Remnants from the Past: From an 18th Century Manuscript to 21st Century Ethnobotany in Valle Imagna (Bergamo, Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Current Ethnobotanical Survey
2.2. Diachronic Analysis
2.3. Comparison among Similar Preparations in 18th and 21st Century in Valle Imagna
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Area of Investigation
3.2. Ethnobotanical Survey, Data Archiving and Processing
3.3. Data Analysis
3.4. Bibliographic Research
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | #Informants | Species | Citations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | ±(sd) | Mean | ±(sd) | ||
Male | 37 | 3.57 | 4.65 | 5.51 | 8.21 |
Female | 56 | 5.25 | 4.67 | 8.44 | 9.29 |
Age | |||||
20–29 | 5 | 4.30 | 7.30 | 9.37 | 5.90 |
30–39 | 6 | 4.66 | 5.31 | 6.16 | 7.65 |
40–49 | 10 | 5.30 | 3.79 | 8.10 | 7.40 |
50–59 | 16 | 5.69 | 7.31 | 9.37 | 10.36 |
60–69 | 13 | 4.46 | 2.29 | 8.46 | 6.60 |
70–79 | 32 | 4.40 | 4.99 | 6.62 | 8.70 |
80–89 | 9 | 3.22 | 2.43 | 5.22 | 6.02 |
90–96 | 2 | 3.00 | 2.83 | 4.00 | 2.83 |
All informants | 93 | 4.58 | 4.70 | 7.28 | 8.95 |
Species | Use Described in the Manuscript [17] | Use Described in Valle Imagna | Activity |
---|---|---|---|
Amaryllidaceae | |||
Allium sativum L. Garlic | Wine decoction with garlic, drunk against hip pain. Eaten raw against gout. | Ointment made of smashed garlic and pork fat to be externally applied against contusions and pain. | Anti-inflammatory for the treatment of musculoskeletal problems. |
Asteraceae | |||
Artemisia absinthium L. Absinth | Pills or aqueous preparation with absinth salts (obtained from the ashes of A. absinthium) as diuretic and antipyretic. Powdered absinth mixed with honey. Kept inside the mouth as an anti-inflammatory for the tongue. | Infusion of the leaves or the entire above ground part drunk as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic. | Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and diuretic. |
Matricaria chamomilla L. Chamomile | Chamomile oil mixed with other ingredients, clysters against hip pain and sciatica. | Macerated chamomile oil, applied externally against muscular pain and inflammation. | Anti-inflammatory for the treatment of musculoskeletal problems. |
Brassicaceae | |||
Brassica oleracea L. Cabbage | Cabbage leaves dried in the oven, powdered, and mixed with pork fat. The ointment is applied against hip pain. | Fresh leaves, smashed and applied on contusions and joint pain and inflammations. | Anti-inflammatory for the treatment of musculoskeletal problems. |
Lamiaceae | |||
Salvia officinalis L. Sage | Sage leaves, rosemary, and pomegranate boiled in wine. Mouthwashes against painful and loosening teeth. | Sage leaves rubbed on teeth and gums as an anti-inflammatory. Sage infusion used as an anti-inflammatory and disinfectant mouthwash for teeth and gums. | Antibacterial Anti-inflammatory |
Linaceae | |||
Linum usitatissimum L. Flax | Flax and fenugreek seeds boiled in water. The seeds are squeezed, and the mucilaginous water is mixed with butter. The ointment is applied on the chest against children cough. | Flax seeds boiled in water until a preparation similar to porridge is obtained. The mucilaginous poultice is applied warm on the chest against cough. | Antitussive Expectorant |
Oleaceae | |||
Olea europaea L. Olive | An ointment of olive oil and bee wax or of olive oil and tallow applied on fissured hands and feet and on burns. | An ointment of olive oil and bee wax applied on burns and as soothing agent on inflamed skin. | Anti-inflammatory Soothing Wound healing |
Papaveraceae | |||
Chelidonium majus L. Greater celandine | Latex of celandine with latex of parsnip applied on warts. | Latex of celandine applied on warts. | Antiviral Caustic |
Plantaginaceae | |||
Plantago spp. Plantago major L. Plantago lanceolata L. Plantain | Poultice of plantain mixed with butter (and other ingredients) for two different ointments applied on inflamed nipples and on wounds. | Leaves applied externally on burns and as a wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent. | Anti-inflammatory Disinfectant Wound healing |
Rosaceae | |||
Agrimonia eupatoria L. Agrimony | Complex remedy applied on deep leg ulcers. Above ground parts of agrimony and dried roses are boiled in wine, which is then used to disinfect the ulcers. A mix of powdered herbal and mineral ingredients are then applied on the wounds. Finally, the sediment of cooked agrimony and rose is smeared over the powder, and all is set in place with a gauze. | Fresh leaves are applied externally on deep wounds and set in place with a gauze. Compresses of the infusion of leaves or of above ground parts of agrimony are applied on deep wounds. | Anti-inflammatory Disinfectant Wound healing |
Rosa canina L. Dog rose | Rose water, obtained from the petals, mixed with other ingredients and drunk in order to ‘refresh the kidneys’. | Infusions of the false fruits drunk as diuretic. | Diuretic |
Vitaceae | |||
Vitis vinifera L. Vitis spp. Grapevine | Mouth washes with wine in which sage, rosemary, and pomegranate were boiled. | Mouth washes with grappa. | Anti-inflammatory Disinfectant (Alcohol?) |
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Milani, F.; Bottoni, M.; Bardelli, L.; Colombo, L.; Colombo, P.S.; Bruschi, P.; Giuliani, C.; Fico, G. Remnants from the Past: From an 18th Century Manuscript to 21st Century Ethnobotany in Valle Imagna (Bergamo, Italy). Plants 2023, 12, 2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142748
Milani F, Bottoni M, Bardelli L, Colombo L, Colombo PS, Bruschi P, Giuliani C, Fico G. Remnants from the Past: From an 18th Century Manuscript to 21st Century Ethnobotany in Valle Imagna (Bergamo, Italy). Plants. 2023; 12(14):2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142748
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilani, Fabrizia, Martina Bottoni, Laura Bardelli, Lorenzo Colombo, Paola Sira Colombo, Piero Bruschi, Claudia Giuliani, and Gelsomina Fico. 2023. "Remnants from the Past: From an 18th Century Manuscript to 21st Century Ethnobotany in Valle Imagna (Bergamo, Italy)" Plants 12, no. 14: 2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142748