},
  volume={47},
  number={4},
  pages={2519--2586},
  year={2015},
  publisher={SIAM}
}

@inproceedings{vissers2019versal,
  title={Versal: The Xilinx Adaptive Compute Acceleration Platform (ACAP)},
  author={Vissers, Kees},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the 2019 ACM/SIGDA International Symposium on \\ Field-Programmable Gate Arrays},
  pages={83--83},
  year={2019},
  organization={ACM}
}

@article {Mohammadi_Estakhri1333,
	author = {Mohammadi Estakhri, Nasim and Edwards, Brian and Engheta, Nader},
	title = {Inverse-designed metastructures that solve equations},
	volume = {363},
	number = {6433},
	pages = {1333--1338},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aaw2498},
	publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	abstract = {Signal processing of light waves can be used to represent certain mathematical functions and to perform computational tasks on signals or images in an analog fashion. Such processing typically requires complex systems of bulk optical elements such as lenses, filters, and mirrors. Mohammadi Estakhri et al. demonstrate that specially designed nanophotonic structures can take input waveforms encoded as complex mathematical functions, manipulate them, and provide an output that is the integral of the functions. The results, demonstrated for microwaves, provide a route to develop chip-based analog optical computers and computing elements.Science, this issue p. 1333Metastructures hold the potential to bring a new twist to the field of spatial-domain optical analog computing: migrating from free-space and bulky systems into conceptually wavelength-sized elements. We introduce a metamaterial platform capable of solving integral equations using monochromatic electromagnetic fields. For an arbitrary wave as the input function to an equation associated with a prescribed integral operator, the solution of such an equation is generated as a complex-valued output electromagnetic field. Our approach is experimentally demonstrated at microwave frequencies through solving a generic integral equation and using a set of waveguides as the input and output to the designed metastructures. By exploiting subwavelength-scale light-matter interactions in a metamaterial platform, our wave-based, material-based analog computer may provide a route to achieve chip-scale, fast, and integrable computing elements.},
	issn = {0036-8075},
	URL = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6433/1333},
	eprint = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6433/1333.full.pdf},
	journal = {Science}
}

@misc{bluewaters, 
    title={Parallel Computing 2020: Preparing for the Post-Moore Era },
    author = {Snir, Marc},
    url= {http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/enabling/bluewaters}, 
    journal={National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois}
}

@misc{vrscay2010amath,
  author        = {Vrscay, Edward R.},
  title         = {AMATH 353: Partial Differential Equations I},
  year          = {2010},
  publisher     = {University of Waterloo Department of Applied Mathematics}
}

@article{estakhri2019inverse,
  title={Inverse-designed metastructures that solve equations},
  author={Estakhri, Nasim Mohammadi and Edwards, Brian and Engheta, Nader},
  journal={Science},
  volume={363},
  number={6433},
  pages={1333--1338},
  year={2019},
  publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@article{yun2012low,
  title={Low-loss impedance-matched optical metamaterials with zero-phase delay},
  author={Yun, Seokho and Jiang, Zhi Hao and Xu, Qian and Liu, Zhiwen and Werner, Douglas H and Mayer, Theresa S},
  journal={ACS nano},
  volume={6},
  number={5},
  pages={4475--4482},
  year={2012},
  publisher={ACS Publications}
}

@article{vakil2011transformation,
  title={Transformation optics using graphene},
  author={Vakil, Ashkan and Engheta, Nader},
  journal={Science},
  volume={332},
  number={6035},
  pages={1291--1294},
  year={2011},
  publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}


@article {Lie1501790,
	author = {Li, Yue and Liberal, I{\~n}igo and Della Giovampaola, Cristian and Engheta, Nader},
	title = {Waveguide metatronics: Lumped circuitry based on structural dispersion},
	volume = {2},
	number = {6},
	elocation-id = {e1501790},
	year = {2016},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1501790},
	publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	abstract = {Engineering optical nanocircuits by exploiting modularization concepts and methods inherited from electronics may lead to multiple innovations in optical information processing at the nanoscale. We introduce the concept of {\textquotedblleft}waveguide metatronics,{\textquotedblright} an advanced form of optical metatronics that uses structural dispersion in waveguides to obtain the materials and structures required to construct this class of circuitry. Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the design of a metatronic circuit can be carried out by using a waveguide filled with materials with positive permittivity. This includes the implementation of all {\textquotedblleft}lumped{\textquotedblright} circuit elements and their assembly in a single circuit board. In doing so, we extend the concepts of optical metatronics to frequency ranges where there are no natural plasmonic materials available. The proposed methodology could be exploited as a platform to experimentally validate optical metatronic circuits in other frequency regimes, such as microwave frequency setups, and/or to provide a new route to design optical nanocircuitry.},
	URL = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/6/e1501790},
	eprint = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/6/e1501790.full.pdf},
	journal = {Science Advances}
}

@article{perona_scale-space_1990,
	title = {Scale-space and edge detection using anisotropic diffusion},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {0162-8828},
	doi = {10.1109/34.56205},
	abstract = {A new definition of scale-space is suggested, and a class of algorithms used to realize a diffusion process is introduced. The diffusion coefficient is chosen to vary spatially in such a way as to encourage intraregion smoothing rather than interregion smoothing. It is shown that the 'no new maxima should be generated at coarse scales' property of conventional scale space is preserved. As the region boundaries in the approach remain sharp, a high-quality edge detector which successfully exploits global information is obtained. Experimental results are shown on a number of images. Parallel hardware implementations are made feasible because the algorithm involves elementary, local operations replicated over the image.{\textless}{\textless}ETX{\textgreater}{\textgreater}},
	number = {7},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence},
	author = {Perona, P. and Malik, J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {1990},
	keywords = {anisotropic diffusion, Anisotropic magnetoresistance, Detectors, Diffusion processes, edge detection, filtering and prediction theory, Hardware, Image edge detection, intraregion smoothing, parallel processing, pattern recognition, picture processing, scale-space, Smoothing methods},
	pages = {629--639},
	file = {IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/4QVKILHN/56205.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/4YJPMFLJ/Perona and Malik - 1990 - Scale-space and edge detection using anisotropic d.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{irwin_basic_1984,
	title = {Basic engineering circuit analysis},
	isbn = {978-0-02-359890-6},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Macmillan},
	author = {Irwin, J. David},
	year = {1984},
	keywords = {Electric circuit analysis, Technology \& Engineering / Electrical}
}

