R/plot.R

#
#   xts: eXtensible time-series
#
#   Copyright (C) 2009-2015  Jeffrey A. Ryan jeff.a.ryan @ gmail.com
#
#   Contributions from Ross Bennett and Joshua M. Ulrich
#
#   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
#   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
#   the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
#   (at your option) any later version.
#
#   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#   GNU General Public License for more details.
#
#   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
#   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.


current.xts_chob <- function() invisible(get(".xts_chob",.plotxtsEnv))


# Current design
#
# There is a main plot object that contains the plot title (and optional
# timespan), the x-axis labels and tick marks, and a list of 'panel' objects.
# The main plot object contains the objects/functions below.
#
#   * Env: an environment holds all the plot information.
#   * add_main_header(): add the main plot header
#   * add_main_xaxis(): add the x-axis labels and ticks to the main plot.
#   * new_panel(): create a new panel and add it to the plot.
#   * get_xcoords(): get the x-coordinate values for the plot.
#   * get_panel(): get a specific panel.
#   * get_last_action_panel(): get the panel that had the last rendered action.
#   * new_environment: create a new environment with 'Env' as its parent.

# Functions that aren't intended to be called externally:
#
#   * update_panels(): re-calculate the x-axis and y-axis values.
#   * render_panels(): render all the plot panels.
#   * get_ylim(): recalculate the ylim for a specific panel.
#   * y_grid_lines: function to plot the y-axis grid lines.
#   * x_grid_lines: function to plot the x-axis grid lines.
#   * yaxis_expr(): create the expression to render the y-axis ticks and labels.

# The panel object is composed of the following fields:
#
#   * id: the numeric index of the panel in the plot's list of panels.
#   * asp: the x/y aspect ratio for the panel (relative vertical size).
#   * ylim: the ylim of the panel when it was created.
#   * ylim_render: the ylim of the panel to use when rendering.
#   * use_global_ylim: update the panel ylim based on other panels.
#   * header: the panel title.
#   * actions: a list of expressions used to render the panel.
#   * add_action(): a function to add an action to the list.
#
# The panel also has expressions for rendering the y-axis min/max values,
# labels, and grid lines/ticks. It also contains an x-axis grid line expression
# because we need the y-axis min/max values to know where to draw the x-axis
# grid lines.

# Other notes
#
# Environments created by new_environment() (e.g. the 'lenv') are children of
# Env, so expressions evaluated in 'lenv' will look in Env for anything not
# found in 'lenv'.
#

# Visual representation of plot structure
#
#   ____________________________________________________________________________
#  /                                                                            \
# |   plot object / window                                                       |
# |                                                                              |
# |    ______________________________________________________________________    |
# |   /                                                                      \   |
# |  |   panel #1                                                             |  |
# |  |   __________________________________________________________________   |  |
# |  |  /                                                                  \  |  |
# |  | |  header frame                                                      | |  |
# |  |  \__________________________________________________________________/  |  |
# |  |   __________________________________________________________________   |  |
# |  |  /                                                                  \  |  |
# |  | |  series frame                                                      | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  |  \__________________________________________________________________/  |  |
# |   \______________________________________________________________________/   |
# |                                                                              |
# |    ______________________________________________________________________    |
# |   /                                                                      \   |
# |  |   panel #2                                                             |  |
# |  |   __________________________________________________________________   |  |
# |  |  /                                                                  \  |  |
# |  | |  header frame                                                      | |  |
# |  |  \__________________________________________________________________/  |  |
# |  |   __________________________________________________________________   |  |
# |  |  /                                                                  \  |  |
# |  | |  series frame                                                      | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  | |                                                                    | |  |
# |  |  \__________________________________________________________________/  |  |
# |   \______________________________________________________________________/   |
# |                                                                              |
#  \____________________________________________________________________________/
#


# Currently not necessary, but potentially very useful:
# http://www.fromthebottomoftheheap.net/2011/07/23/passing-non-graphical-parameters-to-graphical-functions-using/
chart.lines <- function(x, 
                        type="l", 
                        lty=1,
                        lwd=2,
                        lend=1,
                        col=NULL,
                        up.col=NULL, 
                        dn.col=NULL,
                        legend.loc=NULL,
                        log=FALSE,
                        ...){
  xx <- current.xts_chob()
  switch(type,
         h={
           # use up.col and dn.col if specified
           if (!is.null(up.col) && !is.null(dn.col)){
             colors <- ifelse(x[,1] < 0, dn.col, up.col)
           } else {
             colors <- if (is.null(col)) 1 else col
           }
           if (length(colors) < nrow(x[,1]))
               colors <- colors[1]
           # x-coordinates for this column
           xcoords <- xx$get_xcoords(x[,1])
           lines(xcoords,x[,1],lwd=2,col=colors,lend=lend,lty=1,type="h",...)
         },
         p=, l=, b=, c=, o=, s=, S=, n={
           if(is.null(col))
             col <- xx$Env$theme$col

           if(length(lty) < NCOL(x)) lty <- rep(lty, length.out = NCOL(x))
           if(length(lwd) < NCOL(x)) lwd <- rep(lwd, length.out = NCOL(x))
           if(length(col) < NCOL(x)) col <- rep(col, length.out = NCOL(x))

           for(i in NCOL(x):1) {
             # x-coordinates for this column
             xcoords <- xx$get_xcoords(x[,i])
             xi <- x[,i]
             if (isTRUE(log)) xi <- log(xi)
             lines(xcoords, xi, type=type, lend=lend, col=col[i],
                   lty=lty[i], lwd=lwd[i], ...)
           }
         },
         {
           # default case
           warning(paste(type, "not recognized. Type must be one of
                         'p', 'l', 'b, 'c', 'o', 'h', 's', 'S', 'n'.
                         plot.xts supports the same types as plot.default,
                         see ?plot for valid arguments for type"))
         }
        )

  if(!is.null(legend.loc)){
    lc <- legend.coords(legend.loc, xx$Env$xlim, range(x, na.rm=TRUE))
    legend(x=lc$x, y=lc$y, legend=colnames(x), xjust=lc$xjust, yjust=lc$yjust,
           fill=col[1:NCOL(x)], bty="n")
  }
}

add.par.from.dots <- function(call., ...) {
  stopifnot(is.call(call.))

