This site uses cookies, tags, and tracking settings to store information that help give you the very best browsing experience. Dismiss this warning

Neurotransplantation for patients with subcortical motor stroke: a Phase 2 randomized trial

Douglas Kondziolka Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Douglas Kondziolka in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D.
,
Gary K. Steinberg Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Gary K. Steinberg in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D., Ph.D.
,
Lawrence Wechsler Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Lawrence Wechsler in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D.
,
Carolyn C. Meltzer Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Carolyn C. Meltzer in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D.
,
Elaine Elder Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Elaine Elder in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 Sc.D.
,
James Gebel Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by James Gebel in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D.
,
Sharon DeCesare Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Sharon DeCesare in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Tudor Jovin Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Tudor Jovin in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D.
,
Ross Zafonte Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Ross Zafonte in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 D.O.
,
Jonathan Lebowitz Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Jonathan Lebowitz in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D.
,
John C. Flickinger Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by John C. Flickinger in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D.
,
David Tong Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by David Tong in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D.
,
Michael P. Marks Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Michael P. Marks in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D.
,
Catriona Jamieson Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Catriona Jamieson in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D., Ph.D.
,
Desiree Luu Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Desiree Luu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 R.N.
,
Teresa Bell-Stephens Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Teresa Bell-Stephens in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 R.N.
, and
Jeffrey Teraoka Departments of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, Radiology, Physical Medicine, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Radiology, Hematology, and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Stanford University, Stanford, California

Search for other papers by Jeffrey Teraoka in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
 M.D.
Page Range:
38–45
Volume/Issue:
Volume 103: Issue 1
DOI link:
https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.103.1.0038
Restricted access

Purchase Now

USD  $45.00

JNS + Pediatrics - 1 year subscription bundle (Individuals Only)

USD  $536.00

JNS + Pediatrics + Spine - 1 year subscription bundle (Individuals Only)

USD  $636.00
Click here for subscription options

  • Purchase Now

    USD  $45.00

  • JNS + Pediatrics - 1 year subscription bundle (Individuals Only)

    USD  $536.00

  • JNS + Pediatrics + Spine - 1 year subscription bundle (Individuals Only)

    USD  $636.00
USD  $45.00
USD  $536.00
USD  $636.00
Print or Print + Online Sign in

Object

No definitive treatment exists to restore lost brain function following a stroke. Transplantation of cultured neuronal cells has been shown to be safe and effective in animal models of stroke and safe in a Phase 1 human trial. In the present study the authors tested the usefulness of human neuron transplantation followed by participation in a 2-month stroke rehabilitation program compared with rehabilitation alone in patients with substantial fixed motor deficits associated with a basal ganglia stroke.

Methods

Human neuronal cells (LBS-Neurons; Layton BioScience, Inc.) were delivered frozen and then thawed and formulated on the morning of surgery. The entry criteria in this randomized, observer-blinded trial of 18 patients included age between 18 and 75 years, completed stroke duration of 1 to 6 years, presence of a fixed motor deficit that was stable for at least 2 months, and no contraindications to stereotactic surgery. Patients were randomized at two centers to receive either 5 or 10 million implanted cells in 25 sites (seven patients per group) followed by participation in a stroke rehabilitation program, or to serve as a nonsurgical control group (rehabilitation only; four patients). The surgical techniques used were the same at both centers. All patients underwent extensive pre- and postoperative motor testing and imaging. Patients received cyclosporine A for 1 week before and 6 months after surgery. The primary efficacy measure was a change in the European Stroke Scale (ESS) motor score at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included Fugl-Meyer, Action Research Arm Test, and Stroke Impact Scale scores, as well as the results of other motor tests. Nine strokes were ischemic in origin and nine were hemorrhagic.

All 14 patients who underwent surgery (ages 40–70 years) underwent uncomplicated surgeries. Serial evaluations (maximum duration 24 months) demonstrated no cell-related adverse serological or imaging-defined effects. One patient suffered a single seizure, another had a syncopal event, and in another there was burr-hole drainage of an asymptomatic chronic subdural hematoma. Four of seven patients who received 5 million cells (mean improvement 6.9 points) and two of seven who received 10 million cells had improved ESS scores at 6 months; however, there was no significant change in the ESS motor score in patients who received cell implants (p = 0.756) compared with control or baseline values (p = 0.06). Compared with baseline, wrist movement and hand movement scores recorded on the Fugl-Meyer Stroke Assessment instrument were not improved (p = 0.06). The Action Research Arm Test gross hand-movement scores improved compared with control (p = 0.017) and baseline (p = 0.001) values. On the Stroke Impact Scale, the 6-month daily activities score changed compared with baseline (p = 0.045) but not control (p = 0.056) scores, and the Everyday Memory test score improved in comparison with baseline (p = 0.004) values.

