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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>@media screen{body[data-bespoke-view=""] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=next] .bespoke-marp-parent>.bespoke-marp-osc>button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-info-container button,body[data-bespoke-view=presenter] .bespoke-marp-presenter-container .bespoke-marp-presenter-note-container button{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background-color:transparent;border:0;color:inherit;cursor:pointer;font-size:inherit;opacity:.8;outline:none;padding:0;transition:opacity .2s 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slide">Next slide</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="fullscreen" tabindex="-1" title="Toggle fullscreen (f)">Toggle fullscreen</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="presenter" tabindex="-1" title="Open presenter view (p)">Open presenter view</button></div><div id="p"><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="1" data-paginate="true" data-class="lead" data-theme="gaia" class="lead" data-marpit-pagination="1" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--class:lead;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Introduction to Web Components</h1>
<p><img src="assets/wclogo.svg" alt="" style="filter:opacity(.8);" /></p>
<p><strong>Arthur Barrett</strong><br />
<a href="mailto:abarrett@fas.harvard.edu">abarrett@fas.harvard.edu</a><br />
April 1, 2022</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="2" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="2" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Today's Talk</h1>
<ul>
<li>Introduction to Web Components</li>
<li>What, Why, How?</li>
<li>React/Vue vs Web Components</li>
<li>Limitations</li>
<li>Wrap-up</li>
</ul>
</section>
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<h1>What are Web Components?</h1>
<p>Web components are a set of web APIs that allow you to create custom, reusable, and encapsulated HTML elements.</p>
<ul>
<li>Based on web standards (three core APIs).</li>
<li>All you need is JS, HTML, and CSS.</li>
<li>No libraries or frameworks required.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="4" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="4" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>A Brief History</h1>
<ul>
<li><strong>2011</strong> Web Components <a href="https://vimeo.com/33430613">introduced by Alex Russell</a>.</li>
<li><strong>2013</strong> Polymer (polyfill) released by Google.</li>
<li><strong>2018</strong> Chrome 67 and Firefox 63.</li>
<li><strong>2020</strong> Edge 79.</li>
<li><strong>2022</strong> Opera 83 and Android 99.</li>
</ul>
<p>Web Components are now <a href="https://caniuse.com/?search=web%20components">well supported</a> in modern browsers.</p>
</section>
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<h1>Building Blocks</h1>
<p>Web Components depend on 3 core APIs:</p>
<ol>
<li>Custom Elements (<a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/custom-elements.html#custom-elements">Spec</a>)
<ul>
<li>Provides a way to create custom, fully-featured DOM elements.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Shadow DOM (<a href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#shadow-trees">Spec</a>)
<ul>
<li>Provides a way to encapsulate and scope style and markup.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Templates (<a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/scripting.html#the-template-element">Spec</a>)
<ul>
<li>Provides a way to declare fragments of markup for reuse later.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
</section>
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<h1>Building Block #1: Custom Elements</h1>
<p>Web Components don't exist without the features unlocked by custom elements.</p>
<pre><code class="language-javascript"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">HelloWorld</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title">HTMLElement</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-title">connectedCallback</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>)</span> { <span class="hljs-comment">// called when component inserted into DOM</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in">this</span>.textContent = <span class="hljs-string">"Hello World"</span>
}
}
customElements.define(<span class="hljs-string">'hello-world'</span>, HelloWorld); <span class="hljs-comment">// must have a dash</span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-html"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">hello-world</span>></span><span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">hello-world</span>></span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="7" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="7" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Types of Custom Elements</h1>
<p>There are two types of custom elements:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Autonomous</strong> custom elements
<ul>
<li>Component class inherits from generic <code>HTMLElement</code></li>
<li>Standalone (e.g. <code><hello-world></code>)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Customized</strong> built-in elements
<ul>
<li>Inherit from basic HTML elements like <code>HTMLButtonElement</code></li>
<li>Must specify <code>extends</code> option in <code>customElements.define()</code></li>
<li>Must use <code>is</code> attribute: <code><button is="my-btn"></code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="8" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="8" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Autonomous vs Customized</h1>
<p>Autonomous elements represent their children with no special meaning. Customized elements may inherit semantics for:</p>
<ul>
<li>Accessibility
<ul>
<li>Your <code><my-button></code> may not be identified as a <code><button></code>.</li>
<li>But <code><button is="my-button"></code> ensures it is.</li>
<li>Can be mitigated using ARIA attributes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Search engine optimization</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="9" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="9" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Lifecycle hooks</h1>
<p>Web components have their own lifecycle:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>constructor()</code>: When Web Component is created</li>
<li><code>connectedCallback()</code>: Element is added to the DOM</li>
<li><code>disconnectedCallback()</code>: Element is removed</li>
<li><code>adoptedCallback()</code>: Element is moved from one doc to another</li>
<li><code>attributeChangedCallback()</code>: Attribute is added/removed/changed</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="10" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="10" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Building Block #2: Shadow DOM</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>Shadow DOM fixes CSS and DOM. It introduces <strong>scoped styles</strong> to the web platform. Without tools or naming conventions, you can bundle CSS with markup, <strong>hide implementation details</strong>, and author self-contained components in vanilla JavaScript.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://web.dev/shadowdom-v1/">https://web.dev/shadowdom-v1/</a></p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="11" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="11" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Light tree and Shadow tree</h1>
<p>A DOM element can have a <em>Light tree</em> or <em>Shadow tree</em>.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Light tree</strong>: regular DOM tree we're used to working with.</li>
<li><strong>Shadow tree</strong>: hidden DOM tree, not reflected in HTML.</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-html"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">custom-element</span>></span>
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ISOLATION
#shadow-root
...