  # from graphics:::.Pars
  parnames <- c("xlog","ylog","adj","ann","ask","bg","bty","cex","cex.axis",
                "cex.lab","cex.main","cex.sub","cin","col","col.axis","col.lab",
                "col.main","col.sub","cra","crt","csi","cxy","din","err",
                "family", "fg","fig","fin","font","font.axis","font.lab",
                "font.main","font.sub","lab","las","lend","lheight","ljoin",
                "lmitre","lty","lwd","mai","mar","mex","mfcol","mfg","mfrow",
                "mgp","mkh","new","oma","omd","omi","page","pch","pin","plt",
                "ps","pty","smo","srt","tck","tcl","usr","xaxp","xaxs","xaxt",
                "xpd","yaxp","yaxs","yaxt","ylbias")

  dots <- list(...)
  argnames <- names(dots)
  pm <- match(argnames, parnames, nomatch = 0L)

  call.list <- as.list(call.)
  # only pass the args from dots ('...') that are in parnames
  as.call(c(call.list, dots[pm > 0L]))
}

isNullOrFalse <- function(x) {
  is.null(x) || identical(x, FALSE)
}

# Main plot.xts method.
# author: Ross Bennett (adapted from Jeffrey Ryan's chart_Series)
plot.xts <- function(x, 
                     y=NULL,
                     ...,
                     subset="",
                     panels=NULL,
                     multi.panel=FALSE,
                     col=1:8,
                     up.col=NULL,
                     dn.col=NULL,
                     bg="#FFFFFF",
                     type="l",
                     lty=1,
                     lwd=2,
                     lend=1,
                     main=deparse(substitute(x)),
                     main.timespan=TRUE,
                     observation.based=FALSE,
                     log=FALSE,
                     ylim=NULL,
                     yaxis.same=TRUE,
                     yaxis.left=TRUE,
                     yaxis.right=TRUE,
                     yaxis.ticks=5,
                     major.ticks="auto",
                     minor.ticks=NULL,
                     grid.ticks.on="auto",
                     grid.ticks.lwd=1,
                     grid.ticks.lty=1,
                     grid.col="darkgray",
                     labels.col="#333333",
                     format.labels=TRUE,
                     grid2="#F5F5F5",
                     legend.loc=NULL,
                     extend.xaxis=FALSE){
  
  # Small multiples with multiple pages behavior occurs when multi.panel is
  # an integer. (i.e. multi.panel=2 means to iterate over the data in a step
  # size of 2 and plot 2 panels on each page
  # Make recursive calls and return
  if(is.numeric(multi.panel)){
    multi.panel <- min(NCOL(x), multi.panel)
    idx <- seq.int(1L, NCOL(x), 1L)
    chunks <- split(idx, ceiling(seq_along(idx)/multi.panel))
    
    # allow color and line attributes for each panel in a multi.panel plot
    if(length(lty) < ncol(x)) lty <- rep(lty, length.out = ncol(x))
    if(length(lwd) < ncol(x)) lwd <- rep(lwd, length.out = ncol(x))
    if(length(col) < ncol(x)) col <- rep(col, length.out = ncol(x))
    
    
    if(!is.null(panels) && nchar(panels) > 0){
      # we will plot the panels, but not plot the data by column
      multi.panel <- FALSE
    } else {
      # we will plot the data by column, but not the panels
      multi.panel <- TRUE
      panels <- NULL
      
      # set the ylim based on the data passed into the x argument
      if(yaxis.same)
        ylim <- range(x[subset], na.rm=TRUE)
    }
    
    for(i in 1:length(chunks)){
      tmp <- chunks[[i]]
      p <- plot.xts(x=x[,tmp], 
                    y=y,
                    ...=...,
                    subset=subset,
                    panels=panels,
                    multi.panel=multi.panel,
                    col=col[tmp],
                    up.col=up.col,
                    dn.col=dn.col,
                    bg=bg,
                    type=type,
                    lty=lty[tmp],
                    lwd=lwd[tmp],
                    lend=lend,
                    main=main,
                    observation.based=observation.based,
                    log=log,
                    ylim=ylim,
                    yaxis.same=yaxis.same,
                    yaxis.left=yaxis.left,
                    yaxis.right=yaxis.right,
                    yaxis.ticks=yaxis.ticks,
                    major.ticks=major.ticks,
                    minor.ticks=minor.ticks,
                    grid.ticks.on=grid.ticks.on,
                    grid.ticks.lwd=grid.ticks.lwd,
                    grid.ticks.lty=grid.ticks.lty,
                    grid.col=grid.col,
                    labels.col=labels.col,
                    format.labels=format.labels,
                    grid2=grid2,
                    legend.loc=legend.loc,
                    extend.xaxis=extend.xaxis)
      if(i < length(chunks))
        print(p)
    }
    # NOTE: return here so we don't draw another chart
    return(p)
  }
  
  cs <- new.replot_xts()
  # major.ticks shouldn't be null so we'll set major.ticks here if it is null
  if(is.null(major.ticks)) {
    xs <- x[subset]
    mt <- c(years=nyears(xs),
                    months=nmonths(xs),
                    days=ndays(xs))
    major.ticks <- names(mt)[rev(which(mt < 30))[1]]
  }

  # add theme and charting parameters to Env
  plot.call <- match.call(expand.dots=TRUE)

  cs$Env$theme <-
    list(up.col   = up.col,
         dn.col   = dn.col,
         col      = col,
         rylab    = yaxis.right,
         lylab    = yaxis.left,
         bg       = bg,
         grid     = grid.col,
         grid2    = grid2,
         labels   = labels.col,

         # String rotation in degrees. See comment about 'crt'. Only supported by text()
         srt      = if (hasArg("srt")) eval.parent(plot.call$srt) else 0,

         # Rotation of axis labels:
         #   0: parallel to the axis (default),
         #   1: horizontal,
         #   2: perpendicular to the axis,
         #   3: vertical
         las      = if (hasArg("las")) eval.parent(plot.call$las) else 0,

         # magnification for axis annotation relative to current 'cex' value
         cex.axis = if (hasArg("cex.axis")) eval.parent(plot.call$cex.axis) else 0.9)
  # /theme

  # multiplier to magnify plotting text and symbols
  cs$Env$cex <- if (hasArg("cex")) eval.parent(plot.call$cex) else 0.6

  # lines of margin to the 4 sides of the plot: c(bottom, left, top, right)
  cs$Env$mar <- if (hasArg("mar")) eval.parent(plot.call$mar) else c(3,2,0,2)
  
