tqdm/std.py

"""
Customisable progressbar decorator for iterators.
Includes a default `range` iterator printing to `stderr`.

Usage:
>>> from tqdm import trange, tqdm
>>> for i in trange(10):
...     ...
"""
import sys
from collections import OrderedDict, defaultdict
from contextlib import contextmanager
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from numbers import Number
from time import time
from warnings import warn
from weakref import WeakSet

from ._monitor import TMonitor
from .utils import (
    CallbackIOWrapper, Comparable, DisableOnWriteError, FormatReplace, SimpleTextIOWrapper,
    _is_ascii, _screen_shape_wrapper, _supports_unicode, _term_move_up, disp_len, disp_trim)

__author__ = "https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm#contributions"
__all__ = ['tqdm', 'trange',
           'TqdmTypeError', 'TqdmKeyError', 'TqdmWarning',
           'TqdmExperimentalWarning', 'TqdmDeprecationWarning',
           'TqdmMonitorWarning']


class TqdmTypeError(TypeError):
    pass


class TqdmKeyError(KeyError):
    pass


class TqdmWarning(Warning):
    """base class for all tqdm warnings.

    Used for non-external-code-breaking errors, such as garbled printing.
    """
    def __init__(self, msg, fp_write=None, *a, **k):
        if fp_write is not None:
            fp_write("\n" + self.__class__.__name__ + ": " + str(msg).rstrip() + '\n')
        else:
            super(TqdmWarning, self).__init__(msg, *a, **k)


class TqdmExperimentalWarning(TqdmWarning, FutureWarning):
    """beta feature, unstable API and behaviour"""
    pass


class TqdmDeprecationWarning(TqdmWarning, DeprecationWarning):
    # not suppressed if raised
    pass


class TqdmMonitorWarning(TqdmWarning, RuntimeWarning):
    """tqdm monitor errors which do not affect external functionality"""
    pass


def TRLock(*args, **kwargs):
    """threading RLock"""
    try:
        from threading import RLock
        return RLock(*args, **kwargs)
    except (ImportError, OSError):  # pragma: no cover
        pass


class TqdmDefaultWriteLock(object):
    """
    Provide a default write lock for thread and multiprocessing safety.
    Works only on platforms supporting `fork` (so Windows is excluded).
    You must initialise a `tqdm` or `TqdmDefaultWriteLock` instance
    before forking in order for the write lock to work.
    On Windows, you need to supply the lock from the parent to the children as
    an argument to joblib or the parallelism lib you use.
    """
    # global thread lock so no setup required for multithreading.
    # NB: Do not create multiprocessing lock as it sets the multiprocessing
    # context, disallowing `spawn()`/`forkserver()`
    th_lock = TRLock()

    def __init__(self):
        # Create global parallelism locks to avoid racing issues with parallel
        # bars works only if fork available (Linux/MacOSX, but not Windows)
        cls = type(self)
        root_lock = cls.th_lock
        if root_lock is not None:
            root_lock.acquire()
        cls.create_mp_lock()
        self.locks = [lk for lk in [cls.mp_lock, cls.th_lock] if lk is not None]
        if root_lock is not None:
            root_lock.release()

    def acquire(self, *a, **k):
        for lock in self.locks:
            lock.acquire(*a, **k)

    def release(self):
        for lock in self.locks[::-1]:  # Release in inverse order of acquisition
            lock.release()

    def __enter__(self):
        self.acquire()

    def __exit__(self, *exc):
        self.release()

    @classmethod
    def create_mp_lock(cls):
        if not hasattr(cls, 'mp_lock'):
            try:
                from multiprocessing import RLock
                cls.mp_lock = RLock()
            except (ImportError, OSError):  # pragma: no cover
                cls.mp_lock = None

    @classmethod
    def create_th_lock(cls):
        assert hasattr(cls, 'th_lock')
        warn("create_th_lock not needed anymore", TqdmDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)


class Bar(object):
    """
    `str.format`-able bar with format specifiers: `[width][type]`

    - `width`
      + unspecified (default): use `self.default_len`
      + `int >= 0`: overrides `self.default_len`
      + `int < 0`: subtract from `self.default_len`
    - `type`
      + `a`: ascii (`charset=self.ASCII` override)
      + `u`: unicode (`charset=self.UTF` override)
      + `b`: blank (`charset="  "` override)
    """
    ASCII = " 123456789#"
    UTF = u" " + u''.join(map(chr, range(0x258F, 0x2587, -1)))
    BLANK = "  "
    COLOUR_RESET = '\x1b[0m'
    COLOUR_RGB = '\x1b[38;2;%d;%d;%dm'
    COLOURS = {'BLACK': '\x1b[30m', 'RED': '\x1b[31m', 'GREEN': '\x1b[32m',
               'YELLOW': '\x1b[33m', 'BLUE': '\x1b[34m', 'MAGENTA': '\x1b[35m',
               'CYAN': '\x1b[36m', 'WHITE': '\x1b[37m'}

    def __init__(self, frac, default_len=10, charset=UTF, colour=None):
        if not 0 <= frac <= 1:
            warn("clamping frac to range [0, 1]", TqdmWarning, stacklevel=2)
            frac = max(0, min(1, frac))
        assert default_len > 0
        self.frac = frac
        self.default_len = default_len
        self.charset = charset
        self.colour = colour

    @property
    def colour(self):
        return self._colour

    @colour.setter
    def colour(self, value):
        if not value:
            self._colour = None
            return
        try:
            if value.upper() in self.COLOURS:
                self._colour = self.COLOURS[value.upper()]
            elif value[0] == '#' and len(value) == 7:
                self._colour = self.COLOUR_RGB % tuple(
                    int(i, 16) for i in (value[1:3], value[3:5], value[5:7]))
            else:
                raise KeyError
        except (KeyError, AttributeError):
            warn("Unknown colour (%s); valid choices: [hex (#00ff00), %s]" % (
                 value, ", ".join(self.COLOURS)),
                 TqdmWarning, stacklevel=2)
            self._colour = None

    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        if format_spec:
            _type = format_spec[-1].lower()
            try:
                charset = {'a': self.ASCII, 'u': self.UTF, 'b': self.BLANK}[_type]
            except KeyError:
                charset = self.charset
            else:
                format_spec = format_spec[:-1]
            if format_spec:
                N_BARS = int(format_spec)
                if N_BARS < 0:
                    N_BARS += self.default_len
            else:
                N_BARS = self.default_len
        else:
            charset = self.charset
            N_BARS = self.default_len

        nsyms = len(charset) - 1
        bar_length, frac_bar_length = divmod(int(self.frac * N_BARS * nsyms), nsyms)

        res = charset[-1] * bar_length
        if bar_length < N_BARS:  # whitespace padding
            res = res + charset[frac_bar_length] + charset[0] * (N_BARS - bar_length - 1)
        return self.colour + res + self.COLOUR_RESET if self.colour else res


class EMA(object):
    """
    Exponential moving average: smoothing to give progressively lower
    weights to older values.