@article{alu_all_2009,
	title = {All {Optical} {Metamaterial} {Circuit} {Board} at the {Nanoscale}},
	volume = {103},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.143902},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.143902},
	abstract = {Optical nanocircuits may pave the way to transformative advancements in nanoscale communications. We introduce here the concept of an optical nanocircuit board, constituted of a layered metamaterial structure with low effective permittivity, over which specific traces that channel the optical displacement current may be carved out, allowing the optical âlocal connectionâ among ânonlocalâ distant nanocircuit elements. This may provide âprintedâ nanocircuits, realizing an all-optical nanocircuit board over which specific grooves may be nanoimprinted within the realms of current nanotechnology.},
	number = {14},
	urldate = {2019-03-17},
	journal = {Physical Review Letters},
	author = {AlÃ¹, Andrea and Engheta, Nader},
	month = sep,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {143902},
	file = {APS Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/56BTD4WZ/PhysRevLett.103.html:text/html}
}

@article{G.Liebmann_1954,
  author={G Liebmann},
  title={Resistance-network analogues with unequal meshes or subdivided meshes},
  journal={British Journal of Applied Physics},
  volume={5},
  number={10},
  pages={362},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0508-3443/5/i=10/a=307},
  year={1954},
  abstract={A general method for deriving the finite difference approximations to the partial differential equation div K grad U = g , which is solved by resistance-network analogues, is applied to find the resistance values and the currents which have to be fed in for ( x , y )- and ( r , z )-networks with unequal mesh sizes. Two ways of subdividing a network into finer meshes in the ratio 1: 2 are then given, and a network subdivision in the ratio 2: 5 is described. Experimental tests have shown that these subdivisions introduce negligible errors into the measured field distributions.}
}

@techreport{redshaw1,
    author ={P. Palmer, A.R. Copson \& S.C. Redshaw},
    title={Investigations into the Use of an Electrical Resistance Analogue for the Solution of Certain Oscillatory-Flow Problems},
    year= {1959},
    journal={Reports and Memoranda No. 312, AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL} 
}

@article{moitra_experimental_2014,
	title = {Experimental demonstration of a broadband all-dielectric metamaterial perfect reflector},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {0003-6951},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4873521},
	doi = {10.1063/1.4873521},
	number = {17},
	urldate = {2019-03-17},
	journal = {Applied Physics Letters},
	author = {Moitra, Parikshit and Slovick, Brian A. and Gang Yu, Zhi and Krishnamurthy, S. and Valentine, Jason},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {171102},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/YGI9CP2J/1.html:text/html}
}

@article{li_-chip_2015,
	title = {On-chip zero-index metamaterials},
	volume = {9},
	copyright = {2015 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1749-4893},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nphoton.2015.198},
	doi = {10.1038/nphoton.2015.198},
	abstract = {Metamaterials with a refractive index of zero exhibit physical properties such as infinite phase velocity and wavelength. However, there is no way to implement these materials on a photonic chip, restricting the investigation and application of zero-index phenomena to simple shapes and small scales. We designed and fabricated an on-chip integrated metamaterial with a refractive index of zero in the optical regime. Light refracts perpendicular to the facets of a prism made of this metamaterial, directly demonstrating that the index of refraction is zero. The metamaterial consists of low-aspect-ratio silicon pillar arrays embedded in a polymer matrix and clad by gold films. This structure can be fabricated using standard planar processes over a large area in arbitrary shapes and can efficiently couple to photonic integrated circuits and other optical elements. This novel on-chip metamaterial platform opens the door to exploring the physics of zero index and its applications in integrated optics.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2019-03-17},
	journal = {Nature Photonics},
	author = {Li, Yang and Kita, Shota and MuÃ±oz, Philip and Reshef, Orad and Vulis, Daryl I. and Yin, Mei and LonÄar, Marko and Mazur, Eric},
	month = nov,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {738--742},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/83LJ7KWH/nphoton.2015.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/I2E9SU64/Li et al. - 2015 - On-chip zero-index metamaterials.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{PhysRevB.92.165413,
  title = {Metatronic transistor amplifier},
  author = {Chettiar, Uday K. and Engheta, Nader},
  journal = {Phys. Rev. B},
  volume = {92},
  issue = {16},
  pages = {165413},
  numpages = {9},
  year = {2015},
  month = {Oct},
  publisher = {American Physical Society},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.92.165413},
  url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.165413}
}

@article{PhysRevApplied.10.054021,
  title = {Capacitor-Inspired Metamaterial Inductors},
  author = {Li, Yue and Engheta, Nader},
  journal = {Phys. Rev. Applied},
  volume = {10},
  issue = {5},
  pages = {054021},
  numpages = {9},
  year = {2018},
  publisher = {American Physical Society},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevApplied.10.054021},
  url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.10.054021}
}

@article{PhysRevB.86.075405,
  title = {Optical frequency mixing through nanoantenna enhanced difference frequency generation: Metatronic mixer},
  author = {Chettiar, Uday K. and Engheta, Nader},
  journal = {Phys. Rev. B},
  volume = {86},
  issue = {7},
  pages = {075405},
  numpages = {9},
  year = {2012},
  month = {Aug},
  publisher = {American Physical Society},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.86.075405},
  url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.075405}
}

