Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Characteristic Genetic Alterations in Lung Cancer

  • Protocol
Lung Cancer

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Medicine™ ((MIMM,volume 74))

  • 963 Accesses

Abstract

Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer deaths in both men and women in the U.S. (1). Although tobacco smoking is accepted as the number one cause of this devastating disease, our understanding of the acquired genetic changes leading to lung cancer is still rudimentary. Lung cancer is classified into two major clinic-pathological groups, small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) (2). Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma are the major histologic types of NSCLC. As with other epithelial malignancies, lung cancers are believed to arise after a series of progressive pathological changes (preneoplastic lesions) (3). Many of these preneoplastic changes are frequently detected accompanying lung cancers and in the respiratory mucosa of smokers (3). Although many molecular abnormalities have been described in clinically evident lung cancers (4), relatively little is known about the molecular events preceding the development of lung carcinomas and the underlying genetic basis of tobaccorel ated lung carcinogenesis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Greenlee, R. T., Hill-Harmon, M. B., Murray, T., and Thun, M. (2001) Cancer statistics, 2001. CA Cancer J. Clin. 51, 15–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Colby, T. V., Koss, M. N., and Travis, W. D. (1995) Tumors of the lower respiratory tract, 3rd. series, Fascicle 13, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, pp. 1–554.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Colby, T. V., Wistuba, I. I, and Gazdar, A. (1998) Precursors to pulmonary neoplasia. Adv. Anat. Pathol. 5, 205–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Sekido, Y., Fong, K. M., and Minna, J. D. (1998) Progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of human lung cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1378, F21–F59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Zochbauer-Muller, S., Fong, K. M., Maitra, A., Lam, S., Geradts, J., Ashfaq, R., et al. 5′ CpG island methylation of the FHIT gene is correlated with loss of gene expression in lung and breast cancer. Cancer Res. In press.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gazdar, A. F. and Minna, J. D. (1996) NCI series of cell lines: an historical perspective. J. Cell Biochem. Suppl. 24, 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Wistuba, I. I., Lam, S., Behrens, C., Virmani, A. K., Fong, K. M., LeRiche, J., et al. (1997) Molecular damage in the bronchial epithelium of current and former smokers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89, 1366–1373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Wistuba, I. I., Behrens, C., Milchgrub, S., Bryant, D., Hung, J., Minna, J. D., and Gazdar, A. F. (1999) Sequential molecular abnormalities are involved in the multistage development of squamous cell lung carcinoma. Oncogene 18, 643–650.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wistuba, I. I., Berry, J., Behrens, C., Maitra, A., Shivapurkar, N., Milchgrub, S., et al. (2000) Molecular changes in the bronchial epithelium of patients with small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 2604–2610.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Phelps, R. M., Johnson, B. E., Ihde, D. C., Gazdar, A. F., Linnoila, R. I., Matthews, M. J., et al. (1996) NCI-Navy Medical Oncology Branch cell line data base. J. Cell. Biochem. (Suppl. 24), 32–91.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Girard, L., Zöchbauer-Müller, S., Virmani, A. K., Gazdar, A. F., and Minna, J. D. (2000) Genome-wide allelotyping of lung cancer identifies new regions of allelic loss, differences between small cell and non-small cell lung cancer, and loci clustering. Cancer Res. 60, 4894–4906.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Wistuba, II, Bryant, D., Behrens, C., Milchgrub, S., Virmani, A. K., Ashfaq, R., et al. (1999) Comparison of features of human lung cancer cell lines and their corresponding tumors. Clin.. Cancer Res. 5, 991–1000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Emmert-Buck, M. R., Bonner, R. F., Smith, P. D., Chuaqui, R. F., Zhuang, Z., Goldstein, S. R., et al. (1996) Laser capture microdissection. Science 274, 998–1001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Maitra, A., Wistub, II, Virmani, A. K., Sakaguchi, M., Park, I., Stucky, A., et al. (1999) Enrichment of epithelial cells for molecular studies. Nat. Med. 5, 459–463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Fend, F., Emmert-Buck, M. R., Chuaqui, R., Cole, K., Lee, J., Liotta, L. A., and Raffeld, M. (1999) Immuno-LCM: laser capture microdissection of immunostained frozen sections for mRNA analysis. Am. J. Pathol. 154, 61–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Simone, N. L., Remaley, A. T., Charboneau, L., Petricoin, E. F., Glickman, J. W., Emmert-Buck, M. R., et al. (2000) Sensitive immunoassay of tissue cell proteins procured by laser capture microdissection. Am. J. Pathol. 