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The Ink4/Arf locus is a barrier for iPS cell reprogramming

Nature volume 460, pages 1136–1139 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

The mechanisms involved in the reprogramming of differentiated cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by the three transcription factors Oct4 (also known as Pou5f1), Klf4 and Sox2 remain poorly understood1. The Ink4/Arf locus comprises the Cdkn2a–Cdkn2b genes encoding three potent tumour suppressors, namely p16Ink4a, p19Arf and p15Ink4b, which are basally expressed in differentiated cells and upregulated by aberrant mitogenic signals2,3,4. Here we show that the locus is completely silenced in iPS cells, as well as in embryonic stem (ES) cells, acquiring the epigenetic marks of a bivalent chromatin domain, and retaining the ability to be reactivated after differentiation. Cell culture conditions during reprogramming enhance the expression of the Ink4/Arf locus, further highlighting the importance of silencing the locus to allow proliferation and reprogramming. Indeed, the three factors together repress the Ink4/Arf locus soon after their expression and concomitant with the appearance of the first molecular markers of ‘stemness’. This downregulation also occurs in cells carrying the oncoprotein large-T, which functionally inactivates the pathways regulated by the Ink4/Arf locus, thus indicating that the silencing of the locus is intrinsic to reprogramming and not the result of a selective process. Genetic inhibition of the Ink4/Arf locus has a profound positive effect on the efficiency of iPS cell generation, increasing both the kinetics of reprogramming and the number of emerging iPS cell colonies. In murine cells, Arf, rather than Ink4a, is the main barrier to reprogramming by activation of p53 (encoded by Trp53) and p21 (encoded by Cdkn1a); whereas, in human fibroblasts, INK4a is more important than ARF. Furthermore, organismal ageing upregulates the Ink4/Arf locus2,5 and, accordingly, reprogramming is less efficient in cells from old organisms, but this defect can be rescued by inhibiting the locus with a short hairpin RNA. All together, we conclude that the silencing of Ink4/Arf locus is rate-limiting for reprogramming, and its transient inhibition may significantly improve the generation of iPS cells.

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Figure 1: Functional reprogramming of the Ink4/Arf locus.
Figure 2: Silencing of the Ink4/Arf locus during reprogramming.
Figure 3: Effect of Ink4a/Arf on reprogramming efficiency.
Figure 4: Association between age of the parental cells, expression of the Ink4/Arf locus and reprogramming efficiency.

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Acknowledgements

We thank S. Lowe and R. Agami for reagents. We are grateful to M. Muñoz, O. Dominguez, D. Megias and H. Schonthaler. H.L. is the recipient of a ‘Juan de la Cierva’ contract from the Spanish Ministry of Science (MICINN). M.Co. is the recipient of a ‘Ramon y Cajal’ contract (MICINN). Work in the laboratory of M.S. is funded by the CNIO and by grants from the MICINN (SAF and CONSOLIDER), the Regional Government of Madrid, the European Union, the European Research Council (ERC), and the ‘Marcelino Botin’ Foundation.

Author Contributions H.L. performed most of the experimental work. M.Co. and A.V. made critical experimental contributions. K.S., S.O. and M.Ca. contributed experimentally. H.L., M.Co., M.A.B. and M.S. designed the experimental plan, analysed and interpreted the data. M.S. directed the project and wrote the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tumor Suppression Group,,

    Han Li, Manuel Collado, Aranzazu Villasante & Manuel Serrano

  2. Telomeres and Telomerase Group,,

    Katerina Strati & Maria A. Blasco

  3. Transgenic Mice Unit,,

    Sagrario Ortega

  4. Comparative Pathology Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 3 Melchor Fernandez Almagro Street, Madrid E-28029, Spain ,

    Marta Cañamero

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  1. Han Li
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Correspondence to Manuel Serrano.

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Li, H., Collado, M., Villasante, A. et al. The Ink4/Arf locus is a barrier for iPS cell reprogramming. Nature 460, 1136–1139 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08290

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