Conclusions

Human neuronal cells can be produced in culture and implanted stereotactically into the brains of patients with motor deficits due to stroke. Although a measurable improvement was noted in some patients and this translated into improved activities of daily living in some patients as well, this study did not find evidence of a significant benefit in motor function as determined by the primary outcome measure. This experimental trial indicates the safety and feasibility of neuron transplantation for patients with motor stroke.

  • Collapse
  • Expand
Publish Before Print
Volume: 142 (2025)
Show Items
Volume: 141 (2024)
Show Items
Volume: 140 (2024)
Show Items
Volume: 139 (2023)
Show Items
Volume: 138 (2023)
Show Items
Volume: 137 (2022)
Show Items
Volume: 136 (2022)
Show Items
Volume: 135 (2021)
Show Items
Volume: 134 (2021)
Show Items
Volume: 133 (2020)
Show Items
Volume: 132 (2020)
Show Items
Volume: 131 (2019)
Show Items
Volume: 130 (2019)
Show Items
Volume: 129 (2018)
Show Items
Volume: 128 (2018)
Show Items
Volume: 127 (2017)
Show Items
Volume: 126 (2017)
Show Items
Volume: 125 (2016)
Show Items
Volume: 124 (2016)
Show Items
Volume: 123 (2015)
Show Items
Volume: 122 (2015)
Show Items
Volume: 121 (2014)
Show Items
Volume: 120 (2014)
Show Items
Volume: 119 (2013)
Show Items
Volume: 118 (2013)
Show Items
Volume: 117 (2012)
Show Items
Volume: 116 (2012)
Show Items
Volume: 115 (2011)
Show Items
Volume: 114 (2011)
Show Items
Volume: 113 (2010)
Show Items
Volume: 112 (2010)
Show Items
Volume: 111 (2009)
Show Items
Volume: 110 (2009)
Show Items
Volume: 109 (2008)
Show Items
Volume: 108 (2008)
Show Items
Volume: 107 (2007)
Show Items
Volume: 106 (2007)
Show Items
Volume: 105 (2006)
Show Items
Volume: 104 (2006)
Show Items
Volume: 103 (2005)
Show Items
Volume: 102 (2005)
Show Items
Volume: 101 (2004)
Show Items
Volume: 100 (2004)
Show Items
Volume: 99 (2003)
Show Items
Volume: 98 (2003)
Show Items
Volume: 97 (2002)
Show Items
Volume: 96 (2002)
Show Items
Volume: 95 (2001)
Show Items
Volume: 94 (2001)
Show Items
Volume: 93 (2000)
Show Items
Volume: 92 (2000)
Show Items
Volume: 91 (1999)
Show Items
Volume: 90 (1999)
Show Items
Volume: 89 (1998)
Show Items
Volume: 88 (1998)
Show Items
Volume: 87 (1997)
Show Items
Volume: 86 (1997)
Show Items
Volume: 85 (1996)
Show Items
Volume: 84 (1996)
Show Items
Volume: 83 (1995)
Show Items
Volume: 82 (1995)
Show Items
Volume: 81 (1994)
Show Items
Volume: 80 (1994)
Show Items
Volume: 79 (1993)
Show Items
Volume: 78 (1993)
Show Items
Volume: 77 (1992)
Show Items
Volume: 76 (1992)
Show Items
Volume: 75 (1991)
Show Items
Volume: 74 (1991)
Show Items
Volume: 73 (1990)
Show Items
Volume: 72 (1990)
Show Items
Volume: 71 (1989)
Show Items
Volume: 70 (1989)
Show Items
Volume: 69 (1988)
Show Items
Volume: 68 (1988)
Show Items
Volume: 67 (1987)
Show Items
Volume: 66 (1987)
Show Items
Volume: 65 (1986)
Show Items
Volume: 64 (1986)
Show Items
Volume: 63 (1985)
Show Items
Volume: 62 (1985)
Show Items
Volume: 61 (1984)
Show Items
Volume: 60 (1984)
Show Items
Volume: 59 (1983)
Show Items
Volume: 58 (1983)
Show Items
Volume: 57 (1982)
Show Items
Volume: 56 (1982)
Show Items
Volume: 55 (1981)
Show Items
Volume: 54 (1981)
Show Items
Volume: 53 (1980)
Show Items
Volume: 52 (1980)
Show Items
Volume: 51 (1979)
Show Items
Volume: 50 (1979)
Show Items
Volume: 49 (1978)
Show Items
Volume: 48 (1978)
Show Items
Volume: 47 (1977)
Show Items
Volume: 46 (1977)
Show Items
Volume: 45 (1976)
Show Items
Volume: 44 (1976)
Show Items
Volume: 43 (1975)
Show Items
Volume: 42 (1975)
Show Items
Volume: 41 (1974)
Show Items
Volume: 40 (1974)
Show Items
Volume: 39 (1973)
Show Items
Volume: 38 (1973)
Show Items
Volume: 37 (1972)
Show Items
Volume: 36 (1972)
Show Items
Volume: 35 (1971)
Show Items
Volume: 34 (1971)
Show Items
Volume: 33 (1970)
Show Items
Volume: 32 (1970)
Show Items
Volume: 31 (1969)
Show Items
Volume: 30 (1969)
Show Items
Volume: 29 (1968)
Show Items
Volume: 28 (1968)
Show Items
Volume: 27 (1967)
Show Items
Volume: 26 (1967)
Show Items
Volume: 25 (1966)
Show Items
Volume: 24 (1966)
Show Items
Volume: 23 (1965)
Show Items
Volume: 22 (1965)
Show Items
Volume: 21 (1964)
Show Items
Volume: 20 (1963)
Show Items
Volume: 19 (1962)
Show Items
Volume: 18 (1961)
Show Items
Volume: 17 (1960)
Show Items
Volume: 16 (1959)
Show Items
Volume: 15 (1958)
Show Items
Volume: 14 (1957)
Show Items
Volume: 13 (1956)
Show Items
Volume: 12 (1955)
Show Items
Volume: 11 (1954)
Show Items
Volume: 10 (1953)
Show Items
Volume: 9 (1952)
Show Items
Volume: 8 (1951)
Show Items
Volume: 7 (1950)
Show Items
Volume: 6 (1949)
Show Items
Volume: 5 (1948)
Show Items
Volume: 4 (1947)
Show Items
Volume: 3 (1946)
Show Items
Volume: 2 (1945)
Show Items
Volume: 1 (1944)
Show Items

