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 * [Applications](./applications.md). Practical applications of Machine Hearing
 * [Tasks](./tasks.md). Established problem formulations
 * [Audio Quality](./audio-quality). Metrics for measuring audio quality
+* [Explainable models for Audio](./explainable).
 * [Features](./features.md). Feature representations
 * [Preprocessing](./preprocessing.md). Preprocessing techniques
 * [DCASE2018](./dcase2018.md). Notes from DCASE2018 challenge and conference
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+
+## Expainable Audio ML
+In many domains and tasks it is highly desirable
+that predictive models can be explainable somehow,
+and audio is no different.
+Aka Interpretable models.
+
+Being able to explain model behavior in general,
+or for subsets, or for a particular input instance can be be useful for
+checking robustness, debugging models, ensuring compliance et.c
+
+Some techniques that are being explored:
+
+* Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME)
+* Layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) 
+* SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)
+* DeepLIFT (Deep Learning Important FeaTures)
+
+Quite often this is done on spectrogram (time-frequency) representation of audio.
+The spectrograms themselves might have a degree of intepretability.
+But as a 2d representation, it allows to use image-based explanations.
+
+In audio we might want to:
+
+- See strength of feature contributions wrt time
+- See contributions in time-frequency (spectrogram) space
+- Listen to only the contributing parts of the sound (source-separation)
+
+Different approaches can be to
+
+- create a model which is interpretable/explainable by construction
+- generate explainer models on top of a black-box model
+
+## Papers
+
+### audioLIME: Listenable Explanations Using Source Separation
+[https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.00582](Paper link).
+By Verena Haunschmid, Ethan Manilow, Gerhard Widmer.
+
+Use LIME on spectrograms to decompose into multiple sources.
+Then constructs audio for each of these sources, that can be listened to independently.
+
+### Towards explainable Music Emotion Recognition: The route via mid-level features
+[Paper link](http://archives.ismir.net/ismir2019/paper/000027.pdf).
+By Shreyan Chowdhury, Andreu Vall, Verena Haunschmid, Gerhard Widmer.
+From Institute of Computational Perception, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.
+Published at ISMIR 2019.
+
+Proposal for a way to make an *explainable* model for music emotion.
+Model output: Emotion estimation along 8 dimensions. Valence, Energy, Tension, Anger, Fear, Happy, Sad, Tender.
+Defined 7 perceptual features, and asked human evaluators to evaluate music clips in terms of these.
+Melodiousness, Articulation, Rhythmic Stability, Rhythmic Complexity, Dissonance, Tonal Stability, Modality/Minorness
+
+Used a deep neural network to estimate these perceptual features.
+Then used a linear model on top of these features to obtain output emotions.
+Compare to a standard neural network model (not inherently explainable).
+
+Results:
+When trained separately, performance dropped a bit.
+When trained jointly, perfomance of explainable model matched
+
+Very simple idea. Easy to adopt to other tasks **if mid-level evaluations are available**.
+
+Weakness. No baseline "explainer" model included?
+Like using SHAP on the baseline neural network.
+
+
+### Interpreting and Explaining Deep Neural Networks for Classification of Audio Signals
+[Paper link](https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03418). [.
+By Sören Becker, Marcel Ackermann, Sebastian Lapuschkin, Klaus-Robert Müller, Wojciech Samek.
+From Fraunhofer and TU Berlin, 
+
+Uses layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP), previously proposed by same authors.
+
+Tested speech classification. Gender classification. 
+Evaluated both a spectrogram-based model and a raw-waveform audio model. Very similar performance.
+
+Shows relevance maps on the spectrograms.
+
+#### [audioMNIST](https://github.com/soerenab/AudioMNIST)
+30000 audio recordings (ca. 9.5 hours) of spoken digits (0-9) in English.
+50 repetitions per digit for each of the 60 different speakers.
+Controlled conditions. Quiet offices with a RØDE NT-USB microphone mono channel at 48kHz, 16bit.
+Meta information including age (22-61 years), gender (12 female/48 male), origin and accent of all speakers.
+
+### Understanding the Importance of Heart Sound Segmentation for Heart Anomaly Detection
+[Paper link](https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.10480).
+By Theekshana Dissanayake, Tharindu Fernando, Simon Denman, Sridha Sridharan, Houman Ghaemmaghami, Clinton Fookes.
+
+Heart sound segmentation, as preprocessing step before classifcation.
+To detect abnormal heart sounds.
+
+Used SHAP to see whether the model uses the segmentation part of the model or local features the most.
+Also to indicate whether the S1 or the S2 heart sounds are getting focused on.
+Used SHAP to compute feature contributions at different points in time.
+
+Combined SHAP with Occlusion Maps to find the importance of a feature region.
+Plotted on the time axis.
+
+Annoying: Probability scores not shown on normal/abnormal examples.
+
+### PhysioNet heart abnormality dataset
+[Challenge](https://physionet.org/content/challenge-2016/1.0.0/)
+[Dataset](https://archive.physionet.org/physiobank/database/challenge/2016/)
+Heart sound recordings were sourced from several contributors around the world.
+Either a clinical or nonclinical environment, from both healthy subjects and pathological patients.
+The Challenge training set consists of five databases (A through E) containing a total of 3,126 heart sound recordings,
+lasting from 5 seconds to just over 120 seconds. Entire training set is 169 MB.
+
+The heart sound recordings were collected from different locations on the body.
+Four locations are aortic area, pulmonic area, tricuspid area and mitral area,
+but could be one of nine different locations.
+
+Please note that due to the uncontrolled environment of the recordings,
+many recordings are corrupted by various noise sources, such as talking, stethoscope motion, breathing and intestinal sounds. Some recordings were difficult or even impossible to classify as normal or abnormal.
+
+
+## Tools
+
+## [tf-explain](https://github.com/sicara/tf-explain#available-methods)
+Can visualize Activations, Gradient sensitivity on input, Occlusion Sensitivity, GRAD-CAM, etc. Layer-Wise Relevance Propagation is on the roadmap.
+Callback-based for Keras. Takes validation data as input.
+Integration with Tensorboard, results can be seen live there.
+
+The resolution of Grad-CAM is the spatial resolution of the last convolutional feature map,
+this can cause it to miss details. 
+For occlusion sensitivity, one must choose the right values for mask size and stride.
+ 
+
+
+