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A Review of Malaria Diagnostic Tools: Microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)
Chansuda Wongsrichanalai
Chansuda Wongsrichanalai
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 (NAMRU-2), Jakarta, Indonesia; Hydas World Health, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania; National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM), Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Mazie J. Barcus
Mazie J. Barcus
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 (NAMRU-2), Jakarta, Indonesia; Hydas World Health, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania; National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM), Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sinuon Muth
Sinuon Muth
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 (NAMRU-2), Jakarta, Indonesia; Hydas World Health, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania; National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM), Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Awalludin Sutamihardja
Awalludin Sutamihardja
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 (NAMRU-2), Jakarta, Indonesia; Hydas World Health, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania; National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM), Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Walther H. Wernsdorfer
Walther H. Wernsdorfer
U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 (NAMRU-2), Jakarta, Indonesia; Hydas World Health, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania; National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM), Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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The absolute necessity for rational therapy in the face of rampant drug resistance places increasing importance on the accuracy of malaria diagnosis. Giemsa microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) represent the two diagnostics most likely to have the largest impact on malaria control today. These two methods, each with characteristic strengths and limitations, together represent the best hope for accurate diagnosis as a key component of successful malaria control. This review addresses the quality issues with current malaria diagnostics and presents data from recent rapid diagnostic test trials. Reduction of malaria morbidity and drug resistance intensity plus the associated economic loss of these two factors require urgent scaling up of the quality of parasite-based diagnostic methods. An investment in anti-malarial drug development or malaria vaccine development should be accompanied by a parallel commitment to improve diagnostic tools and their availability to people living in malarious areas.
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1
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI, 2005. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434 :214–217.
-
2
Bell DR, Jorgensen P, Christophel EM, Palmer KL, 2005. Malaria risk: estimation of the malaria burden. Nature 437 :E3.
-
3
Malaria R&D Alliance, 2005. Malaria Research and Development: An Assessment of Global Investment, November 2005. www.MalariaAlliance.org.
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4
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5
Biritwum RB, Welbeck J, Barnish G, 2000. Incidence and management of malaria in two communities of different socioeconomic level, in Accra, Ghana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94 :771–778.
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6
Ruebush TK, Kern MK, Campbell CC, Oloo AJ, 1995. Self-treatment of malaria in a rural area of western Kenya. Bull World Health Organ 73 :229–236.
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7
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-
8
Mwangi TW, Mohammed M, Dayo H, Snow RW, Marsh K, 2005. Clinical algorithms for malaria diagnosis lack utility among people of different age groups. Trop Med Int Health 10 :530–536.
-
9
Bell D, Go R, Miguel C, Walker J, Cacal L, Saul A, 2001. Diagnosis of malaria in a remote area of the Philippines: comparison of techniques and their acceptance by health workers and the community. Bull World Health Organ 79 :933–941.
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10
van der Hoek W, Premasiri DAR, Wickremasinghe AR, 1997. Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria in a refugee population in Sri Lanka. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28 :12–17.
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11
Stephens JK, Phanart K, Rooney W, Barnish G, 1999. A comparison of three malaria diagnostic tests, under field conditions in North-west Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 30 :625–630.
-
12
Othnigue N, Wyss K, Tanner M, Genton B, 2006. Urban malaria in the Sahel: prevalence and seasonality of presumptive malaria and parasitaemia at primary care level in Chad. Trop Med Int Health 11 :204–210.
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