  # check for colorset or col argument
  # if col has a length of 1, replicate to NCOL(x) so we can keep it simple
  # and color each line by its index in col
  if(hasArg("colorset")) col <- eval.parent(plot.call$colorset)
  if(length(col) < ncol(x)) col <- rep(col, length.out = ncol(x))
  cs$Env$format.labels <- format.labels
  cs$Env$yaxis.ticks <- yaxis.ticks
  cs$Env$major.ticks <- if (isTRUE(major.ticks)) "auto" else major.ticks
  cs$Env$minor.ticks <- if (isTRUE(minor.ticks)) "auto" else minor.ticks
  cs$Env$grid.ticks.on <- if (isTRUE(grid.ticks.on)) "auto" else grid.ticks.on
  cs$Env$grid.ticks.lwd <- grid.ticks.lwd
  cs$Env$grid.ticks.lty <- grid.ticks.lty
  cs$Env$type <- type
  
  # if lty or lwd has a length of 1, replicate to NCOL(x) so we can keep it 
  # simple and draw each line with attributes by index
  if(length(lty) < ncol(x)) lty <- rep(lty, length.out = ncol(x))
  if(length(lwd) < ncol(x)) lwd <- rep(lwd, length.out = ncol(x))
  cs$Env$lty <- lty
  cs$Env$lwd <- lwd
  
  cs$Env$lend <- lend
  cs$Env$legend.loc <- legend.loc
  cs$Env$extend.xaxis <- extend.xaxis
  cs$Env$observation.based <- observation.based
  cs$Env$log <- isTRUE(log)
  
  # Do some checks on x
  if(is.character(x))
    stop("'x' must be a time-series object")
  
  # Raw returns data passed into function
  cs$Env$xdata <- x
  cs$Env$xsubset <- subset
  cs$Env$column_names <- colnames(x)
  cs$Env$nobs <- NROW(cs$Env$xdata)
  cs$Env$main <- main
  cs$Env$main.timespan <- main.timespan
  cs$Env$ylab <- if (hasArg("ylab")) eval.parent(plot.call$ylab) else ""
  
  if(is.null(ylim)){
    if(isTRUE(multi.panel)){
      if(yaxis.same){
        # set the ylim for the first panel based on all the data
        yrange <- cs$create_ylim(cs$Env$xdata[subset,])
        # and recalculate ylim when rendering
        use_global_ylim <- TRUE
      } else {
        # set the ylim for the first panel based on the first column
        yrange <- cs$create_ylim(cs$Env$xdata[subset, 1])
        # but do NOT recalculate ylim when rendering
        use_global_ylim <- FALSE
      }
    } else {
      # set the ylim based on all the data if this is not a multi.panel plot
      yrange <- cs$create_ylim(cs$Env$xdata[subset,])
      # and recalculate ylim when rendering
      use_global_ylim <- TRUE
    }

    cs$Env$constant_ylim <- range(cs$Env$xdata[subset], na.rm=TRUE)
  } else {
    # use the ylim arg passed in
    # but do NOT recalculate ylim when rendering
    yrange <- ylim
    use_global_ylim <- FALSE
    cs$Env$constant_ylim <- ylim
  }

  # main plot header
  cs$add_main_header(isTRUE(main.timespan))

  # main plot x-axis ticks and labels
  cs$add_main_xaxis(use_major = !isNullOrFalse(major.ticks),
                    use_minor = !isNullOrFalse(minor.ticks))

  if(isTRUE(multi.panel)){

    n_cols <- NCOL(cs$Env$xdata)
    asp <- ifelse(n_cols > 1, n_cols, 3)

    for(i in seq_len(n_cols)) {
      # create a local environment for each panel
      lenv <- cs$new_environment()
      lenv$xdata <- cs$Env$xdata[subset,i]
      lenv$type <- cs$Env$type
      if(yaxis.same){
        lenv$ylim <- cs$Env$constant_ylim
        lenv$use_global_ylim <- TRUE
      } else {
        lenv$ylim <- cs$create_ylim(cs$Env$xdata[subset, i])
        lenv$use_global_ylim <- FALSE
      }

      # allow color and line attributes for each panel in a multi.panel plot
      lenv$lty <- cs$Env$lty[i]
      lenv$lwd <- cs$Env$lwd[i]
      lenv$col <- cs$Env$theme$col[i]
      lenv$log <- isTRUE(log)

      exp <- quote(chart.lines(xdata[xsubset],
                               type=type,
                               lty=lty,
                               lwd=lwd,
                               lend=lend,
                               col=col,
                               log=log,
                               up.col=theme$up.col,
                               dn.col=theme$dn.col,
                               legend.loc=legend.loc))
      exp <- as.expression(add.par.from.dots(exp, ...))

      # create the panels
      this_panel <-
        cs$new_panel(lenv$ylim,
                     asp = asp,
                     envir = lenv,
                     header = cs$Env$column_names[i],
                     draw_left_yaxis = yaxis.left,
                     draw_right_yaxis = yaxis.right,
                     use_global_ylim = lenv$use_global_ylim,
                     use_log_yaxis = log)

      # plot data
      this_panel$add_action(exp, env = lenv, update_ylim = TRUE)
    }
  } else {
    if(type == "h" && NCOL(x) > 1) 
      warning("only the univariate series will be plotted")

    # create the chart's main panel
    main_panel <-
      cs$new_panel(ylim = yrange,
                   asp = 3,
                   envir = cs$Env,
                   header = "",
                   use_global_ylim = use_global_ylim,
                   draw_left_yaxis = yaxis.left,
                   draw_right_yaxis = yaxis.right,
                   use_log_yaxis = log)

    exp <- quote(chart.lines(xdata[xsubset],
                             type=type, 
                             lty=lty,
                             lwd=lwd,
                             lend=lend,
                             col=theme$col,
                             log=log,
                             up.col=theme$up.col, 
                             dn.col=theme$dn.col,
                             legend.loc=legend.loc))
    exp <- as.expression(add.par.from.dots(exp, ...))
    main_panel$add_action(exp)

    assign(".xts_chob", cs, .plotxtsEnv)
  }
  
  # Plot the panels or default to a simple line chart
  if(!is.null(panels) && nchar(panels) > 0) {
    panels <- parse(text=panels, srcfile=NULL)
    for( p in 1:length(panels)) {
      if(length(panels[p][[1]][-1]) > 0) {
        cs <- eval(panels[p])
      } else {
        cs <- eval(panels[p])
      }
    }
  }
  assign(".xts_chob", cs, .plotxtsEnv)
  cs
}