Contributor Notes

Address reprint requests to: Douglas Kondziolka, M.D., Suite B-400, UPMC, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. email: kondziolkads@upmc.edu.
  • 1.

    Andrews PW, , Damjanov I, , Simon D, , Banting GS, , Carlin C, & Dracopoli NC, et al: Pluripotent embryonal carcinoma clones derived from the human teratocarcinoma cell line Tera-2. Differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Lab Invest 50:147–162, 1984 Andrews PW, Damjanov I, Simon D, Banting GS, Carlin C, Dracopoli NC, et al: Pluripotent embryonal carcinoma clones derived from the human teratocarcinoma cell line Tera-2. Differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Lab Invest 50:147–162, 1984

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 2.

    Bonn D: First cell transplant aimed to reverse stroke damage. Lancet 352:119, 1998 Bonn D: First cell transplant aimed to reverse stroke damage. Lancet 352:119, 1998

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 3.

    Borlongan CV, , Cahill DW, & Sanberg PR: Locomotor and passive avoidance deficits following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Physiol Behav 58:909–917, 1995 Borlongan CV, Cahill DW, Sanberg PR: Locomotor and passive avoidance deficits following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Physiol Behav 58:909–917, 1995

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 4.

    Borlongan CV, , Koutouzis TK, , Jorden JR, , Martinez R, , Rodriguez AI, & Poulos SG, et al: Neural transplantation as an experimental treatment modality for cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21:79–90, 1997 Borlongan CV, Koutouzis TK, Jorden JR, Martinez R, Rodriguez AI, Poulos SG, et al: Neural transplantation as an experimental treatment modality for cerebral ischemia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 21:79–90, 1997

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5.

