Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms

  • Published:
Endocrine Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review summarizes the changes in the 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors that relate to the thyroid gland. The new classification has divided thyroid tumors into several new categories that allow for a clearer understanding of the cell of origin, pathologic features (cytopathology and histopathology), molecular classification, and biological behavior. Follicular cell–derived tumors constitute the majority of thyroid neoplasms. In this new classification, they are divided into benign, low-risk, and malignant neoplasms. Benign tumors include not only follicular adenoma but also variants of adenoma that are of diagnostic and clinical significance, including the ones with papillary architecture, which are often hyperfunctional and oncocytic adenomas. For the first time, there is a detailed account of the multifocal hyperplastic/neoplastic lesions that commonly occur in the clinical setting of multinodular goiter; the term thyroid follicular nodular disease (FND) achieved consensus as the best to describe this enigmatic entity. Low-risk follicular cell–derived neoplasms include non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), thyroid tumors of uncertain malignant potential, and hyalinizing trabecular tumor. Malignant follicular cell–derived neoplasms are stratified based on molecular profiles and aggressiveness. Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), with many morphological subtypes, represent the BRAF-like malignancies, whereas invasive encapsulated follicular variant PTC and follicular thyroid carcinoma represent the RAS-like malignancies. This new classification requires detailed subtyping of papillary microcarcinomas similar to their counterparts that exceed 1.0 cm and recommends not designating them as a subtype of PTC. The criteria of the tall cell subtype of PTC have been revisited. Cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma is no longer classified as a subtype of PTC. The term “Hürthle cell” is discouraged, since it is a misnomer. Oncocytic carcinoma is discussed as a distinct entity with the clear recognition that it refers to oncocytic follicular cell–derived neoplasms (composed of > 75% oncocytic cells) that lack characteristic nuclear features of PTC (those would be oncocytic PTCs) and high-grade features (necrosis and ≥ 5 mitoses per 2 mm2). High-grade follicular cell–derived malignancies now include both the traditional poorly differentiated carcinoma as well as high-grade differentiated thyroid carcinomas, since both are characterized by increased mitotic activity and tumor necrosis without anaplastic histology and clinically behave in a similar manner. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma remains the most undifferentiated form; squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid is now considered as a subtype of anaplastic carcinoma. Medullary thyroid carcinomas derived from thyroid C cells retain their distinct section, and there is a separate section for mixed tumors composed of both C cells and any follicular cell–derived malignancy. A grading system for medullary thyroid carcinomas is also introduced based on mitotic count, tumor necrosis, and Ki67 labeling index. A number of unusual neoplasms that occur in the thyroid have been placed into new sections based on their cytogenesis. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma and secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland type are now included in one section classified as “salivary gland–type carcinomas of the thyroid.” Thymomas, thymic carcinomas and spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like elements are classified as “thymic tumors within the thyroid.” There remain several tumors whose cell lineage is unclear, and they are listed as such; these include sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia and cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma. Another important addition is thyroblastoma, an unusual embryonal tumor associated with DICER1 mutations. As in all the WHO books in the 5th edition, mesenchymal and stromal tumors, hematolymphoid neoplasms, germ cell tumors, and metastatic malignancies are discussed separately. The current classification also emphasizes the value of biomarkers that may aid diagnosis and provide prognostic information.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Canada)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of Data and Material

Not applicable.

References

  1. Chudley AE. History of genetics through philately--Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linne). Clin Genet 2001; 60:104-106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ambrose CT. Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne), 1707-1778: the Swede who named almost everything. Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc 2010; 73:4-10

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. WHO Classification of Tumours of Endocrine Organs. Vol 10. 4th ed. Lyon, France: WHO/IARC Press.

  4. Krohn K, Fuhrer D, Bayer Y, et al. Molecular pathogenesis of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter. Endocr Rev 2005; 26:504-524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Jovanovic L, Delahunt B, McIver B, et al. Thyroid gland clonality revisited: the embryonal patch size of the normal human thyroid gland is very large, suggesting X-chromosome inactivation tumor clonality studies of thyroid tumors have to be interpreted with caution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:3284-3291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Derwahl M, Studer H. Hyperplasia versus adenoma in endocrine tissues: are they different? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2002; 13:23-28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Harrer P, Brocker M, Zint A, et al. The clonality of nodules in recurrent goiters at second surgery. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1998; 383:453-455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Apel RL, Ezzat S, Bapat BV, et al. Clonality of thyroid nodules in sporadic goiter. Diagn Mol Pathol 1995; 4:113-121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Asa SL. The Current Histologic Classification of Thyroid Cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2019; 48:1-22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gozu HI, Bircan R, Krohn K, et al. Similar prevalence of somatic TSH receptor and Gsalpha mutations in toxic thyroid nodules in geographical regions with different iodine supply in Turkey. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 155:535-545

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Trulzsch B, Krohn K, Wonerow P, et al. Detection of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and Gsalpha mutations: in 75 toxic thyroid nodules by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2001; 78:684-691