@article{Abbasi14,
    author = {Fereshteh Abbasi and Nader Engheta},
    journal = {Opt. Express},
    keywords = {ABCD transforms ; Frequency filtering ; Metamaterials; Plasmonics; Bandpass filters; Dispersion; Effective medium theory; Electric fields; Magnetic fields; Transparent conducting oxides},
    number = {21},
    pages = {25109--25119},
    publisher = {OSA},
    title = {Roles of epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) and mu-near-zero (MNZ) materials in optical metatronic circuit networks},
    volume = {22},
    year = {2014},
    url = {http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-22-21-25109},
    doi = {10.1364/OE.22.025109},
    abstract = {The concept of metamaterial-inspired nanocircuits, dubbed metatronics, was introduced in \[Science 317, 1698 (2007); Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 095504 (2005)\]. It was suggested how optical lumped elements (nanoelements) can be made using subwavelength plasmonic or non-plasmonic particles. As a result, the optical metatronic equivalents of a number of electronic circuits, such as frequency mixers and filters, were suggested. In this work we further expand the concept of electronic lumped element networks into optical metatronic circuits and suggest a conceptual model applicable to various metatronic passive networks. In particular, we differentiate between the series and parallel networks using epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) and mu-near-zero (MNZ) materials. We employ layered structures with subwavelength thicknesses for the nanoelements as the building blocks of collections of metatronic networks. Furthermore, we explore how by choosing the non-zero constitutive parameters of the materials with specific dispersions, either Drude or Lorentzian dispersion with suitable parameters, capacitive and inductive responses can be achieved in both series and parallel networks. Next, we proceed with the one-to-one analogy between electronic circuits and optical metatronic filter layered networks and justify our analogies by comparing the frequency response of the two paradigms. Finally, we examine the material dispersion of near-zero relative permittivity as well as other physically important material considerations such as losses.}
}

@article{shen_deep_2017,
	title = {Deep learning with coherent nanophotonic circuits},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {2017 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1749-4893},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nphoton.2017.93},
	doi = {10.1038/nphoton.2017.93},
	abstract = {Artificial neural networks are computational network models inspired by signal processing in the brain. These models have dramatically improved performance for many machine-learning tasks, including speech and image recognition. However, today's computing hardware is inefficient at implementing neural networks, in large part because much of it was designed for von Neumann computing schemes. Significant effort has been made towards developing electronic architectures tuned to implement artificial neural networks that exhibit improved computational speed and accuracy. Here, we propose a new architecture for a fully optical neural network that, in principle, could offer an enhancement in computational speed and power efficiency over state-of-the-art electronics for conventional inference tasks. We experimentally demonstrate the essential part of the concept using a programmable nanophotonic processor featuring a cascaded array of 56 programmable MachâZehnder interferometers in a silicon photonic integrated circuit and show its utility for vowel recognition.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2019-02-24},
	journal = {Nature Photonics},
	author = {Shen, Yichen and Harris, Nicholas C. and Skirlo, Scott and Prabhu, Mihika and Baehr-Jones, Tom and Hochberg, Michael and Sun, Xin and Zhao, Shijie and Larochelle, Hugo and Englund, Dirk and SoljaÄiÄ, Marin},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {441--446},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/VJXY4ELS/nphoton.2017.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/2W6MHFN2/Shen et al. - 2017 - Deep learning with coherent nanophotonic circuits.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@inproceedings{amin_attojoule_2018,
	title = {Attojoule {Modulators} for {Photonic} {Neuromorphic} {Computing}},
	copyright = {\&\#169; 2018 The Author(s)},
	url = {https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri=CLEO_AT-2018-ATh1Q.4},
	doi = {10.1364/CLEO_AT.2018.ATh1Q.4},
	abstract = {We show how the nonlinear transfer function of electrooptic modulators enables vector matrix multiplications of photonic neural networks. Here the modulators energy-per-bit function and signal-to-noise ratio are critical factors impacting system performance.},
	language = {EN},
	urldate = {2019-02-24},
	booktitle = {Conference on {Lasers} and {Electro}-{Optics} (2018), paper {ATh}1Q.4},
	publisher = {Optical Society of America},
	author = {Amin, Rubab and George, Jonathan and Khurgin, Jacob and El-Ghazawi, Tarek and Prucnal, Paul R. and Sorger, Volker J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {Neural networks, Electrooptical modulators, Modulators, Optical neural systems, Signal processing, Silicon modulators},
	pages = {ATh1Q.4},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/JN4B325M/abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{amin_0.52_2018,
	title = {0.52 {V} mm {ITO}-based {Mach}-{Zehnder} modulator in silicon photonics},
	volume = {3},
	url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5052635},
	doi = {10.1063/1.5052635},
	abstract = {Electro-optic modulators transform electronic signals into the optical domain and are critical components in modern telecommunication networks, RF photonics, and emerging applications in quantum photonics, neuromorphic photonics, and beam steering. All these applications require integrated and voltage-efficient modulator solutions with compact form factors that are seamlessly integrable with silicon photonics platforms and feature near-CMOS material processing synergies. However, existing integrated modulators are challenged to meet these requirements. Conversely, emerging electro-optic materials heterogeneously and monolithically integrated with Si photonics open up a new avenue for device engineering. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is one such compelling material for heterogeneous integration in Si exhibiting formidable electro-optic effect characterized by unity-order index change at telecommunication frequencies. Here we overcome these limitations and demonstrate a monolithically integrated ITO electro-optic modulator based on a Mach Zehnder interferometer featuring a high-performance half-wave voltage and active device length product of VÏL = 0.52 V mm. We show that the unity-strong index change enables a 30 ÎŒm-short Ï-phase shifter operating ITO in the index-dominated region away from the epsilon-near-zero point for reduced losses. This device experimentally confirms electrical phase shifting in ITO enabling its use in applications such as compact phase shifters, nonlinear activation functions in photonic neural networks, and phased array applications for LiDAR.},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2019-02-24},
	journal = {APL Photonics},
	author = {Amin, Rubab and Maiti, Rishi and Carfano, Caitlin and Ma, Zhizhen and Tahersima, Mohammad H. and Lilach, Yigal and Ratnayake, Dilan and Dalir, Hamed and Sorger, Volker J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {126104},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/AQ4Z5AQL/Amin et al. - 2018 - 0.52 V mm ITO-based Mach-Zehnder modulator in sili.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/DU2N3GDQ/1.html:text/html}
}