    Borlongan CV, & Sanberg PR: Elevated body swing test: a new behavioral parameter for rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonism. J Neurosci 15:5372–5378, 1995 Borlongan CV, Sanberg PR: Elevated body swing test: a new behavioral parameter for rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonism. J Neurosci 15:5372–5378, 1995

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6.

    Borlongan CV, , Saporta S, , Poulos SG, , Othberg A, & Sanberg PR: Viability and survival of hNT neurons determine degree of functional recovery in grafted ischemic rats. Neuroreport 9:2837–2842, 1998 Borlongan CV, Saporta S, Poulos SG, Othberg A, Sanberg PR: Viability and survival of hNT neurons determine degree of functional recovery in grafted ischemic rats. Neuroreport 9:2837–2842, 1998

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 7.

    Borlongan CV, , Tajima Y, , Trojanowski JQ, , Lee VM, & Sanberg PR: Transplantation of cryopreserved human embryonal carcinoma-derived neurons (NT2N cells) promotes functional recovery in ischemic rats. Exp Neurol 149:310–321, 1998 Borlongan CV, Tajima Y, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM, Sanberg PR: Transplantation of cryopreserved human embryonal carcinoma-derived neurons (NT2N cells) promotes functional recovery in ischemic rats. Exp Neurol 149:310–321, 1998

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 8.

    Bregman BS, , Kunkel-Bagden E, , Reier PJ, , Dai HN, , McAfee M, & Gao D: Recovery of function after spinal cord injury: mechanisms underlying transplant-mediated recovery of function differ after spinal cord injury in newborn and adult rats. Exp Neurol 123:3–16, 1993 Bregman BS, Kunkel-Bagden E, Reier PJ, Dai HN, McAfee M, Gao D: Recovery of function after spinal cord injury: mechanisms underlying transplant-mediated recovery of function differ after spinal cord injury in newborn and adult rats. Exp Neurol 123:3–16, 1993

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 9.

    Bregman BS, & Reier PJ: Neural tissue transplants rescue axotomized rubrospinal cells from retrograde death. J Comp Neurol 244:86–95, 1986 Bregman BS, Reier PJ: Neural tissue transplants rescue axotomized rubrospinal cells from retrograde death. J Comp Neurol 244:86–95, 1986

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 10.

    Brott T, , Adams HP Jr, , Olinger CP, , Marler JR, , Barsan WG, & Biller J, et al: Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke 20:864–870, 1989 Brott T, Adams HP Jr, Olinger CP, Marler JR, Barsan WG, Biller J, et al: Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke 20:864–870, 1989

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11.

    Duncan PW, , Wallace D, , Lai SM, , Johnson D, , Embretson S, & Laster LJ: The Stroke Impact Scale version 2.0. Evaluation of reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Stroke 30:2131–2140, 1999 Duncan PW, Wallace D, Lai SM, Johnson D, Embretson S, Laster LJ: The Stroke Impact Scale version 2.0. Evaluation of reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Stroke 30:2131–2140, 1999

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 12.

    Fugl-Meyer AR, , Jaasko L, , Leyman I, , Olsson S, & Steglind S: The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. A method for evaluation of physical performance. Scand J Rehabil Med 7:13–31, 1975 Fugl-Meyer AR, Jaasko L, Leyman I, Olsson S, Steglind S: The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. A method for evaluation of physical performance. Scand J Rehabil Med 7:13–31, 1975

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 13.

    Hantson L, , De Weerdt W, , De Keyser J, , Diener HC, , Franke C, & Palm R, et al: The European Stroke Scale. Stroke 25:2215–2219, 1994 Hantson L, De Weerdt W, De Keyser J, Diener HC, Franke C, Palm R, et al: The European Stroke Scale. Stroke 25:2215–2219, 1994

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 14.

    Himes BT, , Goldberger ME, & Tessler A: Grafts of fetal central nervous system tissue rescue axotomized Clarke's nucleus neurons in adult and neonatal operates. J Comp Neurol 339:117–131, 1994 Himes BT, Goldberger ME, Tessler A: Grafts of fetal central nervous system tissue rescue axotomized Clarke's nucleus neurons in adult and neonatal operates. J Comp Neurol 339:117–131, 1994

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 15.