156, 445–452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sugio, K., Kishimoto, Y., Virmani, A., Hung, J. Y., and Gazdar, A. E. (1994) K-ras mutations are a relatively late event in the pathogenesis of lung carcinomas. Cancer Res. 54, 5811–5815.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hung, J., Kishimoto, Y., Sugio, K., Virmani, A., McIntire, D. D., Minna, J. D., and Gazdar, A. F. (1995) Allele-specific chromosome 3p deletions occur at an early stage in the pathogenesis of lung carcinoma. JAMA 273, 558–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kishimoto, Y., Sugio, K., Mitsudomi, T., Oyama, T., Virmani, A., McIntire, D. D., and Gazdar, A. F. (1995) Allele specific loss of chromosome 9p in preneoplastic lesions accompanying non-small cell lung cancers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87, 1224–1229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Wistuba, II, Behrens, C., Milchgrub, S., Virmani, A. K., Jagirdar, J., Thomas, B., et al. (1998) Comparison of molecular changes in lung cancers in HIV-positive and HIV-indeterminate subjects. JAMA 279, 1554–1559.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Onuki, N., Wistuba, II, Travis, W. D., Virmani, A. K., Yashima, K., Brambilla, E., et al. (1999) Genetic changes in the spectrum of neuroendocrine lung tumors. Cancer 85, 600–607.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wistuba, II, Behrens, C., Virmani, A. K., Milchgrub, S., Syed, S., Lam, S., et al. (1999) Allelic losses at chromosome 8p21-23 are early and frequent events in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Cancer Res. 59, 1973-1979.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Park, I. W., Wistuba, II, Maitra, A., Milchgrub, S., Virmani, A. K., Minna, J. D., and Gazdar, A. F. (1999) Multiple clonal abnormalities in the bronchial epithelium of patients with lung cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91, 1863-1868.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Wistuba, II, Behrens, C., Virmani, A. K., Mele, G., Milchgrub, S., Girard, L., et al. (2000) High resolution chromosome 3p allelotyping of human lung cancer and preneoplastic/preinvasive bronchial epithelium reveals multiple, discontinuous sites of 3p allele loss and three regions of frequent breakpoints. Cancer Res. 60, 1949–1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Behrens, C., Travis, L. B., Wistuba, II, Davis, S., Maitra, A., Clarke, E. A., et al. (2000) Molecular changes in second primary lung and breast cancers after therapy for Hodgkin’ s disease. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 9, 1027–1035.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Viallet, J. and Sausville, E. A. (1996) Involvement of signal transduction pathways in lung cancer biology. J. Cell Biochem. (Suppl. 24), 228–236.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Richardson, G. E. and Johnson, B. E. (1993) The biology of lung cancer. Semin. Oncol. 20, 105–127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Krystal, G. W., Hines, S. J., and Organ, C. P. (1996) Autocrine growth of small cell lung cancer mediated by coexpression of c-kit and stem cell factor. Cancer Res. 56, 370–376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Krystal, G., Birrer, M., Way, J., Nau, M., Sausville, E., Thompson, C., et al. (1988) Multiple mechanisms for transcriptional regulation of the myc gene family in small-cell lung cancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 3373–3381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Brambilla, E., Negoescu, A., Gazzeri, S., Lantuejoul, S., Moro, D., Brambilla, C., and Coll, J. L. (1996) Apoptosis-related factors p53, Bcl2, and Bax in neuroendocrine lung tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 149, 1941–1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Levin, N. A., Brzoska, P. M., Warnock, M. L., Gray, J. W., and Christman, M. F. (1995) Identification of novel regions of altered DNA copy number in small cell lung tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 13, 175–185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Knudson, A. G. (1989) Hereditary cancers: clues to mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Br.J. Cancer 59, 661–666.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Harris, C. C. (1996) p53 Tumor suppressor gene: from the basic research laboratory to the clinic—an abridged historical perspective. Carcinogenesis 17, 1187–1198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Takahashi, T., Nau, M. M., Chiba, I., Birrer, M. J., Rosenberg, R. K., Vinocour, M., et al. (1989) p53: A frequent target for genetic abnormalities in lung cancer. Science 246, 491–494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Denissenko, M. F., Pao, A., Tang, M.-S., and Pfeifer, G. P. (1996) Preferential formation of benz[a]pyrene adducts in lung cancer mutational hotspots in p53. Science 274, 430–433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Harbour, J. W., Sali, S. L., Whang-Peng, J., Gazdar, A. F., Minna, J. D., and Kaye, R. J. (1988) Abnormalities in structure and expression of the human retinoblastoma gene in SCLC. Science 241, 353–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Cagle, P. T., el-Naggar, A. K., Xu, H. J., Hu, S. X., and Benedict, W. R (1997) Differential retinoblastoma protein expression in neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Potential diagnostic implications. Am. J. Pathol. 