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Parma J, Duprez L, Van Sande J, et al. Somatic mutations in the thyrotropin receptor gene cause hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas. Nature 1993; 365:649-651

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Eloy C, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Pitfalls in Challenging Thyroid Tumors: Emphasis on Differential Diagnosis and Ancillary Biomarkers. Endocr Pathol 2020; 31:197-217

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Calebiro D, Grassi ES, Eszlinger M, et al. Recurrent EZH1 mutations are a second hit in autonomous thyroid adenomas. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3383-3388

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Porcellini A, Fenzi G, Avvedimento EV. Mutations of thyrotropin receptor gene. J Mol Med (Berl) 1997; 75:567-575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kamilaris CDC, Faucz FR, Voutetakis A, et al. Carney Complex. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 127:156-164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bonora E, Porcelli AM, Gasparre G, et al. Defective oxidative phosphorylation in thyroid oncocytic carcinoma is associated with pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations affecting complexes I and III. Cancer Research 2006; 66:6087-6096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Gasparre G, Porcelli AM, Bonora E, et al. Disruptive mitochondrial DNA mutations in complex I subunits are markers of oncocytic phenotype in thyroid tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9001-9006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Gopal RK, Kübler K, Calvo SE, et al. Widespread chromosomal losses and mitochondrial DNA alterations as genetic drivers in Hürthle cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:242–255. e245

  20. Ganly I, Makarov V, Deraje S, et al. Integrated genomic analysis of Hürthle Cell cancer reveals oncogenic drivers, recurrent mitochondrial mutations, and unique chromosomal landscapes. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:256–270. e255

  21. Maximo V, Botelho T, Capela J, et al. Somatic and germline mutation in GRIM-19, a dual function gene involved in mitochondrial metabolism and cell death, is linked to mitochondrion-rich (Hurthle cell) tumours of the thyroid. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1892-1898

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Doerfler WR, Nikitski AV, Morariu EM, et al. Molecular alterations in Hurthle cell nodules and preoperative cancer risk. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021; 28:301-309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cho U, Mete O, Kim MH, et al. Molecular correlates and rate of lymph node metastasis of non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features and invasive follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma: the impact of rigid criteria to distinguish non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:810-825

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kim TH, Lee M, Kwon AY, et al. Molecular genotyping of the non-invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Histopathology 2018; 72:648-661

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Parente DN, Kluijfhout WP, Bongers PJ, et al. Clinical Safety of Renaming Encapsulated Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Is NIFTP Truly Benign? World J Surg 2018; 42:321-326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Nikiforov YE, Baloch ZW, Hodak SP, et al. Change in Diagnostic Criteria for Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm With Papillarylike Nuclear Features. JAMA Oncol 2018; 4:1125-1126

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Nikiforov YE, Seethala RR, Tallini G, et al. Nomenclature Revision for Encapsulated Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Paradigm Shift to Reduce Overtreatment of Indolent Tumors. JAMA Oncol 2016; 2:1023-1029

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Xu B, Reznik E, Tuttle RM, et al. Outcome and molecular characteristics of non-invasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma with oncocytic features. Endocrine 2019; 64:97-108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Xu B, Serrette R, Tuttle RM, et al. How Many Papillae in Conventional Papillary Carcinoma? A Clinical Evidence-Based Pathology Study of 235 Unifocal Encapsulated Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas, with Emphasis on the Diagnosis of Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features. Thyroid 2019; 29:1792-1803

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Xu B, Tallini G, Scognamiglio T, et al. Outcome of Large Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features. Thyroid 2017; 27:512-517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Rosario PW, Mourao GF, Nunes MB, et al. Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:893-897

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Xu B, Farhat N, Barletta JA, et al. Should subcentimeter non-invasive encapsulated, follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma be included in the noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features category? Endocrine 2018; 59:143-150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Thompson LD. Ninety-four cases of encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: A name change to Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-like Nuclear Features would help prevent overtreatment. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:698-707

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Seethala RR, Baloch ZW, Barletta JA, et al. Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features: a review for pathologists. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:39-55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hofman V, Lassalle S, Bonnetaud C, et al. Thyroid tumours of uncertain malignant potential: frequency and diagnostic reproducibility. Virchows Arch 2009; 455:21-33

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Duan H, Liu X, Ren X, et al. Mutation profiles of follicular thyroid tumors by targeted sequencing. Diagn Pathol 2019; 14:39

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Cracolici V, Ritterhouse LL, Segal JP, et al. Follicular Thyroid Neoplasms: Comparison of Clinicopathologic and Molecular Features of Atypical Adenomas and Follicular Thyroid Carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:881-892

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Juhlin CC, Branstrom R, Shabo I, et al. Clear Cell Variant of a Follicular Thyroid Tumor With Uncertain Malignant Potential: A Case Report. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 27:290-293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cabibi D, Mondello A, Florena AM, et al. A Case of Follicular Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential (FT-UMP) with Glomeruloid Features Showing Capsular Mucinous Degeneration. Case Rep Pathol 2021; 2021:1686025