@article{gui_towards_2018,
	title = {Towards integrated metatronics: a holistic approach on precise optical and electrical properties of {Indium} {Tin} {Oxide}},
	shorttitle = {Towards integrated metatronics},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.08344},
	abstract = {The class of transparent conductive oxides includes the material indium tin oxide (ITO) and has become a widely used material of modern every-day life such as in touch screens of smart phones and watches, but also used as an optically transparent low electrically-resistive contract in the photovoltaics industry. More recently ITO has shown epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) behavior in the telecommunication frequency band enabling both strong index modulation and other optically-exotic applications such as metatronics. However the ability to precisely obtain targeted electrical and optical material properties in ITO is still challenging due to complex intrinsic effects in ITO and as such no integrated metatronic platform has been demonstrated to-date. Here we deliver an extensive and accurate description process parameters of RF-sputtering, showing a holistic control of the quality of ITO thin films in the visible and particularly near-infrared spectral region. We further are able to custom-engineer the ENZ point across the telecommunication band by explicitly controlling the sputtering process conditions. Exploiting this control we design a functional sub-wavelength-scale filter based on lumped circuit-elements, towards the realization of integrated metatronic devices and circuits.},
	urldate = {2019-02-24},
	journal = {arXiv:1811.08344 [physics]},
	author = {Gui, Yaliang and Miscuglio, Mario and Ma, Zhizhen and Tahersima, Mohammad T. and Sun, Shuai and Amin, Rubab and Dalir, Hamed and Sorger, Volker J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2018},
	note = {arXiv: 1811.08344},
	keywords = {Physics - Applied Physics},
	file = {arXiv\:1811.08344 PDF:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/8NRC3T4A/Gui et al. - 2018 - Towards integrated metatronics a holistic approac.pdf:application/pdf;arXiv.org Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/436WXDTT/1811.html:text/html}
}

@article{ambrogio_equivalent-accuracy_2018,
	title = {Equivalent-accuracy accelerated neural-network training using analogue memory},
	volume = {558},
	copyright = {2018 Macmillan Publishers Ltd., part of Springer Nature},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0180-5},
	doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0180-5},
	abstract = {Analogue-memory-based neural-network training using non-volatile-memory hardware augmented by circuit simulations achieves the same accuracy as software-based training but with much improved energy efficiency and speed.},
	language = {En},
	number = {7708},
	urldate = {2019-02-24},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Ambrogio, Stefano and Narayanan, Pritish and Tsai, Hsinyu and Shelby, Robert M. and Boybat, Irem and Nolfo, Carmelo di and Sidler, Severin and Giordano, Massimo and Bodini, Martina and Farinha, Nathan C. P. and Killeen, Benjamin and Cheng, Christina and Jaoudi, Yassine and Burr, Geoffrey W.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {60},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/8JBS9A64/s41586-018-0180-5.html:text/html}
}

@misc{noauthor_optalysys_nodate,
	title = {Optalysys},
	url = {https://www.optalysys.com/},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2019-03-15},
	journal = {Optalysys},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/PMWUT7K8/www.optalysys.com.html:text/html}
}

@article{silva_performing_2014,
	title = {Performing {Mathematical} {Operations} with {Metamaterials}},
	volume = {343},
	copyright = {Copyright Â© 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6167/160},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1242818},
	abstract = {Computational Metamaterials
    Optical signal processing of light waves can represent certain mathematical functions and perform computational tasks on signals or images in an analog fashion. However, the complex systems of lenses and filters required are bulky. Metamaterials can perform similar optical processing operations but with materials that need only be a wavelength thick. Silva et al. (p. 160; see the Perspective by Sihvola) present a simulation study that shows how an architecture based on such metamaterials can be designed to perform a suite of mathematical functions to create ultrathin optical signal and data processors.
    We introduce the concept of metamaterial analog computing, based on suitably designed metamaterial blocks that can perform mathematical operations (such as spatial differentiation, integration, or convolution) on the profile of an impinging wave as it propagates through these blocks. Two approaches are presented to achieve such functionality: (i) subwavelength structured metascreens combined with graded-index waveguides and (ii) multilayered slabs designed to achieve a desired spatial Greenâs function. Both techniques offer the possibility of miniaturized, potentially integrable, wave-based computing systems that are thinner than conventional lens-based optical signal and data processors by several orders of magnitude.
    An approach is described whereby metamaterials can be designed to perform a suite of mathematical functions. [Also see Perspective by Sihvola]
    An approach is described whereby metamaterials can be designed to perform a suite of mathematical functions. [Also see Perspective by Sihvola]},
	language = {en},
	number = {6167},
	urldate = {2019-03-15},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Silva, Alexandre and Monticone, Francesco and Castaldi, Giuseppe and Galdi, Vincenzo and AlÃ¹, Andrea and Engheta, Nader},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24408430},
	pages = {160--163},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/VRHERUTF/160.html:text/html}
}