150, 393–400.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Li, J., Yen, C., Liaw, D., Podyspanina, K., Bose, S., Wang, S. I., et al. (1997) PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast and prostate cancer. Science 275, 1943–1947.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Virmani, A. K., Fong, K. M., Kodagoda, D., McIntire, D., Hung, J., Tonk, V., et al. (1998) Allelotyping demonstrates common and distinct patterns of chromosomal loss in human lung cancer types. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 21, 308–319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Forgacs, E., Biesterveld, E. J., Sekido, Y., Fong, K., Muneer, S., Wistuba, II, et al. (1998) Mutation analysis of the PTEN/MMAC1 gene in lung cancer. Oncogene 17, 1557–1565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ponting, C. P., Cai, Y. D., and Bork, P. (1997) The breast cancer gene product TSG101: a regulator of ubiquitination? J. Mol. Med. 75, 467–469.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mollenhauer, J., Wiemann, S., Scheurlen, W., Korn, B., Hayashi, Y., Wilgenbus, K. K., et al. (1997) DMBT1, a new member of the SRCR superfamily, on chromosome 10q25.3-26.1 is deleted in malignant brain tumours. Nat Genet. 17, 32–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Wu, W., Kemp, B. L., Proctor, M. L., Gazdar, A. F., Minna, J. D., Hong, W. K., and Mao, L. (1999) Expression of DMBT1, a candidate tumor suppressor gene, is frequently lost in lung cancer. Cancer Res. 59, 1846–1851.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lerman, M. I. and Minna, J. D. (2000) The 630-kb lung cancer homozygous deletion region on human chromosome 3p21.3: identification and evaluation of the resident candidate tumor suppressor genes. The International Lung Cancer Chromosome 3p21.3 Tumor Suppressor Gene Consortium. Cancer Res. 60, 6116–6133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Burbee, D., Forgacs, E., Zöchbauer-Müller, S., Shivakuma, L., Fong, K., Gao, B., et al. RASFF1A in the 3p21.3 homozygous deletion region: epigenetic inactivation in lung an breast cancer and suppression of the malignant phenotype. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. In press.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Dammann, R., Li, C., Yoon, J. H., Chin, P. L., Bates, S., and Pfeifer, G. P. (2000) Epigenetic inactivation of a RAS association domain family protein from the lung tumour suppressor locus 3p21.3. Nat. Genet. 25, 315–319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Sozzi, G., Veronese, M. L., Negrini, M., Baffa, R., Corticelli, M. G., Inoue, H., et al. (1996) The FHIT gene at 3p14.2 is abnormal in lung cancer. Cell 85, 17–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Fong, K. M., Biesterveld, E. J., Virmani, A., Wistuba, I., Sekido, Y., Bader, S. A., et al. (1997) FHIT and FRA3B allele loss are common in lung cancer and preneoplastic bronchial lesions and are associated with cancer-related FHIT cDNA splicing aberrations. Cancer Res. 57, 2256–2267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Sundaresan, V., Chung, G., Heppell-Parton, A., Xiong, J., Grundy, C., Roberts, I., et al. (1998) Homozygous deletions at 3p12 in breast and lung cancer. Oncogene 17, 1723–1729.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Loeb, L. A. (1994) Microsatellite instability: marker of a mutator phenotype in cancer. Cancer Res. 54, 5059–5063.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Baylin, S. B., Herman, J. G., Graff, J. R., Vertino, P. M., and Issa, J. P. (1998) Alterations in DNA methylation: a fundamental aspect of neoplasia. Adv. Cancer Res. 72, 141–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Costello, J. F., Fruhwald, M. C., Smiraglia, D. J., Rush, L. J., Robertson, G. P., Gao, X., et al. (2000) Aberrant CpG-island methylation has non-random and tumour-type-specific patterns. Nat. Genet. 24, 132–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Esteller, M., Sanchez-Cespedes, M., Rosell, R., Sidransky, D., Baylin, S. B., and Herman, J. G. (1999) Detection of aberrant promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes in serum DNA from non-small cell lung cancer patients. Cancer Res. 59, 67–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Tang, X., Khuri, F. R., Lee, J. J., Kemp, B. L., Liu, D., Hong, W. K., and Mao, L. (2000) Hypermethylation of the death-associated protein (DAP) kinase promoter and aggressiveness in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92, 1511–1516.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Virmani, A. K., Rahti, A., Zuchbauer-Müller, S., Sacchi, N., Fukuyama, Y., Bryant, D., et al. (2000) Promoter methylation and silencing of the retinoic acid receptor beta gene in lung carcinomas. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92, 1303–1307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Zochbauer-Muller, S., Fong, K. M., Virmani, A. K., Geradts, J., Gazdar, A. F., and Minna, J. D. (2001) Aberrant promoter methylation of multiple genes in non-small cell lung cancers. Cancer Res. 61, 249–255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Toyooka, K. O., Toyooka, S., Virmani, A. K., Sathyanatayan, U. G., Euhus, D. M., Gilcrease, M., et al. Loss of expression and aberrant methylation of the CDH13 (H-Cadherin) gene in breast and lung carcinomas. Clin. Cancer Res. In press.