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Rosai J. The encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: back to the drawing board. Endocr Pathol 2010; 21:7-11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lee SE, Hwang TS, Choi YL, et al. Molecular Profiling of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Korea with a High Prevalence of BRAF(V600E) Mutation. Thyroid 2017; 27:802-810

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Bychkov A, Jung CK, Liu Z, et al. Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features in Asian Practice: Perspectives for Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology. Endocr Pathol 2018; 29:276-288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Baser H, Topaloglu O, Tam AA, et al. Comparing Clinicopathologic and Radiographic Findings Between TT-UMP, Classical, and Non-Encapsulated Follicular Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas. Endocr Pathol 2016; 27:233-242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Carney JA, Hirokawa M, Lloyd RV, et al. Hyalinizing trabecular tumors of the thyroid gland are almost all benign. Am J Surg Pathol 2008; 32:1877-1889

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Papotti M, Volante M, Giuliano A, et al. RET/PTC activation in hyalinizing trabecular tumors of the thyroid. Am J Surg Pathol 2000; 24:1615-1621

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Cheung CC, Boerner SL, MacMillan CM, et al. Hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid: a variant of papillary carcinoma proved by molecular genetics. Am J Surg Pathol 2000; 24:1622-1626

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Salvatore G, Chiappetta G, Nikiforov YE, et al. Molecular profile of hyalinizing trabecular tumours of the thyroid: high prevalence of RET/PTC rearrangements and absence of B-raf and N-ras point mutations. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:816-821

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sheu SY, Vogel E, Worm K, et al. Hyalinizing trabecular tumour of the thyroid-differential expression of distinct miRNAs compared with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Histopathology 2010; 56:632-640

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Marchio C, Da Cruz Paula A, Gularte-Merida R, et al. PAX8-GLIS3 gene fusion is a pathognomonic genetic alteration of hyalinizing trabecular tumors of the thyroid. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:1734-1743

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Nikiforova MN, Nikitski AV, Panebianco F, et al. GLIS Rearrangement is a Genomic Hallmark of Hyalinizing Trabecular Tumor of the Thyroid Gland. Thyroid 2019; 29:161-173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Nikiforova MN, Nikiforov YE, Ohori NP. GLIS rearrangements in thyroid nodules: A key to preoperative diagnosis of hyalinizing trabecular tumor. Cancer Cytopathol 2019; 127:560-566

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Molberg K, Albores-Saavedra J. Hyalinizing trabecular carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Hum Pathol 1994; 25:192-197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. McCluggage WG, Sloan JM. Hyalinizing trabecular carcinoma of thyroid gland. Histopathology 1996; 28:357-362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sambade C, Franssila K, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, et al. Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma: A misnomer for a peculiar tumor of the thyroid gland. Endocr Pathol 1991; 2:83-91

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lloyd RV, Erickson LA, Casey MB, et al. Observer variation in the diagnosis of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2004; 28:1336-1340

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Elsheikh TM, Asa SL, Chan JK, et al. Interobserver and intraobserver variation among experts in the diagnosis of thyroid follicular lesions with borderline nuclear features of papillary carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2008; 130:736-744

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Papotti M, Manazza AD, Chiarle R, et al. Confocal microscope analysis and tridimensional reconstruction of papillary thyroid carcinoma nuclei. Virchows Arch 2004; 444:350-355

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Asa SL, Mete O. Oncocytic Change in Thyroid Pathology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:678119

  59. Lukovic J, Petrovic I, Liu Z, et al. Oncocytic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Oncocytic Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Clinical Features, Uptake, and Response to Radioactive Iodine Therapy, and Outcome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:795184

  60. O’Neill CJ, Vaughan L, Learoyd DL, et al. Management of follicular thyroid carcinoma should be individualised based on degree of capsular and vascular invasion. Eur J Surg Oncol 2011; 37:181-185

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Xu B, Wang L, Tuttle RM, et al. Prognostic impact of extent of vascular invasion in low-grade encapsulated follicular cell-derived thyroid carcinomas: a clinicopathologic study of 276 cases. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1789-1798

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Kitahara CM, Sosa JA. Understanding the ever-changing incidence of thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:617-618

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Guilmette J, Nose V. Hereditary and familial thyroid tumours. Histopathology 2018; 72:70-81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Vickery AL, Jr. Thyroid papillary carcinoma. Pathological and philosophical controversies. Am J Surg Pathol 1983; 7:797–807.