    Johansson BB, & Grabowski M: Functional recovery after brain infarction: plasticity and neural transplantation. Brain Pathol 4:85–95, 1994 Johansson BB, Grabowski M: Functional recovery after brain infarction: plasticity and neural transplantation. Brain Pathol 4:85–95, 1994

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 16.

    Kleppner SR, , Robinson KA, , Trojanowski JQ, & Lee VM: Transplanted human neurons derived from a teratocarcinoma cell line (NTera-2) mature, integrate, and survive for over 1 year in the nude mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 357:618–632, 1995 Kleppner SR, Robinson KA, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM: Transplanted human neurons derived from a teratocarcinoma cell line (NTera-2) mature, integrate, and survive for over 1 year in the nude mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 357:618–632, 1995

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 17.

    Kondziolka D, , Steinberg G, , Cullen S, & McGrogan M: Evaluation of surgical techniques for neuronal cell transplantation used in patients with stroke. Cell Transplantation 13:749–754, 2004 Kondziolka D, Steinberg G, Cullen S, McGrogan M: Evaluation of surgical techniques for neuronal cell transplantation used in patients with stroke. Cell Transplantation 13:749–754, 2004

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18.

    Kondziolka D, , Wechsler L, , Goldstein S, , Meltzer C, , Thulborn KR, & Gebel J, et al: Transplantation of cultured human neuronal cells for patients with stroke. Neurology 55:565–569, 2000 Kondziolka D, Wechsler L, Goldstein S, Meltzer C, Thulborn KR, Gebel J, et al: Transplantation of cultured human neuronal cells for patients with stroke. Neurology 55:565–569, 2000

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 19.

    Meltzer CC, , Kondziolka D, , Villemagne VL, , Wechsler L, , Goldstein S, & Thulborn KR, et al: Serial [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography after human neuronal implantation for stroke. Neurosurgery 49:586–592, 2001 Meltzer CC, Kondziolka D, Villemagne VL, Wechsler L, Goldstein S, Thulborn KR, et al: Serial [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography after human neuronal implantation for stroke. Neurosurgery 49:586–592, 2001

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 20.

    Miyazono M, , Nowell PC, , Finan JL, , Lee VM, & Trojanowski JQ: Long-term integration and neuronal differentiation of human embryonal carcinoma cells (NTera-2) transplanted into the caudoputamen of nude mice. J Comp Neurol 376:603–613, 1996 Miyazono M, Nowell PC, Finan JL, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ: Long-term integration and neuronal differentiation of human embryonal carcinoma cells (NTera-2) transplanted into the caudoputamen of nude mice. J Comp Neurol 376:603–613, 1996

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21.

    Murray M: Strategies and mechanisms of recovery after spinal cord injury. Adv Neurol 72:219–225, 1997 Murray M: Strategies and mechanisms of recovery after spinal cord injury. Adv Neurol 72:219–225, 1997

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22.

    Nelson PT, , Kondziolka D, , Wechsler L, , Goldstein S, , Gebel J, & DeCesare S, et al: Clonal human (hNT) neuron grafts for stroke therapy: neuropathology in a patient 27 months after implantation. Am J Pathol 160:1201–1206, 2002 Nelson PT, Kondziolka D, Wechsler L, Goldstein S, Gebel J, DeCesare S, et al: Clonal human (hNT) neuron grafts for stroke therapy: neuropathology in a patient 27 months after implantation. Am J Pathol 160:1201–1206, 2002

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 23.

    Nishino H, , Koide K, , Aihara N, , Kumazaki M, , Sakurai T, & Nagai H: Striatal grafts in the ischemic striatum improve pallidal GABA release and passive avoidance. Brain Res Bull 32:517–520, 1993 Nishino H, Koide K, Aihara N, Kumazaki M, Sakurai T, Nagai H: Striatal grafts in the ischemic striatum improve pallidal GABA release and passive avoidance. Brain Res Bull 32:517–520, 1993

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24.