@article{shen_deep_2017,
	title = {Deep learning with coherent nanophotonic circuits},
	volume = {11},
	copyright = {2017 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1749-4893},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nphoton.2017.93},
	doi = {10.1038/nphoton.2017.93},
	abstract = {Artificial neural networks are computational network models inspired by signal processing in the brain. These models have dramatically improved performance for many machine-learning tasks, including speech and image recognition. However, today's computing hardware is inefficient at implementing neural networks, in large part because much of it was designed for von Neumann computing schemes. Significant effort has been made towards developing electronic architectures tuned to implement artificial neural networks that exhibit improved computational speed and accuracy. Here, we propose a new architecture for a fully optical neural network that, in principle, could offer an enhancement in computational speed and power efficiency over state-of-the-art electronics for conventional inference tasks. We experimentally demonstrate the essential part of the concept using a programmable nanophotonic processor featuring a cascaded array of 56 programmable MachâZehnder interferometers in a silicon photonic integrated circuit and show its utility for vowel recognition.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2019-02-24},
	journal = {Nature Photonics},
	author = {Shen, Yichen and Harris, Nicholas C. and Skirlo, Scott and Prabhu, Mihika and Baehr-Jones, Tom and Hochberg, Michael and Sun, Xin and Zhao, Shijie and Larochelle, Hugo and Englund, Dirk and SoljaÄiÄ, Marin},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {441--446},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/VJXY4ELS/nphoton.2017.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/2W6MHFN2/Shen et al. - 2017 - Deep learning with coherent nanophotonic circuits.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@article{debnath_demonstration_2016,
	title = {Demonstration of a small programmable quantum computer with atomic qubits},
	volume = {536},
	url = {https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1038/nature18648},
	doi = {10.1038/nature18648},
	abstract = {Quantum computers can solve certain problems more efficiently than any possible conventional computer. Small quantum algorithms have been demonstrated on multiple quantum computing platforms, many specifically tailored in hardware to implement a particular algorithm or execute a limited number of computational paths1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. Here we demonstrate a five-qubit trapped-ion quantum computer that can be programmed in software to implement arbitrary quantum algorithms by executing any sequence of universal quantum logic gates. We compile algorithms into a fully connected set of gate operations that are native to the hardware and have a mean fidelity of 98 per cent. Reconfiguring these gate sequences provides the flexibility to implement a variety of algorithms without altering the hardware. As examples, we implement the DeutschâJozsa11 and BernsteinâVazirani12 algorithms with average success rates of 95 and 90 per cent, respectively. We also perform a coherent quantum Fourier transform13,14 on five trapped-ion qubits for phase estimation and period finding with average fidelities of 62 and 84 per cent, respectively. This small quantum computer can be scaled to larger numbers of qubits within a single register, and can be further expanded by connecting several such modules through ion shuttling15 or photonic quantum channels16.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-02-24},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Debnath, S. and Linke, N. M. and Figgatt, C. and Landsman, K. A. and Wright, K. and Monroe, C.},
	year = {2016},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/UY9FKQYM/10.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/JFMTY9S3/Debnath et al. - 2016 - Demonstration of a small programmable quantum comp.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{chang_hybrid_2018,
	title = {Hybrid optical-electronic convolutional neural networks with optimized diffractive optics for image classification},
	volume = {8},
	copyright = {2018 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-30619-y},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-018-30619-y},
	abstract = {Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) excel in a wide variety of computer vision applications, but their high performance also comes at a high computational cost. Despite efforts to increase efficiency both algorithmically and with specialized hardware, it remains difficult to deploy CNNs in embedded systems due to tight power budgets. Here we explore a complementary strategy that incorporates a layer of optical computing prior to electronic computing, improving performance on image classification tasks while adding minimal electronic computational cost or processing time. We propose a design for an optical convolutional layer based on an optimized diffractive optical element and test our design in two simulations: a learned optical correlator and an optoelectronic two-layer CNN. We demonstrate in simulation and with an optical prototype that the classification accuracies of our optical systems rival those of the analogous electronic implementations, while providing substantial savings on computational cost.},
	language = {En},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-02-24},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Chang, Julie and Sitzmann, Vincent and Dun, Xiong and Heidrich, Wolfgang and Wetzstein, Gordon},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {12324},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/VTJ6ZPGF/Chang et al. - 2018 - Hybrid optical-electronic convolutional neural net.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/SR48JUAB/s41598-018-30619-y.html:text/html}
}

@article{lin_all-optical_2018,
	title = {All-optical machine learning using diffractive deep neural networks},
	volume = {361},
	copyright = {Copyright Â© 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuseThis is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6406/1004},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aat8084},
	abstract = {All-optical deep learning
    Deep learning uses multilayered artificial neural networks to learn digitally from large datasets. It then performs advanced identification and classification tasks. To date, these multilayered neural networks have been implemented on a computer. Lin et al. demonstrate all-optical machine learning that uses passive optical components that can be patterned and fabricated with 3D-printing. Their hardware approach comprises stacked layers of diffractive optical elements analogous to an artificial neural network that can be trained to execute complex functions at the speed of light.
    Science, this issue p. 1004
    Deep learning has been transforming our ability to execute advanced inference tasks using computers. Here we introduce a physical mechanism to perform machine learning by demonstrating an all-optical diffractive deep neural network (D2NN) architecture that can implement various functions following the deep learningâbased design of passive diffractive layers that work collectively. We created 3D-printed D2NNs that implement classification of images of handwritten digits and fashion products, as well as the function of an imaging lens at a terahertz spectrum. Our all-optical deep learning framework can perform, at the speed of light, various complex functions that computer-based neural networks can execute; will find applications in all-optical image analysis, feature detection, and object classification; and will also enable new camera designs and optical components that perform distinctive tasks using D2NNs.
    All-optical deep learning can be implemented with 3D-printed passive optical components.
    All-optical deep learning can be implemented with 3D-printed passive optical components.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6406},
	urldate = {2019-02-24},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Lin, Xing and Rivenson, Yair and Yardimci, Nezih T. and Veli, Muhammed and Luo, Yi and Jarrahi, Mona and Ozcan, Aydogan},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pmid = {30049787},
	pages = {1004--1008},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/C3TKYW99/1004.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/AN9PQD4L/Lin et al. - 2018 - All-optical machine learning using diffractive dee.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{lee_nanoscale_2014,
	title = {Nanoscale {Conducting} {Oxide} {PlasMOStor}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1530-6984},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/nl502998z},
	doi = {10.1021/nl502998z},
	abstract = {We experimentally demonstrate an ultracompact PlasMOStor, a plasmon slot waveguide field-effect modulator based on a transparent conducting oxide active region. By electrically modulating the conducting oxide material deposited into the gaps of highly confined plasmonic slot waveguides, we demonstrate field-effect dynamics giving rise to modulation with high dynamic range (2.71 dB/ÎŒm) and low waveguide loss (âŒ0.45 dB/ÎŒm). The large modulation strength is due to the large change in complex dielectric function when the signal wavelength approaches the surface plasmon resonance in the voltage-tuned conducting oxide accumulation layer. The results provide insight about the design of ultracompact, nanoscale modulators for future integrated nanophotonic circuits.},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2019-02-24},
	journal = {Nano Letters},
	author = {Lee, Ho W. and Papadakis, Georgia and Burgos, Stanley P. and Chander, Krishnan and Kriesch, Arian and Pala, Ragip and Peschel, Ulf and Atwater, Harry A.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {6463--6468},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/A25BGMB5/nl502998z.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/J59T63QI/Lee et al. - 2014 - Nanoscale Conducting Oxide PlasMOStor.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{tait_neuromorphic_2017,
	title = {Neuromorphic photonic networks using silicon photonic weight banks},
	volume = {7},
	copyright = {2017 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07754-z},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-07754-z},
	abstract = {Photonic systems for high-performance information processing have attracted renewed interest. Neuromorphic silicon photonics has the potential to integrate processing functions that vastly exceed the capabilities of electronics. We report first observations of a recurrent silicon photonic neural network, in which connections are configured by microring weight banks. A mathematical isomorphism between the silicon photonic circuit and a continuous neural network model is demonstrated through dynamical bifurcation analysis. Exploiting this isomorphism, a simulated 24-node silicon photonic neural network is programmed using âneural compilerâ to solve a differential system emulation task. A 294-fold acceleration against a conventional benchmark is predicted. We also propose and derive power consumption analysis for modulator-class neurons that, as opposed to laser-class neurons, are compatible with silicon photonic platforms. At increased scale, Neuromorphic silicon photonics could access new regimes of ultrafast information processing for radio, control, and scientific computing.},
	language = {En},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-02-24},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Tait, Alexander N. and Lima, Thomas Ferreira de and Zhou, Ellen and Wu, Allie X. and Nahmias, Mitchell A. and Shastri, Bhavin J. and Prucnal, Paul R.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {7430},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/2IDJDRLS/Tait et al. - 2017 - Neuromorphic photonic networks using silicon photo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/9DUGLX75/s41598-017-07754-z.html:text/html}
}