  65. Carcangiu M, Zampi G, Pupi A, et al. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic study of 244 cases treated at the University of Florence, Italy. Cancer 1985; 55:805–828

  66. Tallini G, Tuttle RM, Ghossein RA. The History of the Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:15-22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2016; 26:1-133

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin 2020; 70:7-30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Saravana-Bawan B, Bajwa A, Paterson J, et al. Active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid cancer: A meta-analysis. Surgery 2020; 167:46-55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Rego-Iraeta A, Perez-Mendez LF, Mantinan B, et al. Time trends for thyroid cancer in northwestern Spain: true rise in the incidence of micro and larger forms of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2009; 19:333-340

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Cho SJ, Suh CH, Baek JH, et al. Active Surveillance for Small Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thyroid 2019; 29:1399-1408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Wiltshire JJ, Drake TM, Uttley L, et al. Systematic Review of Trends in the Incidence Rates of Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2016; 26:1541-1552

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Cancer Genome Atlas Research N. Integrated genomic characterization of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cell 2014; 159:676–690

  74. Nylen C, Mechera R, Marechal-Ross I, et al. Molecular Markers Guiding Thyroid Cancer Management. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12

  75. Vuong HG, Duong UN, Altibi AM, et al. A meta-analysis of prognostic roles of molecular markers in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:R8-R17

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Vuong HG, Altibi AM, Abdelhamid AH, et al. The changing characteristics and molecular profiles of papillary thyroid carcinoma over time: a systematic review. Oncotarget 2017; 8:10637-10649

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Penna GC, Vaisman F, Vaisman M, et al. Molecular Markers Involved in Tumorigenesis of Thyroid Carcinoma: Focus on Aggressive Histotypes. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 150:194-207

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Asa SL, Giordano TJ, LiVolsi VA. Implications of the TCGA genomic characterization of papillary thyroid carcinoma for thyroid pathology: does follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma exist? Thyroid 2015; 25:1-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Vuong HG, Altibi AMA, Duong UNP, et al. Prognostic implication of BRAF and TERT promoter mutation combination in papillary thyroid carcinoma - a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017;

  80. Moon S, Song YS, Kim YA, et al. Effects of Coexistent BRAFV600E and TERT Promoter Mutations on Poor Clinical Outcomes in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Thyroid 2017; 27:651-660

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Leeman-Neill RJ, Brenner AV, Little MP, et al. RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARgamma chromosomal rearrangements in post-Chernobyl thyroid cancer and their association with iodine-131 radiation dose and other characteristics. Cancer 2013; 119:1792-1799

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Yoo SK, Lee S, Kim SJ, et al. Comprehensive Analysis of the Transcriptional and Mutational Landscape of Follicular and Papillary Thyroid Cancers. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006239

  83. Chu YH, Dias-Santagata D, Farahani AA, et al. Clinicopathologic and molecular characterization of NTRK-rearranged thyroid carcinoma (NRTC). Mod Pathol 2020; 33:2186-2197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Sistrunk JW, Shifrin A, Frager M, et al. Clinical impact of testing for mutations and microRNAs in thyroid nodules. Diagn Cytopathol 2019; 47:758-764

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Pak K, Suh S, Goh TS, et al. BRAF-positive multifocal and unifocal papillary thyroid cancer show different messenger RNA expressions. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 90:601-607

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Baloch ZW, LiVolsi VA. Microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Adv Anat Pathol 2006; 13:69-75

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Sakorafas GH, Giotakis J, Stafyla V. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a surgical perspective. Cancer Treat Rev 2005; 31:423-438

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Yang F, Zhong Q, Huang Z, et al. Survival in Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: A Comparative Analysis Between the 7th and 8th Versions of the AJCC/UICC Staging System Based on the SEER Database. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Jin WX, Ye DR, Sun YH, et al. Prediction of central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma according to clinicopathologic factors and thyroid nodule sonographic features: a case-control study. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3237-3243

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Arora N, Turbendian HK, Kato MA, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma and microcarcinoma: is there a need to distinguish the two? Thyroid 2009; 19:473-477

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Park YJ, Kim YA, Lee YJ, et al. Papillary microcarcinoma in comparison with larger papillary thyroid carcinoma in BRAF(V600E) mutation, clinicopathological features, and immunohistochemical findings. Head Neck 2010; 32:38-45

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Ghossein R, Ganly I, Biagini A, et al. Prognostic factors in papillary microcarcinoma with emphasis on histologic subtyping: a clinicopathologic study of 148 cases. Thyroid 2014; 24:245-253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Piana S, Ragazzi M, Tallini G, et al. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma with fatal outcome: evidence of tumor progression in lymph node metastases: report of 3 cases, with morphological and molecular analysis. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:556-565

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Pitoia F, Jerkovich F, Urciuoli C, et al. Implementing the Modified 2009 American Thyroid Association Risk Stratification System in thyroid cancer patients with low and intermediate risk of recurrence. Thyroid 2015;

  95. Shafique K, Baloch Z. Risk stratification of papillary thyroid carcinoma and its variants; from clinicopathologic features to molecular profiling. Diagnostic Histopathology 2019; 25:143-153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Twining CL, Lupo MA, Tuttle RM. Implementing Key Changes in the American Thyroid Association 2015 Thyroid Nodules/Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Guidelines Across Practice Types. Endocr Pract 2018; 24:833-840

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Carcangiu ML, Zampi G, Rosai J. Papillary thyroid carcinoma: a study of its many morphologic expressions and clinical correlates. Pathology annual 1985; 20 Pt 1:1-44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Giani C, Torregrossa L, Ramone T, et al. Whole Tumor Capsule Is Prognostic of Very Good Outcome in the Classical Variant of Papillary Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e4072-e4083