    Parameters
    ----------
    smoothing  : float, optional
        Smoothing factor in range [0, 1], [default: 0.3].
        Increase to give more weight to recent values.
        Ranges from 0 (yields old value) to 1 (yields new value).
    """
    def __init__(self, smoothing=0.3):
        self.alpha = smoothing
        self.last = 0
        self.calls = 0

    def __call__(self, x=None):
        """
        Parameters
        ----------
        x  : float
            New value to include in EMA.
        """
        beta = 1 - self.alpha
        if x is not None:
            self.last = self.alpha * x + beta * self.last
            self.calls += 1
        return self.last / (1 - beta ** self.calls) if self.calls else self.last


class tqdm(Comparable):
    """
    Decorate an iterable object, returning an iterator which acts exactly
    like the original iterable, but prints a dynamically updating
    progressbar every time a value is requested.
    """

    monitor_interval = 10  # set to 0 to disable the thread
    monitor = None
    _instances = WeakSet()

    @staticmethod
    def format_sizeof(num, suffix='', divisor=1000):
        """
        Formats a number (greater than unity) with SI Order of Magnitude
        prefixes.

        Parameters
        ----------
        num  : float
            Number ( >= 1) to format.
        suffix  : str, optional
            Post-postfix [default: ''].
        divisor  : float, optional
            Divisor between prefixes [default: 1000].

        Returns
        -------
        out  : str
            Number with Order of Magnitude SI unit postfix.
        """
        for unit in ['', 'k', 'M', 'G', 'T', 'P', 'E', 'Z']:
            if abs(num) < 999.5:
                if abs(num) < 99.95:
                    if abs(num) < 9.995:
                        return '{0:1.2f}'.format(num) + unit + suffix
                    return '{0:2.1f}'.format(num) + unit + suffix
                return '{0:3.0f}'.format(num) + unit + suffix
            num /= divisor
        return '{0:3.1f}Y'.format(num) + suffix

    @staticmethod
    def format_interval(t):
        """
        Formats a number of seconds as a clock time, [H:]MM:SS

        Parameters
        ----------
        t  : int
            Number of seconds.

        Returns
        -------
        out  : str
            [H:]MM:SS
        """
        mins, s = divmod(int(t), 60)
        h, m = divmod(mins, 60)
        if h:
            return '{0:d}:{1:02d}:{2:02d}'.format(h, m, s)
        else:
            return '{0:02d}:{1:02d}'.format(m, s)

    @staticmethod
    def format_num(n):
        """
        Intelligent scientific notation (.3g).

        Parameters
        ----------
        n  : int or float or Numeric
            A Number.

        Returns
        -------
        out  : str
            Formatted number.
        """
        f = '{0:.3g}'.format(n).replace('+0', '+').replace('-0', '-')
        n = str(n)
        return f if len(f) < len(n) else n

    @staticmethod
    def status_printer(file):
        """
        Manage the printing and in-place updating of a line of characters.
        Note that if the string is longer than a line, then in-place
        updating may not work (it will print a new line at each refresh).
        """
        fp = file
        fp_flush = getattr(fp, 'flush', lambda: None)  # pragma: no cover
        if fp in (sys.stderr, sys.stdout):
            getattr(sys.stderr, 'flush', lambda: None)()
            getattr(sys.stdout, 'flush', lambda: None)()

        def fp_write(s):
            fp.write(str(s))
            fp_flush()

        last_len = [0]

        def print_status(s):
            len_s = disp_len(s)
            fp_write('\r' + s + (' ' * max(last_len[0] - len_s, 0)))
            last_len[0] = len_s

        return print_status

    @staticmethod
    def format_meter(n, total, elapsed, ncols=None, prefix='', ascii=False, unit='it',
                     unit_scale=False, rate=None, bar_format=None, postfix=None,
                     unit_divisor=1000, initial=0, colour=None, **extra_kwargs):
        """
        Return a string-based progress bar given some parameters

        Parameters
        ----------
        n  : int or float
            Number of finished iterations.
        total  : int or float
            The expected total number of iterations. If meaningless (None),
            only basic progress statistics are displayed (no ETA).
        elapsed  : float
            Number of seconds passed since start.
        ncols  : int, optional
            The width of the entire output message. If specified,
            dynamically resizes `{bar}` to stay within this bound
            [default: None]. If `0`, will not print any bar (only stats).
            The fallback is `{bar:10}`.
        prefix  : str, optional
            Prefix message (included in total width) [default: ''].
            Use as {desc} in bar_format string.
        ascii  : bool, optional or str, optional
            If not set, use unicode (smooth blocks) to fill the meter
            [default: False]. The fallback is to use ASCII characters
            " 123456789#".
        unit  : str, optional
            The iteration unit [default: 'it'].
        unit_scale  : bool or int or float, optional
            If 1 or True, the number of iterations will be printed with an
            appropriate SI metric prefix (k = 10^3, M = 10^6, etc.)
            [default: False]. If any other non-zero number, will scale
            `total` and `n`.
        rate  : float, optional
            Manual override for iteration rate.
            If [default: None], uses n/elapsed.
        bar_format  : str, optional
            Specify a custom bar string formatting. May impact performance.
            [default: '{l_bar}{bar}{r_bar}'], where
            l_bar='{desc}: {percentage:3.0f}%|' and
            r_bar='| {n_fmt}/{total_fmt} [{elapsed}<{remaining}, '
              '{rate_fmt}{postfix}]'
            Possible vars: l_bar, bar, r_bar, n, n_fmt, total, total_fmt,
              percentage, elapsed, elapsed_s, ncols, nrows, desc, unit,
              rate, rate_fmt, rate_noinv, rate_noinv_fmt,
              rate_inv, rate_inv_fmt, postfix, unit_divisor,
              remaining, remaining_s, eta.
            Note that a trailing ": " is automatically removed after {desc}
            if the latter is empty.
        postfix  : *, optional
            Similar to `prefix`, but placed at the end
            (e.g. for additional stats).
            Note: postfix is usually a string (not a dict) for this method,
            and will if possible be set to postfix = ', ' + postfix.
            However other types are supported (#382).
        unit_divisor  : float, optional
            [default: 1000], ignored unless `unit_scale` is True.
        initial  : int or float, optional
            The initial counter value [default: 0].
        colour  : str, optional
            Bar colour (e.g. 'green', '#00ff00').