# apply a function to the xdata in the xts chob and add a panel with the result
addPanel <- function(FUN, main="", on=NA, type="l", col=NULL, lty=1, lwd=1, pch=1, ...){
  # get the chob and the raw data (i.e. xdata)
  chob <- current.xts_chob()
  # xdata will be passed as first argument to FUN
  xdata <- chob$Env$xdata
  
  fun <- match.fun(FUN)
  .formals <- formals(fun)
  if("..." %in% names(.formals)) {
    # Just call do.call if FUN has '...'
    x <- try(do.call(fun, c(list(xdata), list(...)), quote=TRUE), silent=TRUE)
  } else {
    # Otherwise, ensure we only pass relevant args to FUN
    .formals <- modify.args(formals=.formals, arglist=list(...))
    .formals[[1]] <- quote(xdata)
    x <- try(do.call(fun, .formals), silent=TRUE)
  }

  if(inherits(x, "try-error")) {
    message(paste("FUN function failed with message", x))
    return(NULL)
  }
  
  addSeriesCall <- quote(addSeries(x = x, main = main, on = on,
    type = type, col = col, lty = lty, lwd = lwd, pch = pch))

  addSeriesCall <- add.par.from.dots(addSeriesCall, ...)
  eval(addSeriesCall)
}

# Add a time series to an existing xts plot
# author: Ross Bennett
addSeries <- function(x, main="", on=NA, type="l", col=NULL, lty=1, lwd=1, pch=1, ...){
  plot_object <- current.xts_chob()
  lenv <- plot_object$new_environment()
  lenv$plot_lines <- function(x, ta, on, type, col, lty, lwd, pch, ...){
    xdata <- x$Env$xdata
    xsubset <- x$Env$xsubset
    xDataSubset <- xdata[xsubset]

    # we can add points that are not necessarily at the points
    # on the main series, but need to ensure the new series only
    # has index values within the xdata subset
    if(xsubset == "") {
      subset.range <- xsubset
    } else {
      fmt <- "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%OS6"
      subset.range <- paste(format(start(xDataSubset), fmt),
                            format(end(xDataSubset), fmt), sep = "/")
    }

    xds <- .xts(, .index(xDataSubset), tzone=tzone(xdata))
    ta.y <- merge(ta, xds)[subset.range]
    if (!isTRUE(x$Env$extend.xaxis)) {
        xi <- .index(ta.y)
        xc <- .index(xds)

        xsubset <- which(xi >= xc[1] & xi <= xc[length(xc)])
        ta.y <- ta.y[xsubset]
    }

    chart.lines(ta.y, type=type, col=col, lty=lty, lwd=lwd, pch=pch, ...)
  }

  # get tag/value from dots
  expargs <- substitute(alist(ta=x,
                              on=on,
                              type=type,
                              col=col,
                              lty=lty,
                              lwd=lwd,
                              pch=pch,
                              ...))
  # capture values from caller, so we don't need to copy objects to lenv,
  # since this gives us evaluated versions of all the object values
  expargs <- lapply(expargs[-1L], eval, parent.frame())
  exp <- as.call(c(quote(plot_lines),
                   x = quote(current.xts_chob()),
                   expargs))

  xdata <- plot_object$Env$xdata
  xsubset <- plot_object$Env$xsubset
  lenv$xdata <- merge(x,xdata,retside=c(TRUE,FALSE))
  if(hasArg("ylim")) {
    ylim <- eval.parent(substitute(alist(...))$ylim)
  } else {
    ylim <- range(lenv$xdata[xsubset], na.rm=TRUE)
    if(all(ylim == 0)) ylim <- c(-1, 1)
  }
  lenv$ylim <- ylim
  
  if(is.na(on[1])){
    # add series to a new panel
    this_panel <- plot_object$new_panel(lenv$ylim,
                                        asp = 1,
                                        envir = lenv,
                                        header = main)

    # plot data
    this_panel$add_action(exp, env = lenv, update_ylim = FALSE)

  } else {
    for(i in on) {
      this_panel <- plot_object$get_panel(i)
      this_panel$add_action(exp, env = lenv)
    }
  }
  plot_object
}

# Add time series of lines to an existing xts plot
# author: Ross Bennett
lines.xts <- function(x, ..., main="", on=0, col=NULL, type="l", lty=1, lwd=1, pch=1){
  if(!is.na(on[1]))
    if(on[1] == 0) on[1] <- current.xts_chob()$get_last_action_panel()$id
  
  addSeries(x, ...=..., main=main, on=on, type=type, col=col, lty=lty, lwd=lwd, pch=pch)
}

# Add time series of points to an existing xts plot
# author: Ross Bennett
points.xts <- function(x, ..., main="", on=0, col=NULL, pch=1){
  if(!is.na(on[1]))
    if(on[1] == 0) on[1] <- current.xts_chob()$get_last_action_panel()$id
  
  addSeries(x, ...=..., main=main, on=on, type="p", col=col, pch=pch)
}

# Add vertical lines to an existing xts plot
# author: Ross Bennett
addEventLines <- function(events, main="", on=0, lty=1, lwd=1, col=1, ...){
  events <- try.xts(events)

  plot_object <- current.xts_chob()

  if(!is.na(on[1]))
    if(on[1] == 0) on[1] <- plot_object$get_last_action_panel()$id
  
  if(nrow(events) > 1){
    if(length(lty) == 1) lty <- rep(lty, nrow(events))
    if(length(lwd) == 1) lwd <- rep(lwd, nrow(events))
    if(length(col) == 1) col <- rep(col, nrow(events))
  }
  
  lenv <- plot_object$new_environment()
  lenv$plot_event_lines <- function(x, events, on, lty, lwd, col, ...){
    xdata <- x$Env$xdata
    xsubset <- x$Env$xsubset

    ypos <- x$get_panel(on)$ylim[2] * 0.995
    # we can add points that are not necessarily at the points on the main series
    subset.range <-
      paste(format(start(xdata[xsubset]), "%Y%m%d %H:%M:%OS6"),
            format(end(xdata[xsubset]), "%Y%m%d %H:%M:%OS6"),
            sep = "/")
    ta.adj <- merge(n=.xts(1:NROW(xdata[xsubset]),
                           .index(xdata[xsubset]), 
                           tzone=tzone(xdata)),
                    .xts(rep(1, NROW(events)),# use numeric for the merge
                         .index(events)))[subset.range]
    # should we not merge and only add events that are in index(xdata)?
    ta.y <- ta.adj[,-1]
    # the merge should result in NAs for any object that is not in events
    event.ind <- which(!is.na(ta.y))
    abline(v=x$get_xcoords()[event.ind], col=col, lty=lty, lwd=lwd)
    text(x=x$get_xcoords()[event.ind], y=ypos,
         labels=as.character(events[,1]), 
         col=x$Env$theme$labels, ...)
  }