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Akbulut D, Kuz ED, Kursun N, et al. Capsular Invasion Matters Also in “Papillary Patterned” Tumors: A Study on 121 Cases of Encapsulated Conventional Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:357-367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Schroder S, Bocker W, Dralle H, et al. The encapsulated papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: A morphologic subtype of the papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1984; 54:90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Rivera M, Tuttle RM, Patel S, et al. Encapsulated papillary thyroid carcinoma: a clinico-pathologic study of 106 cases with emphasis on its morphologic subtypes (histologic growth pattern). Thyroid 2009; 19:119-127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Baloch Z, LiVolsi VA, Tondon R. Aggressive variants of follicular cell derived thyroid carcinoma; the so called ‘real thyroid carcinomas’. J Clin Pathol 2013; 66:733-743

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Asioli S, Erickson LA, Sebo TJ, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma with prominent hobnail features: a new aggressive variant of moderately differentiated papillary carcinoma. A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular study of eight cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34:44–52

  104. Nath MC, Erickson LA. Aggressive Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Hobnail, Tall Cell, Columnar, and Solid. Adv Anat Pathol 2018; 25:172-179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Janjua N, Wreesmann VB. Aggressive differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2018; 44:367-377

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Kazaure HS, Roman SA, Sosa JA. Aggressive variants of papillary thyroid cancer: incidence, characteristics and predictors of survival among 43,738 patients. Annals of surgical oncology 2012; 19:1874-1880

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Silver CE, Owen RP, Rodrigo JP, et al. Aggressive variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Head Neck 2011; 33:1052-1059

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Evans HL. Encapsulated columnar-cell neoplasms of the thyroid. A report of four cases suggesting a favorable prognosis. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20:1205–1211

  109. Agarwal S, Sadiq Q, Ortanca I. Hobnail cells in encapsulated papillary thyroid carcinoma: Report of 2 cases with immunohistochemical and molecular findings and literature analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152678

  110. Wang X, Cheng W, Liu C, et al. Tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: current evidence on clinicopathologic features and molecular biology. Oncotarget 2016; 7:40792-40799

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Sujoy V, Pinto A, Nose V. Columnar cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a study of 10 cases with emphasis on CDX2 expression. Thyroid 2013; 23:714-719

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Moura MM, Cabrera RA, Esteves S, et al. Correlation of molecular data with histopathological and clinical features in a series of 66 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1837-1846

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Macerola E, Poma AM, Vignali P, et al. Molecular Genetics of Follicular-Derived Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13

  114. Macerola E, Proietti A, Poma AM, et al. Molecular Alterations in Relation to Histopathological Characteristics in a Large Series of Pediatric Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma from a Single Institution. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13

  115. Vuong HG, Kondo T, Pham TQ, et al. Prognostic significance of diffuse sclerosing variant papillary thyroid carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:431-439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Pillai S, Gopalan V, Smith RA, et al. Diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma--an update of its clinicopathological features and molecular biology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 94:64-73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Villar-Taibo R, Peteiro-Gonzalez D, Cabezas-Agricola JM, et al. Aggressiveness of the tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma is independent of the tumor size and patient age. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3501-3507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Wenter V, Jellinek A, Unterrainer M, et al. Long-term outcome of rare oncocytic papillary (Hürthle cell) thyroid carcinoma following (adjuvant) initial radioiodine therapy. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2019; 46:2526-2535

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Berho M, Suster S. The oncocytic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: a clinicopathologic study of 15 cases. Hum Pathol 1997; 28:47-53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Apel RL, Asa SL, LiVolsi VA. Papillary Hurthle cell carcinoma with lymphocytic stroma. “Warthin-like tumor” of the thyroid. Am J Surg Pathol 1995; 19:810–814.

  121. Yeo MK, Bae JS, Lee S, et al. The Warthin-Like Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Comparison with Classic Type in the Patients with Coexisting Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:456027

  122. Albores-Saavedra J, Hernandez M, Sanchez-Sosa S, et al. Histologic variants of papillary and follicular carcinomas associated with anaplastic spindle and giant cell carcinomas of the thyroid: an analysis of rhabdoid and thyroglobulin inclusions. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31:729-736

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Rebecchini C, Nobile A, Piana S, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma with nodular fasciitis-like stroma and beta-catenin mutations should be renamed papillary thyroid carcinoma with desmoid-type fibromatosis. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:236-245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Mizukami Y, Kurumaya H, Kitagawa T, et al. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland with fibromatosis-like stroma: a case report and review of the literature. Mod Pathol 1995; 8:366-370.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Tallini G. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Are we there yet? Endocr Pathol 2011; 22:190–194

  126. Sakamoto A, Kasai N, Sugano H. Poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid. A clinicopathologic entity for a high-risk group of papillary and follicular carcinomas. Cancer 1983; 52:1849–1855

  127. Carcangiu ML, Zampi G, Rosai J. Poorly differentiated (“insular”) thyroid carcinoma. A reinterpretation of Langhans’ “wuchernde Struma”. Am J Surg Pathol 1984; 8:655–668