        Returns
        -------
        out  : Formatted meter and stats, ready to display.
        """

        # sanity check: total
        if total and n >= (total + 0.5):  # allow float imprecision (#849)
            total = None

        # apply custom scale if necessary
        if unit_scale and unit_scale not in (True, 1):
            if total:
                total *= unit_scale
            n *= unit_scale
            if rate:
                rate *= unit_scale  # by default rate = self.avg_dn / self.avg_dt
            unit_scale = False

        elapsed_str = tqdm.format_interval(elapsed)

        # if unspecified, attempt to use rate = average speed
        # (we allow manual override since predicting time is an arcane art)
        if rate is None and elapsed:
            rate = (n - initial) / elapsed
        inv_rate = 1 / rate if rate else None
        format_sizeof = tqdm.format_sizeof
        rate_noinv_fmt = ((format_sizeof(rate) if unit_scale else
                           '{0:5.2f}'.format(rate)) if rate else '?') + unit + '/s'
        rate_inv_fmt = (
            (format_sizeof(inv_rate) if unit_scale else '{0:5.2f}'.format(inv_rate))
            if inv_rate else '?') + 's/' + unit
        rate_fmt = rate_inv_fmt if inv_rate and inv_rate > 1 else rate_noinv_fmt

        if unit_scale:
            n_fmt = format_sizeof(n, divisor=unit_divisor)
            total_fmt = format_sizeof(total, divisor=unit_divisor) if total is not None else '?'
        else:
            n_fmt = str(n)
            total_fmt = str(total) if total is not None else '?'

        try:
            postfix = ', ' + postfix if postfix else ''
        except TypeError:
            pass

        remaining = (total - n) / rate if rate and total else 0
        remaining_str = tqdm.format_interval(remaining) if rate else '?'
        try:
            eta_dt = (datetime.now() + timedelta(seconds=remaining)
                      if rate and total else datetime.utcfromtimestamp(0))
        except OverflowError:
            eta_dt = datetime.max

        # format the stats displayed to the left and right sides of the bar
        if prefix:
            # old prefix setup work around
            bool_prefix_colon_already = (prefix[-2:] == ": ")
            l_bar = prefix if bool_prefix_colon_already else prefix + ": "
        else:
            l_bar = ''

        r_bar = f'| {n_fmt}/{total_fmt} [{elapsed_str}<{remaining_str}, {rate_fmt}{postfix}]'

        # Custom bar formatting
        # Populate a dict with all available progress indicators
        format_dict = {
            # slight extension of self.format_dict
            'n': n, 'n_fmt': n_fmt, 'total': total, 'total_fmt': total_fmt,
            'elapsed': elapsed_str, 'elapsed_s': elapsed,
            'ncols': ncols, 'desc': prefix or '', 'unit': unit,
            'rate': inv_rate if inv_rate and inv_rate > 1 else rate,
            'rate_fmt': rate_fmt, 'rate_noinv': rate,
            'rate_noinv_fmt': rate_noinv_fmt, 'rate_inv': inv_rate,
            'rate_inv_fmt': rate_inv_fmt,
            'postfix': postfix, 'unit_divisor': unit_divisor,
            'colour': colour,
            # plus more useful definitions
            'remaining': remaining_str, 'remaining_s': remaining,
            'l_bar': l_bar, 'r_bar': r_bar, 'eta': eta_dt,
            **extra_kwargs}

        # total is known: we can predict some stats
        if total:
            # fractional and percentage progress
            frac = n / total
            percentage = frac * 100

            l_bar += '{0:3.0f}%|'.format(percentage)

            if ncols == 0:
                return l_bar[:-1] + r_bar[1:]

            format_dict.update(l_bar=l_bar)
            if bar_format:
                format_dict.update(percentage=percentage)

                # auto-remove colon for empty `{desc}`
                if not prefix:
                    bar_format = bar_format.replace("{desc}: ", '')
            else:
                bar_format = "{l_bar}{bar}{r_bar}"

            full_bar = FormatReplace()
            nobar = bar_format.format(bar=full_bar, **format_dict)
            if not full_bar.format_called:
                return nobar  # no `{bar}`; nothing else to do

            # Formatting progress bar space available for bar's display
            full_bar = Bar(frac,
                           max(1, ncols - disp_len(nobar)) if ncols else 10,
                           charset=Bar.ASCII if ascii is True else ascii or Bar.UTF,
                           colour=colour)
            if not _is_ascii(full_bar.charset) and _is_ascii(bar_format):
                bar_format = str(bar_format)
            res = bar_format.format(bar=full_bar, **format_dict)
            return disp_trim(res, ncols) if ncols else res

        elif bar_format:
            # user-specified bar_format but no total
            l_bar += '|'
            format_dict.update(l_bar=l_bar, percentage=0)
            full_bar = FormatReplace()
            nobar = bar_format.format(bar=full_bar, **format_dict)
            if not full_bar.format_called:
                return nobar
            full_bar = Bar(0,
                           max(1, ncols - disp_len(nobar)) if ncols else 10,
                           charset=Bar.BLANK, colour=colour)
            res = bar_format.format(bar=full_bar, **format_dict)
            return disp_trim(res, ncols) if ncols else res
        else:
            # no total: no progressbar, ETA, just progress stats
            return (f'{(prefix + ": ") if prefix else ""}'
                    f'{n_fmt}{unit} [{elapsed_str}, {rate_fmt}{postfix}]')

    def __new__(cls, *_, **__):
        instance = object.__new__(cls)
        with cls.get_lock():  # also constructs lock if non-existent
            cls._instances.add(instance)
            # create monitoring thread
            if cls.monitor_interval and (cls.monitor is None
                                         or not cls.monitor.report()):
                try:
                    cls.monitor = TMonitor(cls, cls.monitor_interval)
                except Exception as e:  # pragma: nocover
                    warn("tqdm:disabling monitor support"
                         " (monitor_interval = 0) due to:\n" + str(e),
                         TqdmMonitorWarning, stacklevel=2)
                    cls.monitor_interval = 0
        return instance

    @classmethod
    def _get_free_pos(cls, instance=None):
        """Skips specified instance."""
        positions = {abs(inst.pos) for inst in cls._instances
                     if inst is not instance and hasattr(inst, "pos")}
        return min(set(range(len(positions) + 1)).difference(positions))

    @classmethod
    def _decr_instances(cls, instance):
        """
        Remove from list and reposition another unfixed bar
        to fill the new gap.

