ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Erlanger TE, Weiss S, Keiser J, Utzinger J, Wiedenmayer K, 2009. Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1– 7.
-
2.
Mackenzie JS, Gubler DJ, Petersen LR, 2004. Emerging Flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses. Nat Med 10: S98– S109.
-
3.
van den Hurk AF, Ritchie SA, Mackenzie JS, 2009. Ecology and geographical expansion of Japanese encephalitis virus. Annu Rev Entomol 54: 17– 35.
-
4.
Nett RJ, Campbell GL, Reisen WK, 2009. Potential for the emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus in California. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 9: 511– 517.
-
5.
Buescher EL, Scherer WF, Rosenberg MZ, Kutner LJ, McClure HE, 1959. Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. IV. Avian infection. J Immunol 83: 614– 619.
-
6.
Buescher EL, Scherer WF, Rosenberg MZ, McClure HE, 1959. Immunologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. III. Infection and antibody responses of birds. J Immunol 83: 605– 613.
-
7.
Kitaoka M, Okubo K, Miura T, Nakamura Y, 1953. Relationship between Japanese B and Russian spring-summer encephalitis and birds. Jpn Med J (Natl Inst Health Jpn) 6: 247– 259.
-
8.
Kobayashi R, Ando K, Toyama Y, Kuratsuka K, Arima S, Saito K, Takayama Y, Hironaka N, Ishii K, Honda Y, Kondo K, 1948. On susceptibility of Japanese wild birds for Japanese B encephalitis virus. Jpn Med J 1: 282– 288.
-
9.
Soman RS, Rodrigues FM, Guttikar SN, Guru PY, 1977. Experimental viremia and transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by mosquitoes in ardeid birds. Indian J Med Res 66: 709– 718.
-
10.
Hasegawa T, Takehara Y, Takahashi K, 1975. Natural and experimental infections of Japanese tree sparrows with Japanese encephalitis virus. Arch Virol 49: 373– 376.
-
11.
Jamgaonkar AV, Yergolkar PN, Geevarghese G, Joshi GD, Joshi MV, Mishra AC, 2003. Serological evidence for Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus infections in water frequenting and terrestrial wild birds in Kolar District, Karnataka State, India. A retrospective study. Acta Virol 47: 185– 188.
-
12.
Kaul HN, Venkateshan CN, Mishra AC, Modi GB, Ghosh SN, 1976. Serological evidence of arbovirus activity in birds and small mammals in Japanese encephalitis affected areas of Bankura District, West Bengal. Indian J Med Res 64: 1735– 1739.
-
13.
Khan FU, Banerjee K, 1980. Mosquito collection in heronries and antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in birds in Asansol-Dhanbad region. Indian J Med Res 71: 1– 5.
-
14.
Loach TR, Narayan KG, Choudhary SP, 1983. Serological evidence of persistence of Japanese encephalitis virus activity in Bihar, India. Int J Zoonoses 10: 7– 14.
-
15.
Rodrigues FM, Guttikar SN, Pinto BD, 1981. Prevalence of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses among wild birds in the Krishna-Godavari Delta, Andhra Pradesh, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75: 258– 262.
-
16.
Yang DK, Oh YI, Kim HR, Lee YJ, Moon OK, Yoon H, Kim B, Lee KW, Song JY, 2011. Serosurveillance for Japanese encephalitis virus in wild birds captured in Korea. J Vet Sci 12: 373– 377.
-
17.
Chen WR, Tesh RB, Ricohesse R, 1990. Genetic variation of Japanese encephalitis virus in nature. J Gen Virol 71: 2915– 2922.
-
18.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Arboviruses. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189– 212.
-
19.
Burnham KP, Anderson DR, 2002. Model Selection and Multi–Model Inference: A Practical Information–Theoretic Approach. New York: Springer-Verlag.
-
20.
Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, Daszak P, 2008. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451: 990– 994.
-
21.
Solomon T, Ni H, Beasley DWC, Ekkelenkamp M, Cardosa MJ, Barrett ADT, 2003. Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in southeast Asia. J Virol 77: 3091– 3098.
-
22.
Uchil PD, Satchidanandam V, 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus: envelope gene based analysis reveals a fifth genotype, geographic clustering, and multiple introductions of the virus into the Indian subcontinent. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 242– 251.
-
23.
van den Hurk AF, Johansen CA, Zborowski P, Paru R, Foley PN, Beebe NW, Mackenzie JS, Ritchie SA, 2003. Mosquito host-feeding patterns and implications for Japanese encephalitis virus transmission in northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Med Vet Entomol 17: 403– 411.