  128. Rosai J. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: introduction to the issue, its landmarks, and clinical impact. Endocr Pathol 2004; 15:293-296

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Volante M, Collini P, Nikiforov YE, et al. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: the Turin proposal for the use of uniform diagnostic criteria and an algorithmic diagnostic approach. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31:1256-1264

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Akslen LA, LiVolsi VA. Prognostic significance of histologic grading compared with subclassification of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 88:1902-1908

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Hiltzik D, Carlson DL, Tuttle RM, et al. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas defined on the basis of mitosis and necrosis: a clinicopathologic study of 58 patients. Cancer 2006; 106:1286-1295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Wong KS, Dong F, Telatar M, et al. Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with High-Grade Features Versus Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: An Analysis of Clinicopathologic and Molecular Features and Outcome. Thyroid 2021; 31:933-940

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Xu B, David J, Dogan S, et al. Primary high-grade non-anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective study of 364 cases. Histopathology 2021;

  134. Rivera M, Ghossein RA, Schoder H, et al. Histopathologic characterization of radioactive iodine-refractory fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography-positive thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 2008; 113:48-56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Volante M, Lam AK, Papotti M, et al. Molecular Pathology of Poorly Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: What Do Pathologists Need to Know? Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:63-76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  136. Ibrahimpasic T, Ghossein R, Carlson DL, et al. Outcomes in patients with poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1245-1252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Volante M, Landolfi S, Chiusa L, et al. Poorly differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid with trabecular, insular, and solid patterns: a clinicopathologic study of 183 patients. Cancer 2004; 100:950-957

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Dettmer M, Schmitt A, Steinert H, et al. Poorly differentiated oncocytic thyroid carcinoma--diagnostic implications and outcome. Histopathology 2012; 60:1045-1051

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Bai S, Baloch ZW, Samulski TD, et al. Poorly differentiated oncocytic (hurthle cell) follicular carcinoma: an institutional experience. Endocr Pathol 2015; 26:164-169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Cipriani NA, Agarwal S, Dias-Santagata D, et al. Clear Cell Change in Thyroid Carcinoma: A Clinicopathologic and Molecular Study with Identification of Variable Genetic Anomalies. Thyroid 2017; 27:819-824

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Cree IA, Tan PH, Travis WD, et al. Counting mitoses: SI(ze) matters! Mod Pathol 2021; 34:1651-1657

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  142. Kakudo K, Wakasa T, Ohta Y, et al. Prognostic classification of thyroid follicular cell tumors using Ki-67 labeling index: risk stratification of thyroid follicular cell carcinomas. Endocr J 2015; 62:1-12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Alzumaili B, Xu B, Spanheimer PM, et al. Grading of medullary thyroid carcinoma on the basis of tumor necrosis and high mitotic rate is an independent predictor of poor outcome. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:1690-1701

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Fuchs TL, Nassour AJ, Glover A, et al. A Proposed Grading Scheme for Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Based on Proliferative Activity (Ki-67 and Mitotic Count) and Coagulative Necrosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:1419-1428

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  145. Xu B, Fuchs TL, Ahmadi S, et al. International Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Grading System: A Validated Grading System for Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:96-104

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Landa I, Ibrahimpasic T, Boucai L, et al. Genomic and transcriptomic hallmarks of poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1052-1066

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  147. Asioli S, Erickson LA, Righi A, et al. Poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid: validation of the Turin proposal and analysis of IMP3 expression. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1269-1278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Rivera M, Ricarte-Filho J, Patel S, et al. Encapsulated thyroid tumors of follicular cell origin with high grade features (high mitotic rate/tumor necrosis): a clinicopathologic and molecular study. Hum Pathol 2010; 41:172-180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Chernock RD, Rivera B, Borrelli N, et al. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma of childhood and adolescence: a distinct entity characterized by DICER1 mutations. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:1264-1274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  150. Xu B, Fuchs T, Dogan S, et al. Dissecting Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Clinical, Histologic, Immunophenotypic, and Molecular Study of 360 Cases. Thyroid 2020; 30:1505-1517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  151. Lam KY, Lo CY, Liu MC. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: an entity with aggressive clinical behaviour and distinctive cytokeratin expression profiles. Histopathology 2001; 39:279-286

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. De Leo S, Trevisan M, Fugazzola L. Recent advances in the management of anaplastic thyroid cancer. Thyroid Res 2020; 13:17

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Jalaly JB, Baloch ZW. Hurthle-cell neoplasms of the thyroid: An algorithmic approach to pathologic diagnosis in light of molecular advances. Semin Diagn Pathol 2020; 37:234-242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Goffredo P, Roman SA, Sosa JA. Hurthle cell carcinoma: a population-level analysis of 3311 patients. Cancer 2013; 119:504-511

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Dahl LD, Myssiorek D, Heller KS. Hurthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid. Laryngoscope 2002; 112:2178-2180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Sugino K, Kameyama K, Ito K, et al. Does Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid have a poorer prognosis than ordinary follicular thyroid carcinoma? Annals of surgical oncology 2013; 20:2944-2950