@article{sun2018hybrid,
  title={Hybrid photonic-plasmonic nonblocking broadband 5$\times$ 5 router for optical networks},
  author={Sun, Shuai and Narayana, Vikram K and Sarpkaya, Ibrahim and Crandall, Joseph and Soref, Richard A and Dalir, Hamed and El-Ghazawi, Tarek and Sorger, Volker J},
  journal={IEEE Photonics Journal},
  volume={10},
  number={2},
  pages={1--12},
  year={2018},
  publisher={IEEE}
}

@article{dalir_atto-joule_2018,
	title = {Atto-{Joule}, high-speed, low-loss plasmonic modulator based on adiabatic coupled waveguides},
	volume = {7},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/nanoph.ahead-of-print/nanoph-2017-0092/nanoph-2017-0092.xml},
	doi = {10.1515/nanoph-2017-0092},
	abstract = {In atomic multi-level systems, adiabatic elimination (AE) is a method used to minimize complicity of the system by eliminating irrelevant and strongly coupled levels by detuning them from one another. Such a three-level system, for instance, can be mapped onto physically in the form of a three-waveguide system. Actively detuning the coupling strength between the respective waveguide modes allows modulating light to propagate through the device, as proposed here. The outer waveguides act as an effective two-photonic-mode system similar to ground and excited states of a three-level atomic system, while the center waveguide is partially plasmonic. In AE regime, the amplitude of the middle waveguide oscillates much faster when compared to the outer waveguides leading to a vanishing field build up. As a result, the plasmonic intermediate waveguide becomes a âdark state,â hence nearly zero decibel insertion loss is expected with modulation depth (extinction ratio) exceeding 25 dB. Here, the modulation mechanism relies on switching this waveguide system from a critical coupling regime to AE condition via electrostatically tuning the free-carrier concentration and hence the optical index of a thin indium thin oxide (ITO) layer resides in the plasmonic center waveguide. This alters the effective coupling length and the phase mismatching condition thus modulating in each of its outer waveguides. Our results also promise a power consumption as low as 49.74aJ/bit. Besides, we expected a modulation speed of 160 GHz reaching to millimeter wave range applications. Such anticipated performance is a direct result of both the unity-strong tunability of the plasmonic optical mode in conjunction with utilizing ultra-sensitive modal coupling between the critically coupled and the AE regimes. When taken together, this new class of modulators paves the way for next generation both for energy and speed conscience optical short-reach communication such as those found in interconnects.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2019-03-17},
	journal = {Nanophotonics},
	author = {Dalir, Hamed and Mokhtari-Koushyar, Farzad and Zand, Iman and Heidari, Elham and Xu, Xiaochuan and Pan, Zeyu and Sun, Shuai and Amin, Rubab and Sorger, Volker J. and Chen, Ray T.},
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {adiabatic elimination, atto-Joule optoelectronics, indium thin-oxide, optical modulator, plasmonics, subwavelength spacing},
	pages = {859--864},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/49DRLRD3/Dalir et al. - 2018 - Atto-Joule, high-speed, low-loss plasmonic modulat.pdf:application/pdf}
}


@article{miscuglio_all-optical_nodate,
	title = {{ALL}-{OPTICAL} {NONLINEAR} {ACTIVATION} {FUNCTION} {FOR}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Miscuglio, Mario and Mehrabian, Armin and Hu, Zibo and Azzam, Shaimaa I and George, Jonathan and Kildishev, Alexander V and Pelton, Matthew and Sorger, Volker J},
	pages = {13},
	file = {Miscuglio et al. - ALL-OPTICAL NONLINEAR ACTIVATION FUNCTION FOR.pdf:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/6BMPAVD2/Miscuglio et al. - ALL-OPTICAL NONLINEAR ACTIVATION FUNCTION FOR.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{sorger_ultra-compact_2012,
	title = {Ultra-compact silicon nanophotonic modulator with broadband response},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2192-8614},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/nanoph.2012.1.issue-1/nanoph-2012-0009/nanoph-2012-0009.xml},
	doi = {10.1515/nanoph-2012-0009},
	abstract = {Electro-optic modulators have been identified as the key drivers for optical communication and signal processing. With an ongoing miniaturization of photonic circuitries, an outstanding aim is to demonstrate an on-chip, ultra-compact, electro-optic modulator without sacrificing bandwidth and modulation strength. While silicon-based electro-optic modulators have been demonstrated, they require large device footprints of the order of millimeters as a result of weak non-linear electro-optical properties. The modulation strength can be increased by deploying a high-Q resonator, however with the trade-off of significantly sacrificing bandwidth. Furthermore, design challenges and temperature tuning limit the deployment of such resonance-based modulators. Recently, novel materials like graphene have been investigated for electro-optic modulation applications with a 0.1 dB per micrometer modulation strength, while showing an improvement over pure silicon devices, this design still requires device lengths of tens of micrometers due to the inefficient overlap between the thin graphene layer, and the optical mode of the silicon waveguide. Here we experimentally demonstrate an ultra-compact, silicon-based, electro-optic modulator with a record-high 1 dB per micrometer extinction ratio over a wide bandwidth range of 1 ÎŒm in ambient conditions. The device is based on a plasmonic metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) waveguide, which efficiently concentrates the optical modesâ electric field into a nanometer thin region comprised of an absorption coefficient-tuneable indium-tin-oxide (ITO) layer. The modulation mechanism originates from electrically changing the free carrier concentration of the ITO layer which dramatically increases the loss of this MOS mode. The seamless integration of such a strong optical beam modulation into an existing silicon-on-insulator platform bears significant potential towards broadband, compact and efficient communication links and circuits.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-03-17},
	journal = {Nanophotonics},
	author = {Sorger, Volker J. and Lanzillotti-Kimura, Norberto D. and Ma, Ren-Min and Zhang, Xiang},
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Modulator, silicon-on-insulator, ultra-compact},
	pages = {17--22},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/V8MS4T5U/Sorger et al. - 2012 - Ultra-compact silicon nanophotonic modulator with .pdf:application/pdf}
}