  # get tag/value from dots
  expargs <- substitute(alist(events=events,
                              on=on,
                              lty=lty,
                              lwd=lwd,
                              col=col,
                              ...))
  # capture values from caller, so we don't need to copy objects to lenv,
  # since this gives us evaluated versions of all the object values
  expargs <- lapply(expargs[-1L], eval, parent.frame())
  exp <- as.call(c(quote(plot_event_lines),
                   x = quote(current.xts_chob()),
                   expargs))

  if(is.na(on[1])){
    xdata <- plot_object$Env$xdata
    xsubset <- plot_object$Env$xsubset
    lenv$xdata <- xdata
    ylim <- range(xdata[xsubset], na.rm=TRUE)
    lenv$ylim <- ylim

    # add series to a new panel
    this_panel <- plot_object$new_panel(lenv$ylim,
                                        asp = 1,
                                        envir = lenv,
                                        header = main)

    # plot data
    this_panel$add_action(exp, env = lenv, update_ylim = FALSE)

  } else {
    for(i in on) {
      this_panel <- plot_object$get_panel(i)
      this_panel$add_action(exp, env = lenv)
    }
  }
  plot_object
}

# Add legend to an existing xts plot
# author: Ross Bennett
addLegend <- function(legend.loc="topright", legend.names=NULL, col=NULL, ncol=1, on=0, ...){

  plot_object <- current.xts_chob()

  if(!is.na(on[1]))
    if(on[1] == 0) on[1] <- plot_object$get_last_action_panel()$id
  
  lenv <- plot_object$new_environment()
  lenv$plot_legend <- function(x, legend.loc, legend.names, col, ncol, on, bty, text.col, ...){
    if(is.na(on[1])){
      yrange <- c(0, 1)
    } else {
      yrange <- x$get_panel(on)$ylim
    }
    # this just gets the data of the main plot
    # TODO: get the data of panels[on]
    if(is.null(ncol)){
      ncol <- NCOL(x$Env$xdata)
    }
    if(is.null(col)){
      col <- x$Env$theme$col[1:NCOL(x$Env$xdata)]
    }
    if(is.null(legend.names)){
      legend.names <- x$Env$column_names
    }
    if(missing(bty)){
      bty <- "n"
    }
    if(missing(text.col)){
      text.col <- x$Env$theme$labels
    }
    lc <- legend.coords(legend.loc, x$Env$xlim, yrange)
    legend(x=lc$x, y=lc$y, legend=legend.names, xjust=lc$xjust, yjust=lc$yjust,
           ncol=ncol, col=col, bty=bty, text.col=text.col, ...)
  }
  
  # get tag/value from dots
  expargs <- substitute(alist(legend.loc=legend.loc,
                              legend.names=legend.names,
                              col=col,
                              ncol=ncol,
                              on=on,
                              ...))
  # capture values from caller, so we don't need to copy objects to lenv,
  # since this gives us evaluated versions of all the object values
  expargs <- lapply(expargs[-1L], eval, parent.frame())
  exp <- as.call(c(quote(plot_legend),
                   x = quote(current.xts_chob()),
                   expargs))


  # if on[1] is NA, then add a new frame for the legend
  if(is.na(on[1])){

    # add legend to a new panel
    this_panel <- plot_object$new_panel(ylim = c(0, 1),
                                        asp = 0.8,
                                        envir = lenv,
                                        header = "")

    # legend data
    this_panel$add_action(exp, env = lenv, update_ylim = FALSE)

  } else {
    for(i in on) {
      this_panel <- plot_object$get_panel(i)
      this_panel$add_action(exp, env = lenv)
    }
  }
  plot_object
}

# Determine legend coordinates based on legend location,
# range of x values and range of y values
legend.coords <- function(legend.loc, xrange, yrange) {
  switch(legend.loc,
        topleft = list(xjust = 0,   yjust = 1,   x = xrange[1], y = yrange[2]),
           left = list(xjust = 0,   yjust = 0.5, x = xrange[1], y = sum(yrange) / 2),
     bottomleft = list(xjust = 0,   yjust = 0,   x = xrange[1], y = yrange[1]),
            top = list(xjust = 0.5, yjust = 1,   x = (xrange[1] + xrange[2]) / 2, y = yrange[2]),
         center = list(xjust = 0.5, yjust = 0.5, x = (xrange[1] + xrange[2]) / 2, y = sum(yrange) / 2),
         bottom = list(xjust = 0.5, yjust = 0,   x = (xrange[1] + xrange[2]) / 2, y = yrange[1]),
       topright = list(xjust = 1,   yjust = 1,   x = xrange[2], y = yrange[2]),
          right = list(xjust = 1,   yjust = 0.5, x = xrange[2], y = sum(yrange) / 2),
    bottomright = list(xjust = 1,   yjust = 0,   x = xrange[2], y = yrange[1])
  )
}

# Add a polygon to an existing xts plot
# author: Ross Bennett
addPolygon <- function(x, y=NULL, main="", on=NA, col=NULL, ...){
  # add polygon to xts plot based on http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/blog/2011/01/16/
  
  # some simple checks
  x <- try.xts(x)
  if(!is.null(y)) stop("y is not null")
  if(ncol(x) > 2) warning("more than 2 columns detected in x, only the first 2 will be used")
  
  plot_object <- current.xts_chob()
  lenv <- plot_object$new_environment()
  lenv$plot_lines <- function(x, ta, on, col, ...){
    xdata <- x$Env$xdata
    xsubset <- x$Env$xsubset
    xDataSubset <- xdata[xsubset]
    if(is.null(col)) col <- x$Env$theme$col