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Shivapurkar, N., Virmani, A. K., Wistuba, II, Milchgrub, S., Mackay, B., Minna, J. D., and Gazdar, A. F. (1999) Deletions of chromosome 4 at multiple sites are frequent in malignant mesothelioma and small cell lung carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 5, 17–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Betticher, D. C., Heighway, J., Thatcher, N., and Hasleton, P. S. (1997) Abnormal expression of CCND1 and RB1 in resection margin epithelia of lung cancer patients. Br. J. Cancer 75, 1761–1768.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Nuorva, K., Soini, Y., Kamel, D., Autio-Harmainen, H., Risteli, L., Risteli, J., et al. (1993) Concurrent p53 expression in bronchial dysplasias and squamous cell lung carcinomas. Am. J. Pathol. 142, 725–732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Smith, A. L., Hung, J., Walker, L., Rogers, T. E., Vuitch, F., Lee, E., and Gazdar, A. F. (1996) Extensive areas of aneuploidy are present in the respiratory epithelium of lung cancer patients. Br. J. Cancer 73, 203–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Westra, W. H., Baas, I. O., Hruban, R. H., Askin, F. B., Wilson, K., Offerhaus, G. J., and Slebos, R. J. (1996) K-ras oncogene activation in atypical alveolar hyperplasias of the human lung. Cancer Res. 56, 2224–2228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Sundaresan, V., Ganly, P., Hasleton, P., Rudd, R., Sinha, G., Bleehen, N. M., and Rabbitts, P. (1992) p53 and chromosome 3 abnormalities, characteristic of malignant lung tumours, are detectable in preinvasive lesions of the bronchus. Oncogene 7, 1989–1997.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Mao, L., Lee, J. S., Kurie, J. M., Fan, Y. H., Lippman, S. M., Lee, J. J., et al. (1997) Clonal genetic alterations in the lungs of current and former smokers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89, 857–862.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Franklin, W. A., Gazdar, A. F., Haney, J., Wistuba, I. I., La Rosa, F. G., Kennedy, T., et al. (1997) Widely dispersed p53 mutation in respiratory epithelium. J. Clin. Invest. 100, 2133–2137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Belinsky, S. A., Nikula, K. J., Palmisano, W. A., Michels, R., Saccomanno, G., Gabrielson, E., et al. (1998) Aberrant methylation of p16(INK4a) is an early event in lung cancer and a potential biomarker for early diagnosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 95, 11891–11896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Palmisano, W. A., Divine, K. K., Saccomanno, G., Gilliland, F. D., Baylin, S. B., Herman, J. G., and Belinsky, S. A. (2000) Predicting lung cancer by detecting aberrant promoter methylation in sputum. Cancer Res. 60, 5954–5958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Mao, L., Hruban, R. H., Boyle, J. O., Tockman, M., and Sidransky, D. (1994) Detection of oncogene mutations in sputum precedes diagnosis of lung cancer. Cancer Res. 54, 1634–1637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Mills, N. E., Fishman, C. L., Scholes, J., Anderson, S. E., Rom, W. N., and Jacobson, D. R. (1995) Detection of K-ras oncogene mutations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for lung cancer diagnosis. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87, 1056–1060.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Ahrendt, S. A., Chow, J. T., Xu, L. H., Yang, S. C., Eisenberger, C. F., Esteller, M., et al. (1999) Molecular detection of tumor cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with early stage lung cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91, 332–339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Gazdar, A. F., Lam, S., and Wistuba, I. I. (2000) Molecular and cytologic techniques of early detection, in Lung Cancer. Principles and Practice (Pas, H. I., Mitchell, J. B., Johnson, D. H., Turrisi, A. T., and Minna, J. D., eds.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 407–424.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Ignacio I. Wistuba

  2. Department of Pathology, The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX

    Adi F. Gazdar

Authors
  1. Ignacio I. Wistuba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Adi F. Gazdar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Children’s Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Barbara Driscoll PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Wistuba, I.I., Gazdar, A.F. (2003). Characteristic Genetic Alterations in Lung Cancer. In: Driscoll, B. (eds) Lung Cancer. Methods in Molecular Medicine™, vol 74. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-323-2:03

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-323-2:03

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-985-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-323-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation