In general, best performance is achieved on recent Linux 4.x kernels and using MySQL, although many of the largest PowerDNS installations are based on PostgreSQL. FreeBSD also performs very well.

Database servers can require configuration to achieve decent performance. It is especially worth noting that several vendors ship PostgreSQL with a slow default configuration.

When PowerDNS starts up it creates a number of threads to listen for packets. This is configurable with the :ref:`setting-receiver-threads` setting which defines how many sockets will be opened by the powerdns process. In versions of linux before kernel 3.9 having too many receiver threads set up resulted in decreased performance due to socket contention between multiple CPUs - the typical sweet spot was 3 or 4. For optimal performance on kernel 3.9 and following with :ref:`setting-reuseport` enabled you'll typically want a receiver thread for each core on your box if backend latency/performance is not an issue and you want top performance.

Different backends will have different characteristics - some will want to have more parallel instances than others. In general, if your backend is latency bound, like most relational databases are, it pays to open more backends.

This is done with the :ref:`setting-distributor-threads` setting which says how many distributors will be opened for each receiver thread. Of special importance is the choice between 1 or more backends. In case of only 1 thread, PowerDNS reverts to unthreaded operation which may be a lot faster, depending on your operating system and architecture.

Other very important settings are :ref:`setting-cache-ttl`. PowerDNS caches entire packets it sends out so as to save the time to query backends to assemble all data. The default setting of 20 seconds may be low for high traffic sites, a value of 60 seconds rarely leads to problems. Please be aware that if any TTL in the answer is shorter than this setting, the packet cache will respect the answer's shortest TTL.

Some PowerDNS operators set cache-ttl to many hours or even days, and use :ref:`pdns_control purge <running-pdnscontrol>` to selectively or globally notify PowerDNS of changes made in the backend. Also look at the :ref:`query-cache` described in this chapter. It may materially improve your performance.

To determine if PowerDNS is unable to keep up with packets, determine the value of the :ref:`stat-qsize-q` variable. This represents the number of packets waiting for database attention. During normal operations the queue should be small.

Logging truly kills performance as answering a question from the cache is an order of magnitude less work than logging a line about it. Busy sites will prefer to turn :ref:`setting-log-dns-details` off.

PowerDNS by default uses the 'Packet Cache' to recognise identical questions and supply them with identical answers, without any further processing. The default time to live is 20 seconds and can be changed by setting cache-ttl. It has been observed that the utility of the packet cache increases with the load on your nameserver.

Not all backends may benefit from the packet cache. If your backend is memory based and does not lead to context switches, the packet cache may actually hurt performance.

.. versionchanged:: 4.1.0
  The maximum size of the packet cache is controlled by the
  :ref:`setting-max-packet-cache-entries` entries. Before that both the
  query cache and the packet cache used the :ref:`setting-max-cache-entries` setting.

Besides entire packets, PowerDNS can also cache individual backend queries. Each DNS query leads to a number of backend queries, the most obvious additional backend query is the check for a possible CNAME. So, when a query comes in for the 'A' record for 'www.powerdns.com', PowerDNS must first check for a CNAME for 'www.powerdns.com'.

The Query Cache caches these backend queries, many of which are quite repetitive. The maximum number of entries in the cache is controlled by the max-cache-entries setting. Before 4.1 this setting also controls the maximum number of entries in the packet cache.

Most gain is made from caching negative entries, ie, queries that have no answer. As these take little memory to store and are typically not a real problem in terms of speed-of-propagation, the default TTL for negative queries is a rather high 60 seconds.

This only is a problem when first doing a query for a record, adding it, and immediately doing a query for that record again. It may then take up to 60 seconds to appear. Changes to existing records however do not fall under the negative query ttl (:ref:`setting-negquery-cache-ttl`), but under the generic :ref:`setting-query-cache-ttl` which defaults to 20 seconds.

The default values should work fine for many sites. When tuning, keep in mind that the Query Cache mostly saves database access but that the Packet Cache also saves a lot of CPU because 0 internal processing is done when answering a question from the Packet Cache.

A number of counters and variables are set during PowerDNS Authoritative Server operation.

All counters that show the "number of X" count since the last startup of the daemon.

Number of corrupt packets received

Number of cache inserts that were deferred because of maintenance

Number of cache lookups that were deferred because of maintenance

Number of packet cache inserts that were deferred because of maintenance

Number of packet cache lookups that were deferred because of maintenance

Number of DNS update packets successfully answered

Total number of changes to records from DNS update

Number of DNS update packets received

Number of DNS update packets that were refused

Number of NOTIFY packets that were received

Number of entries in the key cache

Average number of microseconds a packet spends within PowerDNS

Number of entries in the metadata cache

Number of currently open TCP connections

Number of questions dropped because backends overloaded

Number of packets which were answered out of the cache

Number of times a packet could not be answered out of the cache

Amount of packets in the packetcache

Number of packets waiting for database attention

Number of hits on the :ref:`query-cache`

Number of misses on the :ref:`query-cache`

Number of entries in the query cache

Number of packets sent by clients requesting recursion (regardless of if we'll be providing them with recursion).