    # we can add points that are not necessarily at the points
    # on the main series, but need to ensure the new series only
    # has index values within the xdata subset
    if(xsubset == "") {
      subset.range <- xsubset
    } else {
      fmt <- "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%OS6"
      subset.range <- paste(format(start(xDataSubset), fmt),
                            format(end(xDataSubset), fmt), sep = "/")
    }

    xds <- .xts(, .index(xDataSubset), tzone=tzone(xdata))
    ta.y <- merge(ta, xds)[subset.range]
    # NAs in the coordinates break the polygon which is not the behavior we want
    ta.y <- na.omit(ta.y)
    
    # x coordinates
    n <- seq_len(NROW(ta.y))
    xx <- x$get_xcoords(ta.y)[c(1, n, rev(n))]

    # y coordinates upper and lower
    # assume first column is upper and second column is lower y coords for
    # initial prototype
    yu <- as.vector(coredata(ta.y[,1]))
    yl <- as.vector(coredata(ta.y[,2]))
    polygon(x=xx, y=c(yl[1], yu, rev(yl)), border=NA, col=col, ...)
  }

  # get tag/value from dots
  expargs <- substitute(alist(ta=x,
                              col=col,
                              on=on,
                              ...))
  # capture values from caller, so we don't need to copy objects to lenv,
  # since this gives us evaluated versions of all the object values
  expargs <- lapply(expargs[-1L], eval, parent.frame())
  exp <- as.call(c(quote(plot_lines),
                   x = quote(current.xts_chob()),
                   expargs))

  xdata <- plot_object$Env$xdata
  xsubset <- plot_object$Env$xsubset
  lenv$xdata <- merge(x,xdata,retside=c(TRUE,FALSE))
  if(hasArg("ylim")) {
    ylim <- eval.parent(substitute(alist(...))$ylim)
  } else {
    ylim <- range(lenv$xdata[xsubset], na.rm=TRUE)
    if(all(ylim == 0)) ylim <- c(-1, 1)
  }
  lenv$ylim <- ylim
  
  if(is.na(on[1])){
    # add series to a new panel
    this_panel <- plot_object$new_panel(ylim = lenv$ylim,
                                        asp = 1,
                                        envir = lenv,
                                        header = main)

    # plot data
    this_panel$add_action(exp, env = lenv, update_ylim = FALSE)

  } else {
    for(i in on) {
      this_panel <- plot_object$get_panel(i)
      this_panel$add_action(exp, env = lenv)
    }
  }
  plot_object
}# polygon


# Based on quantmod/R/replot.R
new.replot_xts <- function(panel=1,asp=1,xlim=c(1,10),ylim=list(structure(c(1,10),fixed=FALSE))) {
  # global variables

  # 'Env' is mainly the environment for the plot window, but some elements are for panels/frames
  Env <- new.env()
  Env$active_panel_i <- panel
  Env$asp   <- 1
  Env$xlim  <- xlim  # vector: c(min, max) (same for every panel)
  Env$last_action_panel_id <- 1
  
  # getters
  get_panel <- function(n) { if (n == 0) get_last_action_panel() else Env$panels[[n]] }
  get_ylim  <- function() { update_panels(); get_active_panel()[["ylim_render"]] }
  get_xlim  <- function() { update_panels(); Env$xlim }
  get_active_panel <- function() { get_panel(Env$active_panel_i) }
  get_last_action_panel <- function() { get_panel(Env$last_action_panel_id) }
  
  create_ylim <-
  function(x, const_y_mult = 0.2)
  {
    # Create y-axis limits from 'x'. Jitter the max/min limits by
    # 'const_y_mult' if the max/min values are the same.
    lim <- range(x, na.rm = TRUE)

    if(isTRUE(all.equal(lim[1L], lim[2L]))) {
      # if max and min are the same
      if(lim[1L] == 0) {
        lim <- c(-1, 1)
      } else {
        lim <- lim[1L] * c(1 - const_y_mult, 1 + const_y_mult)
      }
    }

    return(lim)
  }

  # loop over panels and then actions
  render_panels <-
  function()
  {
      update_panels()

      # all panel header/series asp pairs
      all_asp <- lapply(Env$panels, function(p) p[["asp"]])
      all_asp <- do.call(c, all_asp)

      # panel header asp is always 5% of the total asp
      panel_header_asp <- 0.05 * sum(all_asp)

      # update panel header asp values
      header_loc <- seq(1, length(all_asp), by = 2)
      all_asp[header_loc] <- panel_header_asp

      # main header asp is always 4% of the grand total asp
      main_title_asp <- 0.04 * sum(all_asp)

      all_asp <- c(main_title_asp, all_asp)
      n_asp <- length(all_asp)

      # render main plot header and x-axis
      plot.window(Env$xlim, c(0, 1))
      clip(par("usr")[1], par("usr")[2], 0, 1)
      eval(Env$main_header_expr, Env)  # header
      eval(Env$main_xaxis_expr,  Env)  # x-axis

      # render each panel
      for (panel_n in seq_along(Env$panels)) {

          panel <- Env$panels[[panel_n]]
          # set the current active panel, so get_ylim() will use it
          Env$active_panel_i <- panel_n

          is_header <- TRUE  # header is always the first action
          #panel$render_header(Env$xlim, panel_ymax[panel_n])

          for (action in panel$actions) {

              if (is_header) {
                  is_header <- FALSE
                  asp <- panel_header_asp
                  asp_n <- 2 * panel_n
                  ylim <- c(0, 1)
              } else {
                  asp <- panel$asp["series"]
                  asp_n <- 2 * panel_n + 1
                  ylim <- panel$ylim_render
              }

              # scaled ylim
              ylim_scale <- all_asp / asp * abs(diff(ylim))

              ymin_adj <- sum(ylim_scale[-seq_len(asp_n)])
              ymax_adj <- sum(ylim_scale[-(asp_n:n_asp)])
              scaled_ylim <- c(ylim[1] - ymin_adj, ylim[2] + ymax_adj)

              plot.window(Env$xlim, scaled_ylim)

              if (attr(action, "clip")) {
                  clip(par("usr")[1], par("usr")[2], ylim[1], ylim[2])
              }

              action_env <- attr(action, "env")
              eval(action, action_env)
          }
      }
  }

  get_xcoords <- function(xts_object = NULL, at_posix = FALSE) {
    # unique index for all series (always POSIXct)
    xcoords <- Env$xycoords$x

    if (!is.null(xts_object)) {
      # get the x-coordinates for the observations in xts_object
      temp_xts <- .xts(seq_along(xcoords), xcoords, tzone = tzone(xts_object))
      xcoords <- merge(temp_xts, xts_object,
                       fill = na.locf,  # for duplicate index values
                       join = "right", retside = c(TRUE, FALSE))

      if (!isTRUE(Env$extend.xaxis)) {
        xc <- Env$xycoords$x
        xi <- .index(xcoords)

        xsubset <- which(xi >= xc[1] & xi <= xc[length(xc)])
        xcoords <- xcoords[xsubset]
      }

      if(Env$observation.based && !at_posix) {
        result <- drop(coredata(xcoords))
      } else {
        result <- .index(xcoords)
      }
    } else {
      if(Env$observation.based && !at_posix) {
        result <- seq_along(xcoords)
      } else {
        result <- xcoords
      }
    }

    return(result)
  }

  # main plot header
  Env$main_header_expr <- NULL
  add_main_header <-
  function(add_timespan = TRUE)
  {
    Env$main_header_expr <-
      expression({
        text(x = xlim[1],
             y = 0.98,
             labels = main,
             adj = NULL,
             pos = 4,
             offset = 0,
             cex = 1.1,
             col = theme$labels,
             font = 2)
      })

    if (add_timespan) {
      Env$main_header_expr <-
        c(Env$main_header_expr,
          expression({
            text(x = xlim[2],
                 y = 0.98,
                 labels = paste(start(xdata[xsubset]),
                                end(xdata[xsubset]), sep = " / "),
                 adj = c(0, 0),
                 pos = 2,
                 offset = 0.5,
                 cex = 1,
                 col = theme$labels,
                 font = NULL)
          }))
    }
  }

  # main plot x-axis
  Env$main_xaxis_expr <- NULL
  add_main_xaxis <-
  function(use_major, use_minor)
  {
      # add observation level ticks on x-axis if < 400 obs.
      expr <- expression({
          if (NROW(xdata[xsubset]) < 400) {
              axis(1,
                   at = get_xcoords(),
                   labels = FALSE,
                   las = theme$las,
                   lwd.ticks = NULL,
                   mgp = NULL,
                   tcl = 0.3,
                   cex.axis = theme$cex.axis,
                   col = theme$labels,
                   col.axis = theme$grid2)
          }
      })

      # and major and/or minor x-axis ticks and labels
      values <- list()
      types <- c("major", "minor")[c(use_major, use_minor)]
      for (type in types) {
          if (type == "major") {
              values$.ticks.on <- quote(major.ticks)
              values$.labels <- quote(names(axt))
              values$.lwd.ticks <- 1.5
          } else {
              values$.ticks.on <- quote(minor.ticks)
              values$.labels <- FALSE
              values$.lwd.ticks <- 0.75
          }
          expr <- c(expr, substitute({
              xcoords <- get_xcoords()
              x_index <- get_xcoords(at_posix = TRUE)
              axt <- axTicksByTime(.xts(, x_index, tzone = tzone(xdata))[xsubset],
                                   ticks.on = .ticks.on,
                                   format.labels = format.labels)
              axis(1,
                   at = xcoords[axt],
                   labels = .labels,
                   las = theme$las,
                   lwd.ticks = .lwd.ticks,
                   mgp = c(3,1.5,0),
                   tcl = -0.4,
                   cex.axis = theme$cex.axis,
                   col = theme$labels,
                   col.axis = theme$labels)

          }, values))
      }

      Env$main_xaxis_expr <- expr
      return(expr)
  }

  # panel functionality
  Env$panels <- list()
  new_panel <-
  function(ylim,
           asp,
           envir,
           header,
           ...,
           use_global_ylim = FALSE,
           draw_left_yaxis = NULL,
           draw_right_yaxis = NULL,
           use_log_yaxis = FALSE,
           title_timespan = FALSE)
  {
      panel <- new.env(TRUE, envir)
      panel$id <- length(Env$panels) + 1
      panel$asp <- c(header = 0.25, series = asp)
      panel$ylim <- ylim
      panel$ylim_render <- ylim
      panel$use_global_ylim <- use_global_ylim
      panel$draw_left_yaxis  <- ifelse(is.null(draw_left_yaxis),  Env$theme$lylab, draw_left_yaxis)
      panel$draw_right_yaxis <- ifelse(is.null(draw_right_yaxis), Env$theme$rylab, draw_right_yaxis)
      panel$use_log_yaxis <- isTRUE(use_log_yaxis)
      panel$header <- header

      ### actions
      panel$actions <- list()
      panel$add_action <-
      function(expr,
               env = Env,
               clip = TRUE,
               update_ylim = TRUE,
               ...)
      {
          if (!is.expression(expr)) {
              expr <- as.expression(expr)
          }

          action <- structure(expr, clip = clip, env = env,
                              update_ylim = update_ylim, ...)
          panel$actions <- append(panel$actions, list(action))

          Env$last_action_panel_id <<- panel$id
      }

      ### header
      # NOTE: this must be the 1st action for a panel
      header_expr <-
          expression({
              text(x = xlim[1],
                   y = 0.3,
                   labels = header,
                   adj = c(0, 0),
                   pos = 4,
                   offset = 0,
                   cex = 0.9,
                   col = theme$labels,
                   font = NULL)
          })
      panel$add_action(header_expr, env = panel)

      ### y-axis
      yaxis_expr <- expression({

          if (use_global_ylim) {
              # use the ylim based on all panels' data
              yl <- ylim_render
          } else {
              yl <- ylim
          }

          # y-axis grid line labels and locations
          grid_loc <- pretty(yl, Env$yaxis.ticks)
          grid_loc <- grid_loc[grid_loc >= yl[1] & grid_loc <= yl[2]]

          # draw y-axis grid lines
          segments(x0 = xlim[1], y0 = grid_loc,
                   x1 = xlim[2], y1 = grid_loc,
                   col = theme$grid,
                   lwd = grid.ticks.lwd,
                   lty = grid.ticks.lty)