-
24.
Reeves WC, Hammon WM, 1946. Laboratory transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by seven species (three Genera) of North American mosquitoes. J Exp Med 83: 184– 194.
-
25.
Rosen L, Lien JC, Shroyer DA, Baker RH, Lu LC, 1989. Experimental vertical transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by Culex tritaeniorhynchus and other mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40: 548– 556.
-
26.
Carey DE, Reuben R, Myers RM, George S, 1968. Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore, South India. Part IV. Search for virological and serological evidence of infection in animals other than man. Indian J Med Res 56: 1340– 1352.
-
27.
Hammon WM, Reeves WC, Sather GE, 1951. Japanese B encephalitis virus in the blood of experimentally inoculated birds. Am J Hyg 53: 249– 261.
-
28.
Boyle DB, Dickerman RW, Marshall ID, 1983. Primary viremia responses of herons to experimental infection with Murray Valley encephalitis, Kunjin and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 61: 655– 664.
-
29.
Kilpatrick AM, LaDeau SL, Marra PP, 2007. Ecology of West Nile virus transmission and its impact on birds in the western hemisphere. Auk 124: 1121– 1136.
-
30.
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 311– 322.
-
31.
Chunikhin SP, Takahashi M, 1971. An attempt to establish the chronic infection of pigeons with Japanese encephalitis virus. Jap J Sanit Zool 22: 155– 160.
-
32.
Eidson M, Kramer L, Stone W, Hagiwara Y, Schmit K; New York State West Nile Virus Avian Surveillance Team, 2001. Dead bird surveillance as an early warning system for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 631– 635.
-
33.
Wu R, Tian YX, Deng JH, Yang KL, Liang WW, Guo R, Duan ZY, Liu ZW, Zhou DN, Xu DP, 2011. Multiple amino acid variations in the nonstructural proteins of swine Japanese encephalitis virus alter its virulence in mice. Arch Virol 156: 685– 688.
-
34.
Brault AC, Huang CY, Langevin SA, Kinney RM, Bowen RA, Ramey WN, Panella NA, Holmes EC, Powers AM, Miller BR, 2007. A single positively selected West Nile viral mutation confers increased virogenesis in American crows. Nat Genet 39: 1162– 1166.
-
35.
Nga PT, Parquet MD, Cuong VD, Ma SP, Hasebe F, Inoue S, Makino Y, Takagi M, Nam VS, Morita K, 2004. Shift in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype circulating in northern Vietnam: implications for frequent introductions of JEV from Southeast Asia to East Asia. J Gen Virol 85: 1625– 1631.
-
36.
Saito M, Taira K, Itokazu K, Mori N, 2007. Recent change of the antigenicity and genotype of Japanese encephalitis viruses distributed on Okinawa Island, Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 737– 746.
-
37.
Weng MH, Lien JC, Lin CC, Yao CW, 2000. Vector competence of Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Taiwan for a sympatric strain of Japanese encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 37: 780– 783.
-
38.
Reisen WK, Chiles RE, Kramer LD, Martinez VM, Eldridge BF, 2000. Method of infection does not alter response of chicks and house finches to western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. J Med Entomol 37: 250– 258.
-
39.
Styer LM, Bernard KA, Kramer LD, 2006. Enhanced early West Nile virus infection in young chickens infected by mosquito bite: effect of viral dose. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 337– 345.
-
40.
Nemeth NM, Bosco-Lauth AM, Bowen RA, 2009. Cross-protection between West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses in red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Avian Dis 53: 421– 425.
-
41.
Ilkal MA, Prasanna Y, Jacob PG, Geevarghese G, Banerjee K, 1994. Experimental studies on the susceptibility of domestic pigs to West Nile virus followed by Japanese encephalitis virus infection and vice versa. Acta Virol 38: 157– 161.
-
42.
Bosco-Lauth A, Mason G, Bowen R, 2011. Pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in a golden hamster model and evaluation of flavivirus cross-protective immunity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 727– 732.
-
43.
Banerjee K, Deshmukh PK, 1987. Transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus to chicks by individual Culex bitaeniorhynchus mosquitoes. Indian J Med Res 86: 726– 727.
-
44.
Carey DE, Reuben R, Myers RM, 1969. Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore, South India. Part V. Experimental infection and transmission. Indian J Med Res 57: 282– 289.
-
45.