        This means that by default (where all nested bars are unfixed),
        order is not maintained but screen flicker/blank space is minimised.
        (tqdm<=4.44.1 moved ALL subsequent unfixed bars up.)
        """
        with cls._lock:
            try:
                cls._instances.remove(instance)
            except KeyError:
                # if not instance.gui:  # pragma: no cover
                #     raise
                pass  # py2: maybe magically removed already
            # else:
            if not instance.gui:
                last = (instance.nrows or 20) - 1
                # find unfixed (`pos >= 0`) overflow (`pos >= nrows - 1`)
                instances = list(filter(
                    lambda i: hasattr(i, "pos") and last <= i.pos,
                    cls._instances))
                # set first found to current `pos`
                if instances:
                    inst = min(instances, key=lambda i: i.pos)
                    inst.clear(nolock=True)
                    inst.pos = abs(instance.pos)

    @classmethod
    def write(cls, s, file=None, end="\n", nolock=False):
        """Print a message via tqdm (without overlap with bars)."""
        fp = file if file is not None else sys.stdout
        with cls.external_write_mode(file=file, nolock=nolock):
            # Write the message
            fp.write(s)
            fp.write(end)

    @classmethod
    @contextmanager
    def external_write_mode(cls, file=None, nolock=False):
        """
        Disable tqdm within context and refresh tqdm when exits.
        Useful when writing to standard output stream
        """
        fp = file if file is not None else sys.stdout

        try:
            if not nolock:
                cls.get_lock().acquire()
            # Clear all bars
            inst_cleared = []
            for inst in getattr(cls, '_instances', []):
                # Clear instance if in the target output file
                # or if write output + tqdm output are both either
                # sys.stdout or sys.stderr (because both are mixed in terminal)
                if hasattr(inst, "start_t") and (inst.fp == fp or all(
                        f in (sys.stdout, sys.stderr) for f in (fp, inst.fp))):
                    inst.clear(nolock=True)
                    inst_cleared.append(inst)
            yield
            # Force refresh display of bars we cleared
            for inst in inst_cleared:
                inst.refresh(nolock=True)
        finally:
            if not nolock:
                cls._lock.release()

    @classmethod
    def set_lock(cls, lock):
        """Set the global lock."""
        cls._lock = lock

    @classmethod
    def get_lock(cls):
        """Get the global lock. Construct it if it does not exist."""
        if not hasattr(cls, '_lock'):
            cls._lock = TqdmDefaultWriteLock()
        return cls._lock

    @classmethod
    def pandas(cls, **tqdm_kwargs):
        """
        Registers the current `tqdm` class with
            pandas.core.
            ( frame.DataFrame
            | series.Series
            | groupby.(generic.)DataFrameGroupBy
            | groupby.(generic.)SeriesGroupBy
            ).progress_apply

        A new instance will be created every time `progress_apply` is called,
        and each instance will automatically `close()` upon completion.

        Parameters
        ----------
        tqdm_kwargs  : arguments for the tqdm instance

        Examples
        --------
        >>> import pandas as pd
        >>> import numpy as np
        >>> from tqdm import tqdm
        >>> from tqdm.gui import tqdm as tqdm_gui
        >>>
        >>> df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0, 100, (100000, 6)))
        >>> tqdm.pandas(ncols=50)  # can use tqdm_gui, optional kwargs, etc
        >>> # Now you can use `progress_apply` instead of `apply`
        >>> df.groupby(0).progress_apply(lambda x: x**2)

        References
        ----------
        <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18603270/\
        progress-indicator-during-pandas-operations-python>
        """
        from warnings import catch_warnings, simplefilter

        from pandas.core.frame import DataFrame
        from pandas.core.series import Series
        try:
            with catch_warnings():
                simplefilter("ignore", category=FutureWarning)
                from pandas import Panel
        except ImportError:  # pandas>=1.2.0
            Panel = None
        Rolling, Expanding = None, None
        try:  # pandas>=1.0.0
            from pandas.core.window.rolling import _Rolling_and_Expanding
        except ImportError:
            try:  # pandas>=0.18.0
                from pandas.core.window import _Rolling_and_Expanding
            except ImportError:  # pandas>=1.2.0
                try:  # pandas>=1.2.0
                    from pandas.core.window.expanding import Expanding
                    from pandas.core.window.rolling import Rolling
                    _Rolling_and_Expanding = Rolling, Expanding
                except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
                    _Rolling_and_Expanding = None
        try:  # pandas>=0.25.0
            from pandas.core.groupby.generic import SeriesGroupBy  # , NDFrameGroupBy
            from pandas.core.groupby.generic import DataFrameGroupBy
        except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
            try:  # pandas>=0.23.0
                from pandas.core.groupby.groupby import DataFrameGroupBy, SeriesGroupBy
            except ImportError:
                from pandas.core.groupby import DataFrameGroupBy, SeriesGroupBy
        try:  # pandas>=0.23.0
            from pandas.core.groupby.groupby import GroupBy
        except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
            from pandas.core.groupby import GroupBy

        try:  # pandas>=0.23.0
            from pandas.core.groupby.groupby import PanelGroupBy
        except ImportError:
            try:
                from pandas.core.groupby import PanelGroupBy
            except ImportError:  # pandas>=0.25.0
                PanelGroupBy = None

        tqdm_kwargs = tqdm_kwargs.copy()
        deprecated_t = [tqdm_kwargs.pop('deprecated_t', None)]

        def inner_generator(df_function='apply'):
            def inner(df, func, *args, **kwargs):
                """
                Parameters
                ----------
                df  : (DataFrame|Series)[GroupBy]
                    Data (may be grouped).
                func  : function
                    To be applied on the (grouped) data.
                **kwargs  : optional
                    Transmitted to `df.apply()`.
                """