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Haigh PI, Urbach DR. The treatment and prognosis of Hurthle cell follicular thyroid carcinoma compared with its non-Hurthle cell counterpart. Surgery 2005; 138:1152–1157; discussion 1157–1158

  158. Bishop JA, Wu G, Tufano RP, et al. Histological patterns of locoregional recurrence in Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Thyroid 2012; 22:690-694

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Kure S, Ohashi R. Thyroid Hurthle Cell Carcinoma: Clinical, Pathological, and Molecular Features. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13

  160. Chindris AM, Casler JD, Bernet VJ, et al. Clinical and molecular features of Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:55-62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Ganly I, Makarov V, Deraje S, et al. Integrated Genomic Analysis of Hurthle Cell Cancer Reveals Oncogenic Drivers, Recurrent Mitochondrial Mutations, and Unique Chromosomal Landscapes. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:256–270 e255

  162. Gopal RK, Kubler K, Calvo SE, et al. Widespread Chromosomal Losses and Mitochondrial DNA Alterations as Genetic Drivers in Hurthle Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2018; 34:242–255 e245

  163. Ganly I, Ricarte Filho J, Eng S, et al. Genomic dissection of Hurthle cell carcinoma reveals a unique class of thyroid malignancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E962-972

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  164. Wong CW, Schumm MA, Zhu CY, et al. Quality of Life Following Molecular Marker Testing for Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules. Endocr Pract 2020; 26:960-966

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Bellevicine C, Migliatico I, Sgariglia R, et al. Evaluation of BRAF, RAS, RET/PTC, and PAX8/PPARg alterations in different Bethesda diagnostic categories: A multicentric prospective study on the validity of the 7-gene panel test in 1172 thyroid FNAs deriving from different hospitals in South Italy. Cancer Cytopathol 2020; 128:107-118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Nikiforov YE, Baloch ZW. Clinical validation of the ThyroSeq v3 genomic classifier in thyroid nodules with indeterminate FNA cytology. Cancer Cytopathol 2019; 127:225-230

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Pisapia P, Pepe F, Iaccarino A, et al. BRAF: A Two-Faced Janus. Cells 2020; 9

  168. Rashid FA, Munkhdelger J, Fukuoka J, et al. Prevalence of BRAF(V600E) mutation in Asian series of papillary thyroid carcinoma-a contemporary systematic review. Gland Surg 2020; 9:1878-1900

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  169. Xing M, Liu R, Liu X, et al. BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations cooperatively identify the most aggressive papillary thyroid cancer with highest recurrence. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:2718-2726

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  170. Liu X, Qu S, Liu R, et al. TERT promoter mutations and their association with BRAF V600E mutation and aggressive clinicopathological characteristics of thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1130-1136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  171. Liu T, Wang N, Cao J, et al. The age- and shorter telomere-dependent TERT promoter mutation in follicular thyroid cell-derived carcinomas. Oncogene 2014; 33:4978-4984

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Landa I, Ganly I, Chan TA, et al. Frequent somatic TERT promoter mutations in thyroid cancer: higher prevalence in advanced forms of the disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E1562-1566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. Jung CK, Jung SH, Jeon S, et al. Risk Stratification Using a Novel Genetic Classifier Including PLEKHS1 Promoter Mutations for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer with Distant Metastasis. Thyroid 2020; 30:1589-1600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Melo M, da Rocha AG, Vinagre J, et al. TERT promoter mutations are a major indicator of poor outcome in differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E754-765

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  175. Liu X, Bishop J, Shan Y, et al. Highly prevalent TERT promoter mutations in aggressive thyroid cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:603-610

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  176. McKelvey BA, Zeiger MA, Umbricht CB. Characterization of TERT and BRAF copy number variation in papillary thyroid carcinoma: An analysis of the cancer genome atlas study. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2021; 60:403-409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Tanaka A, Matsuse M, Saenko V, et al. TERT mRNA Expression as a Novel Prognostic Marker in Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas. Thyroid 2019; 29:1105-1114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Paulsson JO, Mu N, Shabo I, et al. TERT aberrancies: a screening tool for malignancy in follicular thyroid tumours. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:723-733

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Salvatore D, Santoro M, Schlumberger M. The importance of the RET gene in thyroid cancer and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:296-306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Caudill CM, Zhu Z, Ciampi R, et al. Dose-dependent generation of RET/PTC in human thyroid cells after in vitro exposure to gamma-radiation: a model of carcinogenic chromosomal rearrangement induced by ionizing radiation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:2364-2369

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Pekova B, Sykorova V, Mastnikova K, et al. NTRK Fusion Genes in Thyroid Carcinomas: Clinicopathological Characteristics and Their Impacts on Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13

  182. Morariu EM, McCoy KL, Chiosea SI, et al. Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Thyroid Nodules Positive for the THADA-IGF2BP3 Fusion on Preoperative Molecular Analysis. Thyroid 2021; 31:1212-1218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Lee YC, Chen JY, Huang CJ, et al. Detection of NTRK1/3 Rearrangements in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Using Immunohistochemistry, Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization, and Next-Generation Sequencing. Endocr Pathol 2020; 31:348-358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Pekova B, Sykorova V, Dvorakova S, et al. RET, NTRK, ALK, BRAF, and MET Fusions in a Large Cohort of Pediatric Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas. Thyroid 2020; 30:1771-1780