_________________________ DOCUMENT FRAGMENT
<span class="hljs-comment"><!--LIGHT DOM--></span>
<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">custom-element</span>></span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<p>The <em>shadow root</em> gets attached to an element to give that element its shadow DOM.</p>
<p>The <em>shadow host</em> is the <code><custom-element></code>. The host can access the shadow root using <code>.shadowRoot</code> property.</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="12" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="12" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Shadow Boundary</h1>
<p>One of the core features is the <strong>shadow boundary</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Selectors don't cross the boundary.</li>
<li>CSS is scoped to the shadow root.</li>
<li>Events only cross shadow boundary if <code>compose</code> flag is <code>true</code>.
<ul>
<li>Built-in events mostly have <code>composed:true</code>.</li>
<li>Custom events must set this explicitly.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Events that cross are retargeted to the host.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="13" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="13" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Shadow DOM example</h1>
<pre><code class="language-javascript"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap>el.attachShadow({<span class="hljs-attr">mode</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"open"</span>}); <span class="hljs-comment">// open = allow access to .shadowRoot</span>
el.shadowRoot <span class="hljs-comment">// the shadow root</span>
el.shadowRoot.host <span class="hljs-comment">// the element itself</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// put something in shadow DOM</span>
el.shadowRoot.innerHTML = <span class="hljs-string">"Hello from the shadows!"</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Like any other normal DOM operation.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> hello = <span class="hljs-built_in">document</span>.createElement(<span class="hljs-string">"span"</span>);
hello.textContent = <span class="hljs-string">"Hello from a shadow span"</span>;
el.shadowRoot.appendChild(hello);
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="14" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="14" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Shadow DOM in a Component</h1>
<pre><code class="language-javascript"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">MyWebComponent</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title">HTMLElement</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-title">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>)</span> {
<span class="hljs-built_in">super</span>();
<span class="hljs-built_in">this</span>.attachShadow({ <span class="hljs-attr">mode</span>: <span class="hljs-string">"open"</span> });
}
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-title">connectedCallback</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>)</span> {
<span class="hljs-built_in">this</span>.shadowRoot.innerHTML = <span class="hljs-string">`
<p>I'm in the Shadow Root!</p>
`</span>;
}
}
<span class="hljs-built_in">window</span>.customElements.define(<span class="hljs-string">"my-web-component"</span>, MyWebComponent);
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="15" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="15" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Templates</h1>
<p>A built-in <code><template></code> element provides storage for complex (or simple) HTML markup templates. Parsed, but not rendered.</p>
<pre><code class="language-html"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">template</span> <span class="hljs-attr">id</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"my-paragraph"</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">p</span>></span>My paragraph<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">p</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">template</span>></span>
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-javascript"><svg data-marp-fitting="svg" data-marp-fitting-code><foreignObject><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content><span data-marp-fitting-svg-content-wrap><span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> template = <span class="hljs-built_in">document</span>.getElementById(<span class="hljs-string">'my-paragraph'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> templateContent = template.content;
<span class="hljs-built_in">document</span>.body.appendChild(templateContent);
</span></span></foreignObject></svg></code></pre>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="16" data-paginate="true" data-class="lead" data-theme="gaia" class="lead" data-marpit-pagination="16" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--class:lead;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Examples</h1>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="17" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="17" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>React/Vue and Web Components</h1>
<p>React and Vue consider Web Components a complementary technology.</p>
<ul>
<li>React is about keeping the DOM in sync with data.</li>
<li>React and Vue can both use Web Components.</li>
<li>Vue tries to resolve non-native HTML elements itself.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="18" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="18" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Limitations</h1>
<ul>
<li>May not be appropriate for building a whole application:
<ul>
<li>Relatively low-level and bare bones.</li>
<li>No state management or other niceties (SSR, etc).</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Eager slot evaluation may be limiting
<ul>
<li>Can't control when/whether to rener slot content.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Shadow DOM doesn't play well with native forms.
<ul>
<li>Can't extend native form elements.</li>
<li>Form elements inside shadow DOM aren't considered by parent.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="19" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="19" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Wrap-up</h1>
<ul>
<li>Web Components are based on 3 fundamental web APIs to create custom, reusable, encapsulated HTML elements.</li>
<li>Web Components are well supported in modern browsers.</li>
<li>They aren't going to replace React, Vue, etc.</li>
<li>Slow adoption, but here to stay.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="20" data-paginate="true" data-theme="gaia" data-marpit-pagination="20" data-marpit-pagination-total="20" style="--paginate:true;--theme:gaia;">
<h1>Links</h1>
<ul>
<li>References: <a href="https://www.webcomponents.org/">Webcomponents.org</a>, <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Web_Components">MDN</a>, <a href="https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/web-components">Google</a>, <a href="https://javascript.info/web-components">javascript.info</a></li>
<li>Collections: <a href="https://component.gallery/">Component Gallery</a> and <a href="https://github.com/github/github-elements">Github Web Component Collection</a></li>
<li>Perspectives: <a href="https://reactjs.org/docs/web-components.html">React and Web Components</a>, <a href="https://vuejs.org/guide/extras/web-components.html">Vue and Web Components</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
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