                # Precompute total iterations
                total = tqdm_kwargs.pop("total", getattr(df, 'ngroups', None))
                if total is None:  # not grouped
                    if df_function == 'applymap':
                        total = df.size
                    elif isinstance(df, Series):
                        total = len(df)
                    elif (_Rolling_and_Expanding is None or
                          not isinstance(df, _Rolling_and_Expanding)):
                        # DataFrame or Panel
                        axis = kwargs.get('axis', 0)
                        if axis == 'index':
                            axis = 0
                        elif axis == 'columns':
                            axis = 1
                        # when axis=0, total is shape[axis1]
                        total = df.size // df.shape[axis]

                # Init bar
                if deprecated_t[0] is not None:
                    t = deprecated_t[0]
                    deprecated_t[0] = None
                else:
                    t = cls(total=total, **tqdm_kwargs)

                if len(args) > 0:
                    # *args intentionally not supported (see #244, #299)
                    TqdmDeprecationWarning(
                        "Except func, normal arguments are intentionally" +
                        " not supported by" +
                        " `(DataFrame|Series|GroupBy).progress_apply`." +
                        " Use keyword arguments instead.",
                        fp_write=getattr(t.fp, 'write', sys.stderr.write))

                try:  # pandas>=1.3.0
                    from pandas.core.common import is_builtin_func
                except ImportError:
                    is_builtin_func = df._is_builtin_func
                try:
                    func = is_builtin_func(func)
                except TypeError:
                    pass

                # Define bar updating wrapper
                def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                    # update tbar correctly
                    # it seems `pandas apply` calls `func` twice
                    # on the first column/row to decide whether it can
                    # take a fast or slow code path; so stop when t.total==t.n
                    t.update(n=1 if not t.total or t.n < t.total else 0)
                    return func(*args, **kwargs)

                # Apply the provided function (in **kwargs)
                # on the df using our wrapper (which provides bar updating)
                try:
                    return getattr(df, df_function)(wrapper, **kwargs)
                finally:
                    t.close()

            return inner

        # Monkeypatch pandas to provide easy methods
        # Enable custom tqdm progress in pandas!
        Series.progress_apply = inner_generator()
        SeriesGroupBy.progress_apply = inner_generator()
        Series.progress_map = inner_generator('map')
        SeriesGroupBy.progress_map = inner_generator('map')

        DataFrame.progress_apply = inner_generator()
        DataFrameGroupBy.progress_apply = inner_generator()
        DataFrame.progress_applymap = inner_generator('applymap')

        if Panel is not None:
            Panel.progress_apply = inner_generator()
        if PanelGroupBy is not None:
            PanelGroupBy.progress_apply = inner_generator()

        GroupBy.progress_apply = inner_generator()
        GroupBy.progress_aggregate = inner_generator('aggregate')
        GroupBy.progress_transform = inner_generator('transform')

        if Rolling is not None and Expanding is not None:
            Rolling.progress_apply = inner_generator()
            Expanding.progress_apply = inner_generator()
        elif _Rolling_and_Expanding is not None:
            _Rolling_and_Expanding.progress_apply = inner_generator()

    def __init__(self, iterable=None, desc=None, total=None, leave=True, file=None,
                 ncols=None, mininterval=0.1, maxinterval=10.0, miniters=None,
                 ascii=None, disable=False, unit='it', unit_scale=False,
                 dynamic_ncols=False, smoothing=0.3, bar_format=None, initial=0,
                 position=None, postfix=None, unit_divisor=1000, write_bytes=False,
                 lock_args=None, nrows=None, colour=None, delay=0, gui=False,
                 **kwargs):
        """
        Parameters
        ----------
        iterable  : iterable, optional
            Iterable to decorate with a progressbar.
            Leave blank to manually manage the updates.
        desc  : str, optional
            Prefix for the progressbar.
        total  : int or float, optional
            The number of expected iterations. If unspecified,
            len(iterable) is used if possible. If float("inf") or as a last
            resort, only basic progress statistics are displayed
            (no ETA, no progressbar).
            If `gui` is True and this parameter needs subsequent updating,
            specify an initial arbitrary large positive number,
            e.g. 9e9.
        leave  : bool, optional
            If [default: True], keeps all traces of the progressbar
            upon termination of iteration.
            If `None`, will leave only if `position` is `0`.
        file  : `io.TextIOWrapper` or `io.StringIO`, optional
            Specifies where to output the progress messages
            (default: sys.stderr). Uses `file.write(str)` and `file.flush()`
            methods.  For encoding, see `write_bytes`.
        ncols  : int, optional
            The width of the entire output message. If specified,
            dynamically resizes the progressbar to stay within this bound.
            If unspecified, attempts to use environment width. The
            fallback is a meter width of 10 and no limit for the counter and
            statistics. If 0, will not print any meter (only stats).
        mininterval  : float, optional
            Minimum progress display update interval [default: 0.1] seconds.
        maxinterval  : float, optional
            Maximum progress display update interval [default: 10] seconds.
            Automatically adjusts `miniters` to correspond to `mininterval`
            after long display update lag. Only works if `dynamic_miniters`
            or monitor thread is enabled.
        miniters  : int or float, optional
            Minimum progress display update interval, in iterations.
            If 0 and `dynamic_miniters`, will automatically adjust to equal
            `mininterval` (more CPU efficient, good for tight loops).
            If > 0, will skip display of specified number of iterations.
            Tweak this and `mininterval` to get very efficient loops.
            If your progress is erratic with both fast and slow iterations
            (network, skipping items, etc) you should set miniters=1.
        ascii  : bool or str, optional
            If unspecified or False, use unicode (smooth blocks) to fill
            the meter. The fallback is to use ASCII characters " 123456789#".
        disable  : bool, optional
            Whether to disable the entire progressbar wrapper
            [default: False]. If set to None, disable on non-TTY.
        unit  : str, optional
            String that will be used to define the unit of each iteration
            [default: it].
        unit_scale  : bool or int or float, optional
            If 1 or True, the number of iterations will be reduced/scaled
            automatically and a metric prefix following the
            International System of Units standard will be added
            (kilo, mega, etc.) [default: False]. If any other non-zero
            number, will scale `total` and `n`.
        dynamic_ncols  : bool, optional
            If set, constantly alters `ncols` and `nrows` to the
            environment (allowing for window resizes) [default: False].
        smoothing  : float, optional
            Exponential moving average smoothing factor for speed estimates
            (ignored in GUI mode). Ranges from 0 (average speed) to 1
            (current/instantaneous speed) [default: 0.3].
        bar_format  : str, optional
            Specify a custom bar string formatting. May impact performance.
            [default: '{l_bar}{bar}{r_bar}'], where
            l_bar='{desc}: {percentage:3.0f}%|' and
            r_bar='| {n_fmt}/{total_fmt} [{elapsed}<{remaining}, '
              '{rate_fmt}{postfix}]'
            Possible vars: l_bar, bar, r_bar, n, n_fmt, total, total_fmt,
              percentage, elapsed, elapsed_s, ncols, nrows, desc, unit,
              rate, rate_fmt, rate_noinv, rate_noinv_fmt,
              rate_inv, rate_inv_fmt, postfix, unit_divisor,
              remaining, remaining_s, eta.
            Note that a trailing ": " is automatically removed after {desc}
            if the latter is empty.
        initial  : int or float, optional
            The initial counter value. Useful when restarting a progress
            bar [default: 0]. If using float, consider specifying `{n:.3f}`
            or similar in `bar_format`, or specifying `unit_scale`.
        position  : int, optional
            Specify the line offset to print this bar (starting from 0)
            Automatic if unspecified.
            Useful to manage multiple bars at once (eg, from threads).
        postfix  : dict or *, optional
            Specify additional stats to display at the end of the bar.
            Calls `set_postfix(**postfix)` if possible (dict).
        unit_divisor  : float, optional
            [default: 1000], ignored unless `unit_scale` is True.
        write_bytes  : bool, optional
            Whether to write bytes. If (default: False) will write unicode.
        lock_args  : tuple, optional
            Passed to `refresh` for intermediate output
            (initialisation, iterating, and updating).
        nrows  : int, optional
            The screen height. If specified, hides nested bars outside this
            bound. If unspecified, attempts to use environment height.
            The fallback is 20.
        colour  : str, optional
            Bar colour (e.g. 'green', '#00ff00').
        delay  : float, optional
            Don't display until [default: 0] seconds have elapsed.
        gui  : bool, optional
            WARNING: internal parameter - do not use.
            Use tqdm.gui.tqdm(...) instead. If set, will attempt to use
            matplotlib animations for a graphical output [default: False].