Number of packets we supplied an answer to after recursive processing

Number of packets we performed recursive processing for.

Number of packets we sent to our recursor, but did not get a timely answer for.

Security status based on :ref:`securitypolling`.

Amount of packets that could not be answered due to database problems

Number of entries in the signature cache

Number of DNSSEC signatures created

Number of CPU milliseconds sent in system time

Total number of answer bytes sent over TCP

Number of answers sent out over TCP

Number of questions received over TCP

Total number of answer bytes sent over TCPv4

Number of answers sent out over TCPv4

Number of questions received over TCPv4

Total number of answer bytes sent over TCPv6

Number of answers sent out over TCPv6

Number of questions received over TCPv6

Amount of packets that were dropped because they had to wait too long internally

Total number of answer bytes sent over UDP

Number of answers sent out over UDP

Number of queries received with the DO (DNSSEC OK) bit set

Number of packets, received faster than the OS could process them

Number of UDP packets where an ICMP response was received that the remote port was not listening

Number of questions received over UDP

Number of errors caused in the UDP receive buffer

Number of errors caused in the UDP send buffer

Total number of answer bytes sent over UDPv4

Number of answers sent out over UDPv4

Number of questions received over UDPv4

Total number of answer bytes sent over UDPv6

Number of answers sent out over UDPv6

Number of questions received over UDPv6

Uptime in seconds of the daemon

Number of milliseconds spend in CPU 'user' time

Besides counters, PowerDNS also maintains the ringbuffers. A ringbuffer records events, each new event gets a place in the buffer until it is full. When full, earlier entries get overwritten, hence the name 'ring'.

By counting the entries in the buffer, statistics can be generated. These statistics can currently only be viewed using the webserver and are in fact not even collected without the webserver running.

The following ringbuffers are available:

• logmessages: All messages logged
• noerror-queries: Queries for existing records but for a type we don't have. Queries for, say, the AAAA record of a domain, when only an A is available. Queries are listed in the following format: name/type. So an AAAA query for pdns.powerdns.com looks like pdns.powerdns.com/AAAA.
• nxdomain-queries: Queries for non-existing records within existing domains. If PowerDNS knows it is authoritative over a domain, and it sees a question for a record in that domain that does not exist, it is able to send out an authoritative 'no such domain' message. Indicates that hosts are trying to connect to services really not in your zone.
• udp-queries: All UDP queries seen.
• remotes: Remote server IP addresses. Number of hosts querying PowerDNS. Be aware that UDP is anonymous - person A can send queries that appear to be coming from person B.
• remote-corrupts: Remotes sending corrupt packets. Hosts sending PowerDNS broken packets, possibly meant to disrupt service. Be aware that UDP is anonymous - person A can send queries that appear to be coming from person B.
• remote-unauth: Remotes querying domains for which we are not authoritative. It may happen that there are misconfigured hosts on the internet which are configured to think that a PowerDNS installation is in fact a resolving nameserver. These hosts will not get useful answers from PowerDNS. This buffer lists hosts sending queries for domains which PowerDNS does not know about.
• servfail-queries: Queries that could not be answered due to backend errors. For one reason or another, a backend may be unable to extract answers for a certain domain from its storage. This may be due to a corrupt database or to inconsistent data. When this happens, PowerDNS sends out a 'servfail' packet indicating that it was unable to answer the question. This buffer shows which queries have been causing servfails.
• unauth-queries: Queries for domains that we are not authoritative for. If a domain is delegated to a PowerDNS instance, but the backend is not made aware of this fact, questions come in for which no answer is available, nor is the authority. Use this ringbuffer to spot such queries.

For carbon/graphite/metronome, we use the following namespace. Everything starts with 'pdns.', which is then followed by the local hostname. Thirdly, we add 'auth' to signify the daemon generating the metrics. This is then rounded off with the actual name of the metric. As an example: 'pdns.ns1.auth.questions'.

Care has been taken to make the sending of statistics as unobtrusive as possible, the daemons will not be hindered by an unreachable carbon server, timeouts or connection refused situations.

To benefit from our carbon/graphite support, either install Graphite, or use our own lightweight statistics daemon, Metronome, currently available on GitHub.

To enable sending metrics, set :ref:`setting-carbon-server`, possibly :ref:`setting-carbon-interval` and possibly :ref:`setting-carbon-ourname` in the configuration.