Ditchkoff SS, West BC, 2007. Ecology and management of feral hogs. Hum Wildl Confl 1: 149– 151.
-
46.
Saito M, Nakata K, Nishijima T, Yamashita K, Saito A, Ogura G, 2009. Proposal for Japanese encephalitis surveillance using captured invasive mongooses under an eradication project on Okinawa Island, Japan. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 9: 259– 266.
-
47.
van den Hurk AF, Smith CS, Field HE, Smith IL, Northill JA, Taylor CT, Jansen CC, Smith GA, Mackenzie JS, 2009. Transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus from the black flying fox, Pteropus alecto, to Culex annulirostris mosquitoes, despite the absence of detectable viremia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 457– 462.
-
48.
Wang JL, Pan XL, Zhang HL, Fu SH, Wang HY, Tang Q, Wang LF, Liang GD, 2009. Japanese encephalitis viruses from bats in Yunnan, China. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 939– 942.
-
49.
Sulkin SE, Allen R, Sims R, 1963. Studies of arthropod-borne virus infections in Chiroptera I. Susceptibility of insectivorous species to experimental infection with Japanese B and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 12: 800– 814.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 474 | 258 | 35 |
| Full Text Views | 570 | 16 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 247 | 16 | 0 |
North American Birds as Potential Amplifying Hosts of Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Nicole Nemeth
Nicole Nemeth
Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Angela Bosco-Lauth
Angela Bosco-Lauth
Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Paul Oesterle
Paul Oesterle
Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Dennis Kohler
Dennis Kohler
Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Richard Bowen
Richard Bowen
Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging arbovirus, and inter-continental spread is an impending threat. The virus is maintained in a transmission cycle between mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts, including birds. We detected variation in interspecies responses among North American birds to infection with strains of two different JEV genotypes (I and III). Several native North American passerine species and ring-billed gulls had the highest average peak viremia titers after inoculation with a Vietnamese (genotype I) JEV strain. Oral JEV shedding was minimal and cloacal shedding was rarely detected. The majority of birds, both viremic (72 of 74; 97.3%) and non-viremic (31 of 37; 83.8%), seroconverted by 14 days post-inoculation and West Nile virus-immune individuals had cross-protection against JEV viremia. Reservoir competence and serologic data for a variety of avian taxa are important for development of JEV surveillance and control strategies and will aid in understanding transmission ecology in the event of JEV expansion to North America.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research was funded by National Institutes of Health, contract N01-AI25489.
Authors' addresses: Nicole Nemeth, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, E-mail: nmnemeth@uga.edu. Angela Bosco-Lauth, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, E-mail: mopargal@rams.colostate.edu. Paul Oesterle, Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, E-mail: poester@uga.edu. Dennis Kohler, USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, CO, E-mail: dennis.kohler@aphis.usda.gov. Richard Bowen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, E-mail: Richard.Bowen@colostate.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Erlanger TE, Weiss S, Keiser J, Utzinger J, Wiedenmayer K, 2009. Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1– 7.
-
2.
Mackenzie JS, Gubler DJ, Petersen LR, 2004. Emerging Flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses. Nat Med 10: S98– S109.
-
3.
van den Hurk AF, Ritchie SA, Mackenzie JS, 2009. Ecology and geographical expansion of Japanese encephalitis virus. Annu Rev Entomol 54: 17– 35.
-
4.
Nett RJ, Campbell GL, Reisen WK, 2009. Potential for the emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus in California. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 9: 511– 517.
-
5.
Buescher EL, Scherer WF, Rosenberg MZ, Kutner LJ, McClure HE, 1959. Ecologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. IV. Avian infection. J Immunol 83: 614– 619.
-
6.
Buescher EL, Scherer WF, Rosenberg MZ, McClure HE, 1959. Immunologic studies of Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan. III. Infection and antibody responses of birds. J Immunol 83: 605– 613.
-
7.
Kitaoka M, Okubo K, Miura T, Nakamura Y, 1953. Relationship between Japanese B and Russian spring-summer encephalitis and birds. Jpn Med J (Natl Inst Health Jpn) 6: 247– 259.
-
8.
Kobayashi R, Ando K, Toyama Y, Kuratsuka K, Arima S, Saito K, Takayama Y, Hironaka N, Ishii K, Honda Y, Kondo K, 1948. On susceptibility of Japanese wild birds for Japanese B encephalitis virus. Jpn Med J 1: 282– 288.
-
9.
Soman RS, Rodrigues FM, Guttikar SN, Guru PY, 1977. Experimental viremia and transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by mosquitoes in ardeid birds. Indian J Med Res 66: 709– 718.