        Returns
        -------
        out  : decorated iterator.
        """
        if file is None:
            file = sys.stderr

        if write_bytes:
            # Despite coercing unicode into bytes, py2 sys.std* streams
            # should have bytes written to them.
            file = SimpleTextIOWrapper(
                file, encoding=getattr(file, 'encoding', None) or 'utf-8')

        file = DisableOnWriteError(file, tqdm_instance=self)

        if disable is None and hasattr(file, "isatty") and not file.isatty():
            disable = True

        if total is None and iterable is not None:
            try:
                total = len(iterable)
            except (TypeError, AttributeError):
                total = None
        if total == float("inf"):
            # Infinite iterations, behave same as unknown
            total = None

        if disable:
            self.iterable = iterable
            self.disable = disable
            with self._lock:
                self.pos = self._get_free_pos(self)
                self._instances.remove(self)
            self.n = initial
            self.total = total
            self.leave = leave
            return

        if kwargs:
            self.disable = True
            with self._lock:
                self.pos = self._get_free_pos(self)
                self._instances.remove(self)
            raise (
                TqdmDeprecationWarning(
                    "`nested` is deprecated and automated.\n"
                    "Use `position` instead for manual control.\n",
                    fp_write=getattr(file, 'write', sys.stderr.write))
                if "nested" in kwargs else
                TqdmKeyError("Unknown argument(s): " + str(kwargs)))

        # Preprocess the arguments
        if (
            (ncols is None or nrows is None) and (file in (sys.stderr, sys.stdout))
        ) or dynamic_ncols:  # pragma: no cover
            if dynamic_ncols:
                dynamic_ncols = _screen_shape_wrapper()
                if dynamic_ncols:
                    ncols, nrows = dynamic_ncols(file)
            else:
                _dynamic_ncols = _screen_shape_wrapper()
                if _dynamic_ncols:
                    _ncols, _nrows = _dynamic_ncols(file)
                    if ncols is None:
                        ncols = _ncols
                    if nrows is None:
                        nrows = _nrows

        if miniters is None:
            miniters = 0
            dynamic_miniters = True
        else:
            dynamic_miniters = False

        if mininterval is None:
            mininterval = 0

        if maxinterval is None:
            maxinterval = 0

        if ascii is None:
            ascii = not _supports_unicode(file)

        if bar_format and ascii is not True and not _is_ascii(ascii):
            # Convert bar format into unicode since terminal uses unicode
            bar_format = str(bar_format)

        if smoothing is None:
            smoothing = 0

        # Store the arguments
        self.iterable = iterable
        self.desc = desc or ''
        self.total = total
        self.leave = leave
        self.fp = file
        self.ncols = ncols
        self.nrows = nrows
        self.mininterval = mininterval
        self.maxinterval = maxinterval
        self.miniters = miniters
        self.dynamic_miniters = dynamic_miniters
        self.ascii = ascii
        self.disable = disable
        self.unit = unit
        self.unit_scale = unit_scale
        self.unit_divisor = unit_divisor
        self.initial = initial
        self.lock_args = lock_args
        self.delay = delay
        self.gui = gui
        self.dynamic_ncols = dynamic_ncols
        self.smoothing = smoothing
        self._ema_dn = EMA(smoothing)
        self._ema_dt = EMA(smoothing)
        self._ema_miniters = EMA(smoothing)
        self.bar_format = bar_format
        self.postfix = None
        self.colour = colour
        self._time = time
        if postfix:
            try:
                self.set_postfix(refresh=False, **postfix)
            except TypeError:
                self.postfix = postfix

        # Init the iterations counters
        self.last_print_n = initial
        self.n = initial

        # if nested, at initial sp() call we replace '\r' by '\n' to
        # not overwrite the outer progress bar
        with self._lock:
            # mark fixed positions as negative
            self.pos = self._get_free_pos(self) if position is None else -position

        if not gui:
            # Initialize the screen printer
            self.sp = self.status_printer(self.fp)
            if delay <= 0:
                self.refresh(lock_args=self.lock_args)