@article{caselli_deep-subwavelength_2015,
	title = {Deep-subwavelength imaging of both electric and magnetic localized optical fields by plasmonic campanile nanoantenna},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {2015 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/srep09606},
	doi = {10.1038/srep09606},
	abstract = {Tailoring the electromagnetic field at the nanoscale has led to artificial materials exhibiting fascinating optical properties unavailable in naturally occurring substances. Besides having fundamental implications for classical and quantum optics, nanoscale metamaterials provide a platform for developing disruptive novel technologies, in which a combination of both the electric and magnetic radiation field components at optical frequencies is relevant to engineer the light-matter interaction. Thus, an experimental investigation of the spatial distribution of the photonic states at the nanoscale for both field components is of crucial importance. Here we experimentally demonstrate a concomitant deep-subwavelength near-field imaging of the electric and magnetic intensities of the optical modes localized in a photonic crystal nanocavity. We take advantage of the âcampanile tipâ, a plasmonic near-field probe that efficiently combines broadband field enhancement with strong far-field to near-field coupling. By exploiting the electric and magnetic polarizability components of the campanile tip along with the perturbation imaging method, we are able to map in a single measurement both the electric and magnetic localized near-field distributions.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-03-16},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Caselli, NiccolÃ² and La China, Federico and Bao, Wei and Riboli, Francesco and Gerardino, Annamaria and Li, Lianhe and Linfield, Edmund H. and Pagliano, Francesco and Fiore, Andrea and Schuck, P. James and Cabrini, Stefano and Weber-Bargioni, Alexander and Gurioli, Massimo and Intonti, Francesca},
	month = jun,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {9606},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/SQ3DQRYQ/Caselli et al. - 2015 - Deep-subwavelength imaging of both electric and ma.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/3HIQ7FZP/srep09606.html:text/html}
}

@article{bao_visualizing_2015,
	title = {Visualizing nanoscale excitonic relaxation properties of disordered edges and grain boundaries in monolayer molybdenum disulfide},
	volume = {6},
	copyright = {2015 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms8993},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms8993},
	abstract = {Two-dimensional monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors are ideal building blocks for atomically thin, flexible optoelectronic and catalytic devices. Although challenging for two-dimensional systems, sub-diffraction optical microscopy provides a nanoscale material understanding that is vital for optimizing their optoelectronic properties. Here we use the âCampanileâ nano-optical probe to spectroscopically image exciton recombination within monolayer MoS2 with sub-wavelength resolution (60 nm), at the length scale relevant to many critical optoelectronic processes. Synthetic monolayer MoS2 is found to be composed of two distinct optoelectronic regions: an interior, locally ordered but mesoscopically heterogeneous two-dimensional quantum well and an unexpected âŒ300-nm wide, energetically disordered edge region. Further, grain boundaries are imaged with sufficient resolution to quantify local exciton-quenching phenomena, and complimentary nano-Auger microscopy reveals that the optically defective grain boundary and edge regions are sulfur deficient. The nanoscale structureâproperty relationships established here are critical for the interpretation of edge- and boundary-related phenomena and the development of next-generation two-dimensional optoelectronic devices.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-03-16},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Bao, Wei and Borys, Nicholas J. and Ko, Changhyun and Suh, Joonki and Fan, Wen and Thron, Andrew and Zhang, Yingjie and Buyanin, Alexander and Zhang, Jie and Cabrini, Stefano and Ashby, Paul D. and Weber-Bargioni, Alexander and Tongay, Sefaattin and Aloni, Shaul and Ogletree, D. Frank and Wu, Junqiao and Salmeron, Miquel B. and Schuck, P. James},
	month = aug,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {7993},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/JHBATM2X/Bao et al. - 2015 - Visualizing nanoscale excitonic relaxation propert.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/X77B5JJA/ncomms8993.html:text/html}
}