-
10.
Hasegawa T, Takehara Y, Takahashi K, 1975. Natural and experimental infections of Japanese tree sparrows with Japanese encephalitis virus. Arch Virol 49: 373– 376.
-
11.
Jamgaonkar AV, Yergolkar PN, Geevarghese G, Joshi GD, Joshi MV, Mishra AC, 2003. Serological evidence for Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus infections in water frequenting and terrestrial wild birds in Kolar District, Karnataka State, India. A retrospective study. Acta Virol 47: 185– 188.
-
12.
Kaul HN, Venkateshan CN, Mishra AC, Modi GB, Ghosh SN, 1976. Serological evidence of arbovirus activity in birds and small mammals in Japanese encephalitis affected areas of Bankura District, West Bengal. Indian J Med Res 64: 1735– 1739.
-
13.
Khan FU, Banerjee K, 1980. Mosquito collection in heronries and antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in birds in Asansol-Dhanbad region. Indian J Med Res 71: 1– 5.
-
14.
Loach TR, Narayan KG, Choudhary SP, 1983. Serological evidence of persistence of Japanese encephalitis virus activity in Bihar, India. Int J Zoonoses 10: 7– 14.
-
15.
Rodrigues FM, Guttikar SN, Pinto BD, 1981. Prevalence of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses among wild birds in the Krishna-Godavari Delta, Andhra Pradesh, India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75: 258– 262.
-
16.
Yang DK, Oh YI, Kim HR, Lee YJ, Moon OK, Yoon H, Kim B, Lee KW, Song JY, 2011. Serosurveillance for Japanese encephalitis virus in wild birds captured in Korea. J Vet Sci 12: 373– 377.
-
17.
Chen WR, Tesh RB, Ricohesse R, 1990. Genetic variation of Japanese encephalitis virus in nature. J Gen Virol 71: 2915– 2922.
-
18.
Beaty BJ, Calisher CH, Shope RE, 1995. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections. Lennette EH, Lennette DA, Lennette ET, eds. Arboviruses. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 189– 212.
-
19.
Burnham KP, Anderson DR, 2002. Model Selection and Multi–Model Inference: A Practical Information–Theoretic Approach. New York: Springer-Verlag.
-
20.
Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, Daszak P, 2008. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451: 990– 994.
-
21.
Solomon T, Ni H, Beasley DWC, Ekkelenkamp M, Cardosa MJ, Barrett ADT, 2003. Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in southeast Asia. J Virol 77: 3091– 3098.
-
22.
Uchil PD, Satchidanandam V, 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus: envelope gene based analysis reveals a fifth genotype, geographic clustering, and multiple introductions of the virus into the Indian subcontinent. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65: 242– 251.
-
23.
van den Hurk AF, Johansen CA, Zborowski P, Paru R, Foley PN, Beebe NW, Mackenzie JS, Ritchie SA, 2003. Mosquito host-feeding patterns and implications for Japanese encephalitis virus transmission in northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Med Vet Entomol 17: 403– 411.
-
24.
Reeves WC, Hammon WM, 1946. Laboratory transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by seven species (three Genera) of North American mosquitoes. J Exp Med 83: 184– 194.
-
25.
Rosen L, Lien JC, Shroyer DA, Baker RH, Lu LC, 1989. Experimental vertical transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by Culex tritaeniorhynchus and other mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40: 548– 556.
-
26.
Carey DE, Reuben R, Myers RM, George S, 1968. Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore, South India. Part IV. Search for virological and serological evidence of infection in animals other than man. Indian J Med Res 56: 1340– 1352.
-
27.
Hammon WM, Reeves WC, Sather GE, 1951. Japanese B encephalitis virus in the blood of experimentally inoculated birds. Am J Hyg 53: 249– 261.
-
28.
Boyle DB, Dickerman RW, Marshall ID, 1983. Primary viremia responses of herons to experimental infection with Murray Valley encephalitis, Kunjin and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 61: 655– 664.
-
29.
Kilpatrick AM, LaDeau SL, Marra PP, 2007. Ecology of West Nile virus transmission and its impact on birds in the western hemisphere. Auk 124: 1121– 1136.
-
30.
Komar N, Langevin S, Hinten S, Nemeth N, Edwards E, Hettler D, Davis B, Bowen R, Bunning M, 2003. Experimental infection of North American birds with the New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 9: 311– 322.
-
31.