    Pleasure SJ, & Lee VM: NTera 2 cells: a human cell line which displays characteristics expected of a human committed neuronal progenitor cell. J Neurosci Res 35:585–602, 1993 Pleasure SJ, Lee VM: NTera 2 cells: a human cell line which displays characteristics expected of a human committed neuronal progenitor cell. J Neurosci Res 35:585–602, 1993

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 25.

    Saporta S, , Borlongan CV, & Sanberg PR: Neural transplantation of human neuroteratocarcinoma (hNT) neurons into ischemic rats. A quantitative dose-response analysis of cell survival and behavioral recovery. Neuroscience 91:519–525, 1999 Saporta S, Borlongan CV, Sanberg PR: Neural transplantation of human neuroteratocarcinoma (hNT) neurons into ischemic rats. A quantitative dose-response analysis of cell survival and behavioral recovery. Neuroscience 91:519–525, 1999

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 26.

    Shelton FD, , Volpe BT, & Reding M: Motor impairment as a predictor of functional recovery and guide to rehabilitation treatment after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 15:229–237, 2001 Shelton FD, Volpe BT, Reding M: Motor impairment as a predictor of functional recovery and guide to rehabilitation treatment after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 15:229–237, 2001

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 27.

    Stilley C, , Ryan CM, , Kondziolka D, , Bender A, , DeCesare S, & Weschler L: Changes in cognitive function after neuronal cell transplantation for basal ganglia stroke. Neurology 63:1320–1322, 2004 Stilley C, Ryan CM, Kondziolka D, Bender A, DeCesare S, Weschler L: Changes in cognitive function after neuronal cell transplantation for basal ganglia stroke. Neurology 63:1320–1322, 2004

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28.

    Sunderland A, , Harris JE, & Baddeley AD: Do laboratory tests predict everyday memory? A neuropsychological study. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 22:341–357, 1983 Sunderland A, Harris JE, Baddeley AD: Do laboratory tests predict everyday memory? A neuropsychological study. J Verb Learn Verb Behav 22:341–357, 1983

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 29.

    Tessler A, , Fischer I, , Giszter S, , Himes BT, , Miya D, & Mori F, et al: Embryonic spinal cord transplants enhance locomotor performance in spinalized newborn rats. Adv Neurol 72:291–303, 1997 Tessler A, Fischer I, Giszter S, Himes BT, Miya D, Mori F, et al: Embryonic spinal cord transplants enhance locomotor performance in spinalized newborn rats. Adv Neurol 72:291–303, 1997

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 30.

    Thompson TP, , Lunsford LD, & Kondziolka D: Restorative neurosurgery: opportunities for restoration of function in acquired, degenerative, and idiopathic neurological diseases. Neurosurgery 45:741–752, 1999 Thompson TP, Lunsford LD, Kondziolka D: Restorative neurosurgery: opportunities for restoration of function in acquired, degenerative, and idiopathic neurological diseases. Neurosurgery 45:741–752, 1999

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 31.

    Trojanowski JQ, , Kleppner SR, , Hartley RS, , Miyazono M, , Fraser NW, & Kesari S, et al: Transfectable and transplantable postmitotic human neurons: a potential “platform” for gene therapy of nervous system diseases. Exp Neurol 144:92–97, 1997 Trojanowski JQ, Kleppner SR, Hartley RS, Miyazono M, Fraser NW, Kesari S, et al: Transfectable and transplantable postmitotic human neurons: a potential “platform” for gene therapy of nervous system diseases. Exp Neurol 144:92–97, 1997

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 32.

    Trojanowski JQ, , Mantione JR, , Lee JH, , Seid DP, , You T, & Inge LJ, et al: Neurons derived from a human teratocarcinoma cell line establish molecular and structural polarity following transplantation into the rodent brain. Exp Neurol 122:283–294, 1993 Trojanowski JQ, Mantione JR, Lee JH, Seid DP, You T, Inge LJ, et al: Neurons derived from a human teratocarcinoma cell line establish molecular and structural polarity following transplantation into the rodent brain. Exp Neurol 122:283–294, 1993

    • Crossref
    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 33.

    Zivin JA, & Choi DW: Stroke therapy. Sci Am 265:56–63, 1991 Zivin JA, Choi DW: Stroke therapy. Sci Am 265:56–63, 1991

Metrics

All Time Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 4303 1035 24
Full Text Views 528 29 3
PDF Downloads 337 36 4
EPUB Downloads 0 0 0