@article{bao_mapping_2012,
	title = {Mapping {Local} {Charge} {Recombination} {Heterogeneity} by {Multidimensional} {Nanospectroscopic} {Imaging}},
	volume = {338},
	copyright = {Copyright Â© 2012, American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/338/6112/1317},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1227977},
	abstract = {As materials functionality becomes more dependent on local physical and electronic properties, the importance of optically probing matter with true nanoscale spatial resolution has increased. In this work, we mapped the influence of local trap states within individual nanowires on carrier recombination with deeply subwavelength resolution. This is achieved using multidimensional nanospectroscopic imaging based on a nano-optical device. Placed at the end of a scan probe, the device delivers optimal near-field properties, including highly efficient far-field to near-field coupling, ultralarge field enhancement, nearly background-free imaging, independence from sample requirements, and broadband operation. We performed {\textasciitilde}40-nanometerâresolution hyperspectral imaging of indium phosphide nanowires via excitation and collection through the probes, revealing optoelectronic structure along individual nanowires that is not accessible with other methods.
A near-field optical probe designed to maximize its own signal enhancement can be used to image nonmetallic samples.
A near-field optical probe designed to maximize its own signal enhancement can be used to image nonmetallic samples.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6112},
	urldate = {2019-03-16},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Bao, Wei and Melli, M. and Caselli, N. and Riboli, F. and Wiersma, D. S. and Staffaroni, M. and Choo, H. and Ogletree, D. F. and Aloni, S. and Bokor, J. and Cabrini, S. and Intonti, F. and Salmeron, M. B. and Yablonovitch, E. and Schuck, P. J. and Weber-Bargioni, A.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pmid = {23224550},
	pages = {1317--1321},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/WJ9UDSR8/1317.html:text/html;Submitted Version:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/B4CKQYW8/Bao et al. - 2012 - Mapping Local Charge Recombination Heterogeneity b.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{ulmann_analog_2013,
	title = {Analog {Computing}},
	isbn = {978-3-486-75518-3},
	abstract = {This book is a comprehensive introduction to analog computing. As most textbooks about this powerful computing paradigm date back to the 1960s and 1970s, it fills a void and forges a bridge from the early days of analog computing to future applications. The idea of analog computing is not new. In fact, this computing paradigm is nearly forgotten, although it offers a path to both high-speed and low-power computing, which are in even more demand now than they were back in the heyday of electronic analog computers. This first chapters of this book define the notion of analog computing and cover the early history of mechanical and electromechanical analog computers before focusing on the development and the basics of electronic analog computing elements and computers based on these. Two chapters give an introduction to the programming of analog computers with a number of detailed sample problems and solutions. These problems range from simple mass-spring-damper systems to predator-prey simulations and conformal mappings. The following chapters introduce the basic concepts of hybrid computers and digital differential analyzers, the latter of which offer an enormous potential for future applications based on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or the like. The second half of the book is dedicated to an overview of typical applications of analog computers based on a comprehensive bibliography. The last chapter describes future prospects for the analog computing paradigm.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
	author = {Ulmann, Bernd},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Google-Books-ID: y1DpBQAAQBAJ},
	keywords = {Computers / Computer Science, Computers / General, Technology \& Engineering / Electronics / Circuits / General, Technology \& Engineering / Engineering (General)}

@techreport{maclennanreview2007,
	title = {A Review of Analog Computing},
	abstract = {Although analog computation was eclipsed by digital computation in the second half of the twentieth century, it is returning as an important alternative computing technology. Indeed, as explained in this report, theoretical results imply that analog computation can escape from the limitations of digital computation. Furthermore, analog computation has emerged as an important theoretical framework for discussing computation in the brain and other natural systems.},
	language = {en},
	year={2007},
	number = {Technical Report UT-CS-07-606},
	author = {MacLennan, Bruce J},
	pages = {45},
	file = {MacLennan - A Review of Analog Computing.pdf:/Users/mariomiscuglio/Zotero/storage/G27QQSIJ/MacLennan - A Review of Analog Computing.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{weltin2013event,
  title={An event-driven clockless level-crossing ADC with signal-dependent adaptive resolution},
  author={Weltin-Wu, Colin and Tsividis, Yannis},
  journal={IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits},
  volume={48},
  number={9},
  pages={2180--2190},
  year={2013},
  publisher={IEEE}
}

@article{chesshire1990composite,
  title={Composite overlapping meshes for the solution of partial differential equations},
  author={Chesshire, G and Henshaw, William D},
  journal={Journal of Computational Physics},
  volume={90},
  number={1},
  pages={1--64},
  year={1990},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@book{lapidus2011numerical,
  title={Numerical solution of partial differential equations in science and engineering},
  author={Lapidus, Leon and Pinder, George F},
  year={2011},
  publisher={John Wiley \& Sons}
}

@article{borggaard1997pde,
  title={A PDE sensitivity equation method for optimal aerodynamic design},
  author={Borggaard, Jeff and Burns, John},
  journal={Journal of Computational Physics},
  volume={136},
  number={2},
  pages={366--384},
  year={1997},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@inproceedings{crank1947practical,
  title={A practical method for numerical evaluation of solutions of partial differential equations of the heat-conduction type},
  author={Crank, John and Nicolson, Phyllis},
  booktitle={Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
  volume={43},
  number={1},
  pages={50--67},
  year={1947},
  organization={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{palmer1957investigations,
  title={Investigations into the use of an electrical resistance analogue for the solution of certain oscillatory-flow problems},
  author={Palmer, PJ and Copson, Anne R and Redshaw, SC},
  journal={Aero. Res. Counc. R \& M},
  number={3121},
  year={1957},
  publisher={Citeseer}
}

@article{brinzari2017ultra,
  title={Ultra-low thermal conductivity of nanogranular indium tin oxide films deposited by spray pyrolysis},
  author={Brinzari, Vladimir I and Cocemasov, Alexandr I and Nika, Denis L and Korotcenkov, Ghenadii S},
  journal={Applied Physics Letters},
  volume={110},
  number={7},
  pages={071904},
  year={2017},
  publisher={AIP Publishing}
}

@article{ohtaki1994high,
  title={High-temperature thermoelectric properties of In2O3-based mixed oxides and their applicability to thermoelectric power generation},
  author={Ohtaki, Michitaka and Ogura, Daisuke and Eguchi, Koichi and Arai, Hiromichi},
  journal={Journal of Materials Chemistry},
  volume={4},
  number={5},
  pages={653--656},
  year={1994},
  publisher={The Royal Society of Chemistry}
}

@article{foldy1969theory,
  title={On the theory of the optical potential},
  author={Foldy, LL and Walecka, John Dirk},
  journal={Annals of Physics},
  volume={54},
  number={3},
  pages={447--504},
  year={1969},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{navarro2002accurate,
  title={An accurate photonic capacitance model for GaAs MESFETs},
  author={Navarro, Cesar and Zamanillo, J-M and Sanchez, Angel Mediavilla and Puente, Antonio Taz{\'o}n and Garc{\'\i}a, Jose Luis and Lomer, M and Lopez-Higuera, Jos{\'e} Miguel},
  journal={IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques},
  volume={50},
  number={4},
  pages={1193--1197},
  year={2002},
  publisher={IEEE}
}