Chunikhin SP, Takahashi M, 1971. An attempt to establish the chronic infection of pigeons with Japanese encephalitis virus. Jap J Sanit Zool 22: 155– 160.
-
32.
Eidson M, Kramer L, Stone W, Hagiwara Y, Schmit K; New York State West Nile Virus Avian Surveillance Team, 2001. Dead bird surveillance as an early warning system for West Nile virus. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 631– 635.
-
33.
Wu R, Tian YX, Deng JH, Yang KL, Liang WW, Guo R, Duan ZY, Liu ZW, Zhou DN, Xu DP, 2011. Multiple amino acid variations in the nonstructural proteins of swine Japanese encephalitis virus alter its virulence in mice. Arch Virol 156: 685– 688.
-
34.
Brault AC, Huang CY, Langevin SA, Kinney RM, Bowen RA, Ramey WN, Panella NA, Holmes EC, Powers AM, Miller BR, 2007. A single positively selected West Nile viral mutation confers increased virogenesis in American crows. Nat Genet 39: 1162– 1166.
-
35.
Nga PT, Parquet MD, Cuong VD, Ma SP, Hasebe F, Inoue S, Makino Y, Takagi M, Nam VS, Morita K, 2004. Shift in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype circulating in northern Vietnam: implications for frequent introductions of JEV from Southeast Asia to East Asia. J Gen Virol 85: 1625– 1631.
-
36.
Saito M, Taira K, Itokazu K, Mori N, 2007. Recent change of the antigenicity and genotype of Japanese encephalitis viruses distributed on Okinawa Island, Japan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 737– 746.
-
37.
Weng MH, Lien JC, Lin CC, Yao CW, 2000. Vector competence of Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Taiwan for a sympatric strain of Japanese encephalitis virus. J Med Entomol 37: 780– 783.
-
38.
Reisen WK, Chiles RE, Kramer LD, Martinez VM, Eldridge BF, 2000. Method of infection does not alter response of chicks and house finches to western equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. J Med Entomol 37: 250– 258.
-
39.
Styer LM, Bernard KA, Kramer LD, 2006. Enhanced early West Nile virus infection in young chickens infected by mosquito bite: effect of viral dose. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75: 337– 345.
-
40.
Nemeth NM, Bosco-Lauth AM, Bowen RA, 2009. Cross-protection between West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses in red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Avian Dis 53: 421– 425.
-
41.
Ilkal MA, Prasanna Y, Jacob PG, Geevarghese G, Banerjee K, 1994. Experimental studies on the susceptibility of domestic pigs to West Nile virus followed by Japanese encephalitis virus infection and vice versa. Acta Virol 38: 157– 161.
-
42.
Bosco-Lauth A, Mason G, Bowen R, 2011. Pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in a golden hamster model and evaluation of flavivirus cross-protective immunity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 727– 732.
-
43.
Banerjee K, Deshmukh PK, 1987. Transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus to chicks by individual Culex bitaeniorhynchus mosquitoes. Indian J Med Res 86: 726– 727.
-
44.
Carey DE, Reuben R, Myers RM, 1969. Japanese encephalitis studies in Vellore, South India. Part V. Experimental infection and transmission. Indian J Med Res 57: 282– 289.
-
45.
Ditchkoff SS, West BC, 2007. Ecology and management of feral hogs. Hum Wildl Confl 1: 149– 151.
-
46.
Saito M, Nakata K, Nishijima T, Yamashita K, Saito A, Ogura G, 2009. Proposal for Japanese encephalitis surveillance using captured invasive mongooses under an eradication project on Okinawa Island, Japan. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 9: 259– 266.
-
47.
van den Hurk AF, Smith CS, Field HE, Smith IL, Northill JA, Taylor CT, Jansen CC, Smith GA, Mackenzie JS, 2009. Transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus from the black flying fox, Pteropus alecto, to Culex annulirostris mosquitoes, despite the absence of detectable viremia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 457– 462.
-
48.
Wang JL, Pan XL, Zhang HL, Fu SH, Wang HY, Tang Q, Wang LF, Liang GD, 2009. Japanese encephalitis viruses from bats in Yunnan, China. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 939– 942.
-
49.
Sulkin SE, Allen R, Sims R, 1963. Studies of arthropod-borne virus infections in Chiroptera I. Susceptibility of insectivorous species to experimental infection with Japanese B and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 12: 800– 814.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 474 | 258 | 35 |
| Full Text Views | 570 | 16 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 247 | 16 | 0 |