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Fix indents in Chapter 12
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mgp authored Jul 31, 2020
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Expand Up @@ -468,18 +468,18 @@ by Mortimer J. Adler and Charles Van Doren
##### How to Use Commentaries and Abstracts

* Such works should be use sparingly for two reasons:
1. Commentators are not always right in their comments on a book.
2. Even if they are right, they may not be exhaustive. Reading a commentary, especially one that is very self-assured, tends to limit your understanding of a book.
1. Commentators are not always right in their comments on a book.
2. Even if they are right, they may not be exhaustive. Reading a commentary, especially one that is very self-assured, tends to limit your understanding of a book.
* Whereas you should read an author's preface and introduction *before* reading a book, you should not read a commentary by someone else until *after* you have read the book.
* Reading a commentary before the book will distort your reading: You will tend to see only the points made by the scholar or critic, and fail to see other points that may be just as important.
* If you rely on commentaries and habits too often, you will be totally lost if you cannot find one. You will be a worse reader.

##### How to Use Reference Books

* To use a reference book well:
1. You must have some idea of what you want to know. That is, you must be able to ask the reference book an intelligible question.
2. You must know where to find out what you want to know.
3. You must know how the particular work is organized. By reading its introduction and preface, the editor should communicate to you *how* to use it.
1. You must have some idea of what you want to know. That is, you must be able to ask the reference book an intelligible question.
2. You must know where to find out what you want to know.
3. You must know how the particular work is organized. By reading its introduction and preface, the editor should communicate to you *how* to use it.
* Unsupported opinions have no business in reference books. Only those things that we generally and conventionally agree upon are to be found in them.
* A fourth requirement of using a reference book well: You must know what is *considered knowable* by the authors of the book.

Expand All @@ -489,10 +489,10 @@ by Mortimer J. Adler and Charles Van Doren
* If you have to look up too many words at the beginning of a book, you will lose track of the book's unity and order.
* Resist looking up new words during your first reading of a good book unless they seem to be important to the author's general meaning.
* Words can be looked at four ways:
1. Words are physical things – writable words with speakable sounds.
2. Words are parts of speech.
3. Words are signs. They have multiple meanings, and through their meanings, words are related to one another.
4. Words are conventional. They are man-made signs, and so every word has a history.
1. Words are physical things – writable words with speakable sounds.
2. Words are parts of speech.
3. Words are signs. They have multiple meanings, and through their meanings, words are related to one another.
4. Words are conventional. They are man-made signs, and so every word has a history.
* A good dictionary will answer all of these four different kinds of questions about words.

##### How to Use an Encyclopedia
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* A table of contents is a topical arrangement of a book, whereas an index is an alphabetical arrangement.
* Facts should never be argued about in the first place, and encyclopedias should be used to end disputes about matters of fact as quickly and permanently as possible.
* An encyclopedia is about facts as a dictionary is about words. Some points:
1. Facts are propositions.
2. Facts are "true" propositions, not opinions. When someone says "it is a fact that" she means that it is generally agreed that such is the case.
3. Facts are reflections of reality. They may be either informational singulars or relatively unquestioned generalizations.
4. Facts are to some extent conventional. They can change, as any proposition that we take to be true can be falsified by more patient and more accurate observation and investigation.
1. Facts are propositions.
2. Facts are "true" propositions, not opinions. When someone says "it is a fact that" she means that it is generally agreed that such is the case.
3. Facts are reflections of reality. They may be either informational singulars or relatively unquestioned generalizations.
4. Facts are to some extent conventional. They can change, as any proposition that we take to be true can be falsified by more patient and more accurate observation and investigation.
* The art of using an encyclopedia as an aid to reading is the art of asking the proper questions about facts.

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