          # draw left y-axis grid labels
          if (draw_left_yaxis) {
              text(x = xlim[1],
                   y = grid_loc,
                   labels = format(grid_loc, justify = "right"),
                   col = theme$labels,
                   srt = theme$srt,
                   offset = 0.5,
                   pos = 2,
                   cex = theme$cex.axis,
                   xpd = TRUE)
          }

          # draw right y-axis grid labels
          if (draw_right_yaxis) {
              text(x = xlim[2],
                   y = grid_loc,
                   labels = format(grid_loc, justify = "right"),
                   col = theme$labels,
                   srt = theme$srt,
                   offset = 0.5,
                   pos = 4,
                   cex = theme$cex.axis,
                   xpd = TRUE)
          }

          # draw y-axis label
          title(ylab = ylab[1], mgp = c(1, 1, 0))
      })
      panel$add_action(yaxis_expr, env = panel, update_ylim = FALSE)

      # x-axis grid
      xaxis_action <- expression(x_grid_lines(xdata, grid.ticks.on, par("usr")[3:4]))
      panel$add_action(xaxis_action, env = panel, update_ylim = FALSE)

      # append the new panel to the panel list
      Env$panels <- append(Env$panels, list(panel))

      return(panel)
  }

  update_panels <- function(headers=TRUE) {

    for (panel_n in seq_along(Env$panels)) {
      panel <- Env$panels[[panel_n]]
      if (panel$use_global_ylim) {
        # set ylim to +/-Inf when fixed = FALSE so update_panel() recalculates ylim
        panel$ylim_render <- c(Inf, -Inf)
      }
    }

    # reset all ylim values, by looking for range(env[[1]]$xdata)
    # xdata should be either coming from Env or if lenv, lenv
    for (panel_n in seq_along(Env$panels)) {
      panel <- get_panel(panel_n)

      if (panel$use_global_ylim) {
        for (action in panel$actions) {

          action_update_ylim <- attr(action, "update_ylim")
          action_env <- attr(action, "env")
          action_data <- action_env$xdata

          if (!is.null(action_data) && action_update_ylim) {
            # some actions (e.g. addLegend) do not have 'xdata'
            dat.range <- create_ylim(action_data[Env$xsubset])

            # re-retrieve ylim; actions may be changed it
            new_ylim <-
              c(min(panel$ylim[1], dat.range, na.rm = TRUE),
                max(panel$ylim[2], dat.range, na.rm = TRUE))

            if (panel$use_log_yaxis) {
                new_ylim <- log(new_ylim)
            }

            # set to new ylim values
            panel$ylim_render <- new_ylim
          }
        }
      }
    }

    update_xaxis <- function(panel, x_axis)
    {
      # Create x-axis values using index values from data from all panels
      for (action in panel$actions) {
        action_env <- attr(action, "env")
        action_data <- action_env$xdata

        if (!is.null(action_data)) {
          # some actions (e.g. addLegend) do not have 'xdata'

          action_xaxis <- .index(action_data[Env$xsubset])
          new_xaxis <- sort(unique(c(x_axis, action_xaxis)))

          if (isTRUE(Env$extend.xaxis)) {
            result <- new_xaxis
          } else {
            xaxis_rng <- range(x_axis, na.rm = TRUE)
            result <- new_xaxis[new_xaxis >= xaxis_rng[1L] &
                                new_xaxis <= xaxis_rng[2L]]
          }
        }
      }
      return(result)
    }

    x_axis <- .index(Env$xdata[Env$xsubset])
    for (panel in Env$panels) {
        x_axis <- update_xaxis(panel, x_axis)
    }

    # Create x/y coordinates using the combined x-axis index
    Env$xycoords <- xy.coords(x_axis, seq_along(x_axis))

    if (Env$observation.based) {
      Env$xlim <- c(1, length(get_xcoords()))
    } else {
      Env$xlim <- range(get_xcoords(), na.rm = TRUE)
    }
  }


  # return
  replot_env <- new.env()
  class(replot_env) <- c("replot_xts","environment")
  replot_env$Env <- Env
  replot_env$add_main_header <- add_main_header
  replot_env$add_main_xaxis <- add_main_xaxis
  replot_env$new_panel <- new_panel
  replot_env$get_xcoords <- get_xcoords
  replot_env$update_panels <- update_panels
  replot_env$render_panels <- render_panels
  replot_env$get_panel <- get_panel
  replot_env$get_xlim <- get_xlim
  replot_env$get_ylim <- get_ylim
  replot_env$create_ylim <- create_ylim
  replot_env$get_last_action_panel <- get_last_action_panel

  replot_env$new_environment <- function() { new.env(TRUE, Env) }

  # function to plot the x-axis grid lines
  replot_env$Env$x_grid_lines <- function(x, ticks.on, ylim)
  {
    if (isNullOrFalse(ticks.on)) {
      invisible()
    } else {
      if (isTRUE(ticks.on)) ticks.on <- "auto"

      xcoords <- get_xcoords()
      x_index <- get_xcoords(at_posix = TRUE)
      atbt <- axTicksByTime(.xts(, x_index, tzone = tzone(x)),
                            ticks.on = ticks.on)

      segments(xcoords[atbt], ylim[1L],
               xcoords[atbt], ylim[2L],
               col = Env$theme$grid,
               lwd = Env$grid.ticks.lwd,
               lty = Env$grid.ticks.lty)
    }
  }

  return(replot_env)
}

str.replot_xts <- function(object, ...) {
  print(str(unclass(object)))
}

print.replot_xts <- function(x, ...) plot(x,...)
plot.replot_xts <- function(x, ...) {
  # must set the background color before calling plot.new
  obg <- par(bg = x$Env$theme$bg)
  plot.new()
  assign(".xts_chob",x,.plotxtsEnv)

  # only reasonable way to fix X11/quartz issue
  ocex <- par(cex = if(.Device == "X11") x$Env$cex else x$Env$cex * 1.5)
  omar <- par(mar = x$Env$mar)
  oxpd <- par(xpd = FALSE)
  usr <- par("usr")
  # reset par
  on.exit(par(xpd = oxpd$xpd, cex = ocex$cex, mar = omar$mar, bg = obg$bg))

  x$render_panels()

  do.call("clip", as.list(usr))  # reset clipping region

  invisible(x$Env$actions)
}