        # Init the time counter
        self.last_print_t = self._time()
        # NB: Avoid race conditions by setting start_t at the very end of init
        self.start_t = self.last_print_t

    def __bool__(self):
        if self.total is not None:
            return self.total > 0
        if self.iterable is None:
            raise TypeError('bool() undefined when iterable == total == None')
        return bool(self.iterable)

    def __len__(self):
        return (
            self.total if self.iterable is None
            else self.iterable.shape[0] if hasattr(self.iterable, "shape")
            else len(self.iterable) if hasattr(self.iterable, "__len__")
            else self.iterable.__length_hint__() if hasattr(self.iterable, "__length_hint__")
            else getattr(self, "total", None))

    def __reversed__(self):
        try:
            orig = self.iterable
        except AttributeError:
            raise TypeError("'tqdm' object is not reversible")
        else:
            self.iterable = reversed(self.iterable)
            return self.__iter__()
        finally:
            self.iterable = orig

    def __contains__(self, item):
        contains = getattr(self.iterable, '__contains__', None)
        return contains(item) if contains is not None else item in self.__iter__()

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        try:
            self.close()
        except AttributeError:
            # maybe eager thread cleanup upon external error
            if (exc_type, exc_value, traceback) == (None, None, None):
                raise
            warn("AttributeError ignored", TqdmWarning, stacklevel=2)

    def __del__(self):
        self.close()

    def __str__(self):
        return self.format_meter(**self.format_dict)

    @property
    def _comparable(self):
        return abs(getattr(self, "pos", 1 << 31))

    def __hash__(self):
        return id(self)

    def __iter__(self):
        """Backward-compatibility to use: for x in tqdm(iterable)"""

        # Inlining instance variables as locals (speed optimisation)
        iterable = self.iterable

        # If the bar is disabled, then just walk the iterable
        # (note: keep this check outside the loop for performance)
        if self.disable:
            for obj in iterable:
                yield obj
            return

        mininterval = self.mininterval
        last_print_t = self.last_print_t
        last_print_n = self.last_print_n
        min_start_t = self.start_t + self.delay
        n = self.n
        time = self._time

        try:
            for obj in iterable:
                yield obj
                # Update and possibly print the progressbar.
                # Note: does not call self.update(1) for speed optimisation.
                n += 1

                if n - last_print_n >= self.miniters:
                    cur_t = time()
                    dt = cur_t - last_print_t
                    if dt >= mininterval and cur_t >= min_start_t:
                        self.update(n - last_print_n)
                        last_print_n = self.last_print_n
                        last_print_t = self.last_print_t
        finally:
            self.n = n
            self.close()

    def update(self, n=1):
        """
        Manually update the progress bar, useful for streams
        such as reading files.
        E.g.:
        >>> t = tqdm(total=filesize) # Initialise
        >>> for current_buffer in stream:
        ...    ...
        ...    t.update(len(current_buffer))
        >>> t.close()
        The last line is highly recommended, but possibly not necessary if
        `t.update()` will be called in such a way that `filesize` will be
        exactly reached and printed.

        Parameters
        ----------
        n  : int or float, optional
            Increment to add to the internal counter of iterations
            [default: 1]. If using float, consider specifying `{n:.3f}`
            or similar in `bar_format`, or specifying `unit_scale`.

        Returns
        -------
        out  : bool or None
            True if a `display()` was triggered.
        """
        if self.disable:
            return

        if n < 0:
            self.last_print_n += n  # for auto-refresh logic to work
        self.n += n

        # check counter first to reduce calls to time()
        if self.n - self.last_print_n >= self.miniters:
            cur_t = self._time()
            dt = cur_t - self.last_print_t
            if dt >= self.mininterval and cur_t >= self.start_t + self.delay:
                cur_t = self._time()
                dn = self.n - self.last_print_n  # >= n
                if self.smoothing and dt and dn:
                    # EMA (not just overall average)
                    self._ema_dn(dn)
                    self._ema_dt(dt)
                self.refresh(lock_args=self.lock_args)
                if self.dynamic_miniters:
                    # If no `miniters` was specified, adjust automatically to the
                    # maximum iteration rate seen so far between two prints.
                    # e.g.: After running `tqdm.update(5)`, subsequent
                    # calls to `tqdm.update()` will only cause an update after
                    # at least 5 more iterations.
                    if self.maxinterval and dt >= self.maxinterval:
                        self.miniters = dn * (self.mininterval or self.maxinterval) / dt
                    elif self.smoothing:
                        # EMA miniters update
                        self.miniters = self._ema_miniters(
                            dn * (self.mininterval / dt if self.mininterval and dt
                                  else 1))
                    else:
                        # max iters between two prints
                        self.miniters = max(self.miniters, dn)

                # Store old values for next call
                self.last_print_n = self.n
                self.last_print_t = cur_t
                return True

    def close(self):
        """Cleanup and (if leave=False) close the progressbar."""
        if self.disable:
            return

        # Prevent multiple closures
        self.disable = True

        # decrement instance pos and remove from internal set
        pos = abs(self.pos)
        self._decr_instances(self)

        if self.last_print_t < self.start_t + self.delay:
            # haven't ever displayed; nothing to clear
            return

        # GUI mode
        if getattr(self, 'sp', None) is None:
            return

        # annoyingly, _supports_unicode isn't good enough
        def fp_write(s):
            self.fp.write(str(s))

        try:
            fp_write('')
        except ValueError as e:
            if 'closed' in str(e):
                return
            raise  # pragma: no cover

        leave = pos == 0 if self.leave is None else self.leave

        with self._lock:
            if leave:
                # stats for overall rate (no weighted average)
                self._ema_dt = lambda: None
                self.display(pos=0)
                fp_write('\n')
            else:
                # clear previous display
                if self.display(msg='', pos=pos) and not pos:
                    fp_write('\r')

    def clear(self, nolock=False):
        """Clear current bar display."""
        if self.disable:
            return

        if not nolock:
            self._lock.acquire()
        pos = abs(self.pos)
        if pos < (self.nrows or 20):
            self.moveto(pos)
            self.sp('')
            self.fp.write('\r')  # place cursor back at the beginning of line
            self.moveto(-pos)
        if not nolock:
            self._lock.release()

    def refresh(self, nolock=False, lock_args=None):
        """
        Force refresh the display of this bar.

        Parameters
        ----------
        nolock  : bool, optional
            If `True`, does not lock.
            If [default: `False`]: calls `acquire()` on internal lock.
        lock_args  : tuple, optional
            Passed to internal lock's `acquire()`.
            If specified, will only `display()` if `acquire()` returns `True`.
        """
        if self.disable:
            return

        if not nolock:
            if lock_args:
                if not self._lock.acquire(*lock_args):
                    return False
            else:
                self._lock.acquire()
        self.display()
        if not nolock:
            self._lock.release()
        return True

    def unpause(self):
        """Restart tqdm timer from last print time."""
        if self.disable:
            return
        cur_t = self._time()
        self.start_t += cur_t - self.last_print_t
        self.last_print_t = cur_t

    def reset(self, total=None):
        """
        Resets to 0 iterations for repeated use.

        Consider combining with `leave=True`.

        Parameters
        ----------
        total  : int or float, optional. Total to use for the new bar.
        """
        self.n = 0
        if total is not None:
            self.total = total
        if self.disable:
            return
        self.last_print_n = 0
        self.last_print_t = self.start_t = self._time()
        self._ema_dn = EMA(self.smoothing)
        self._ema_dt = EMA(self.smoothing)
        self._ema_miniters = EMA(self.smoothing)
        self.refresh()

    def set_description(self, desc=None, refresh=True):
        """
        Set/modify description of the progress bar.

        Parameters
        ----------
        desc  : str, optional
        refresh  : bool, optional
            Forces refresh [default: True].
        """
        self.desc = desc + ': ' if desc else ''
        if refresh:
            self.refresh()

    def set_description_str(self, desc=None, refresh=True):
        """Set/modify description without ': ' appended."""
        self.desc = desc or ''
        if refresh:
            self.refresh()

    def set_postfix(self, ordered_dict=None, refresh=True, **kwargs):
        """
        Set/modify postfix (additional stats)
        with automatic formatting based on datatype.

        Parameters
        ----------
        ordered_dict  : dict or OrderedDict, optional
        refresh  : bool, optional
            Forces refresh [default: True].
        kwargs  : dict, optional
        """
        # Sort in alphabetical order to be more deterministic
        postfix = OrderedDict([] if ordered_dict is None else ordered_dict)
        for key in sorted(kwargs.keys()):
            postfix[key] = kwargs[key]
        # Preprocess stats according to datatype
        for key in postfix.keys():
            # Number: limit the length of the string
            if isinstance(postfix[key], Number):
                postfix[key] = self.format_num(postfix[key])
            # Else for any other type, try to get the string conversion
            elif not isinstance(postfix[key], str):
                postfix[key] = str(postfix[key])
            # Else if it's a string, don't need to preprocess anything
        # Stitch together to get the final postfix
        self.postfix = ', '.join(key + '=' + postfix[key].strip()
                                 for key in postfix.keys())
        if refresh:
            self.refresh()

    def set_postfix_str(self, s='', refresh=True):
        """
        Postfix without dictionary expansion, similar to prefix handling.
        """
        self.postfix = str(s)
        if refresh:
            self.refresh()

    def moveto(self, n):
        # TODO: private method
        self.fp.write('\n' * n + _term_move_up() * -n)
        getattr(self.fp, 'flush', lambda: None)()

    @property
    def format_dict(self):
        """Public API for read-only member access."""
        if self.disable and not hasattr(self, 'unit'):
            return defaultdict(lambda: None, {
                'n': self.n, 'total': self.total, 'elapsed': 0, 'unit': 'it'})
        if self.dynamic_ncols:
            self.ncols, self.nrows = self.dynamic_ncols(self.fp)
        return {
            'n': self.n, 'total': self.total,
            'elapsed': self._time() - self.start_t if hasattr(self, 'start_t') else 0,
            'ncols': self.ncols, 'nrows': self.nrows, 'prefix': self.desc,
            'ascii': self.ascii, 'unit': self.unit, 'unit_scale': self.unit_scale,
            'rate': self._ema_dn() / self._ema_dt() if self._ema_dt() else None,
            'bar_format': self.bar_format, 'postfix': self.postfix,
            'unit_divisor': self.unit_divisor, 'initial': self.initial,
            'colour': self.colour}

    def display(self, msg=None, pos=None):
        """
        Use `self.sp` to display `msg` in the specified `pos`.

        Consider overloading this function when inheriting to use e.g.:
        `self.some_frontend(**self.format_dict)` instead of `self.sp`.

        Parameters
        ----------
        msg  : str, optional. What to display (default: `repr(self)`).
        pos  : int, optional. Position to `moveto`
          (default: `abs(self.pos)`).
        """
        if pos is None:
            pos = abs(self.pos)

        nrows = self.nrows or 20
        if pos >= nrows - 1:
            if pos >= nrows:
                return False
            if msg or msg is None:  # override at `nrows - 1`
                msg = " ... (more hidden) ..."

        if not hasattr(self, "sp"):
            raise TqdmDeprecationWarning(
                "Please use `tqdm.gui.tqdm(...)`"
                " instead of `tqdm(..., gui=True)`\n",
                fp_write=getattr(self.fp, 'write', sys.stderr.write))

        if pos:
            self.moveto(pos)
        self.sp(self.__str__() if msg is None else msg)
        if pos:
            self.moveto(-pos)
        return True

    @classmethod
    @contextmanager
    def wrapattr(cls, stream, method, total=None, bytes=True, **tqdm_kwargs):
        """
        stream  : file-like object.
        method  : str, "read" or "write". The result of `read()` and
            the first argument of `write()` should have a `len()`.

        >>> with tqdm.wrapattr(file_obj, "read", total=file_obj.size) as fobj:
        ...     while True:
        ...         chunk = fobj.read(chunk_size)
        ...         if not chunk:
        ...             break
        """
        with cls(total=total, **tqdm_kwargs) as t:
            if bytes:
                t.unit = "B"
                t.unit_scale = True
                t.unit_divisor = 1024
            yield CallbackIOWrapper(t.update, stream, method)


def trange(*args, **kwargs):
    """Shortcut for tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)."""
    return tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)