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Panebianco F, Nikitski AV, Nikiforova MN, et al. Characterization of thyroid cancer driven by known and novel ALK fusions. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:803-814

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  186. Xing X, Mu N, Yuan X, et al. PLEKHS1 Over-Expression is Associated with Metastases and Poor Outcomes in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12

  187. Ibrahimpasic T, Xu B, Landa I, et al. Genomic Alterations in Fatal Forms of Non-Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer: Identification of MED12 and RBM10 as Novel Thyroid Cancer Genes Associated with Tumor Virulence. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:5970-5980

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  188. Zafon C, Gil J, Perez-Gonzalez B, et al. DNA methylation in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R415-R439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Klein Hesselink EN, Zafon C, Villalmanzo N, et al. Increased Global DNA Hypomethylation in Distant Metastatic and Dedifferentiated Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:397-406

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Rogucki M, Buczynska A, Kretowski AJ, et al. The Importance of miRNA in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Papillary Thyroid Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10

  191. Fagin JA, Wells SA, Jr. Biologic and Clinical Perspectives on Thyroid Cancer. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:1054-1067

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  192. Raman P, Koenig RJ. Pax-8-PPAR-gamma fusion protein in thyroid carcinoma. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:616-623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  193. Nikiforova MN, Lynch RA, Biddinger PW, et al. RAS point mutations and PAX8-PPAR gamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid follicular carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:2318-2326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. French CA, Alexander EK, Cibas ES, et al. Genetic and biological subgroups of low-stage follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Pathol 2003; 162:1053-1060

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  195. Wang Y, Hou P, Yu H, et al. High prevalence and mutual exclusivity of genetic alterations in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/akt pathway in thyroid tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:2387-2390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Hou P, Liu D, Shan Y, et al. Genetic alterations and their relationship in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway in thyroid cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1161-1170

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Bae JS, Jung SH, Hirokawa M, et al. High Prevalence of DICER1 Mutations and Low Frequency of Gene Fusions in Pediatric Follicular-Patterned Tumors of the Thyroid. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:336-346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Paulsson JO, Rafati N, DiLorenzo S, et al. Whole-genome Sequencing of Follicular Thyroid Carcinomas Reveal Recurrent Mutations in MicroRNA Processing Subunit DGCR8. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3265-3282

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  199. Nicolson NG, Murtha TD, Dong W, et al. Comprehensive Genetic Analysis of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Predicts Prognosis Independent of Histology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2640-2650

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Juhlin CC, Stenman A, Zedenius J. Macrofollicular variant follicular thyroid tumors are DICER1 mutated and exhibit distinct histological features. Histopathology 2021; 79:661-666

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Darbinyan A, Morotti R, Cai G, et al. Cytomorphologic features of thyroid disease in patients with DICER1 mutations: A report of cytology-histopathology correlation in 7 patients. Cancer Cytopathol 2020; 128:746-756

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Bongiovanni M, Sykiotis GP, La Rosa S, et al. Macrofollicular Variant of Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma: A Rare Underappreciated Pitfall in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2020; 30:72-80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Paulsson JO, Zedenius J, Juhlin CC. TERT Promoter Mutated Follicular Thyroid Carcinomas Exhibit a Distinct microRNA Expressional Profile with Potential Implications for Tumor Progression. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:513-516

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  204. Cracolici V, Kadri S, Ritterhouse LL, et al. Clinicopathologic and Molecular Features of Metastatic Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma in Patients Presenting With a Thyroid Nodule Versus a Distant Metastasis. Am J Surg Pathol 2019; 43:514-522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Kim TH, Kim YE, Ahn S, et al. TERT promoter mutations and long-term survival in patients with thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:813-823

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Sohn SY, Park WY, Shin HT, et al. Highly Concordant Key Genetic Alterations in Primary Tumors and Matched Distant Metastases in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2016; 26:672-682

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Mete O, Asa SL. Oncocytes, oxyphils, Hurthle, and Askanazy cells: morphological and molecular features of oncocytic thyroid nodules. Endocr Pathol 2010; 21:16-24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Corver WE, Ruano D, Weijers K, et al. Genome haploidisation with chromosome 7 retention in oncocytic follicular thyroid carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38287

  209. Mazzucchelli L, Burckhardt E, Hirsiger H, et al. Interphase cytogenetics in oncocytic adenomas and carcinomas of the thyroid gland. Hum Pathol 2000; 31:854-859

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Erickson LA, Jalal SM, Goellner JR, et al. Analysis of Hurthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Am J Surg Pathol 2001; 25:911-917

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Paulsson JO, Backman S, Wang N, et al. Whole-genome sequencing of synchronous thyroid carcinomas identifies aberrant DNA repair in thyroid cancer dedifferentiation. J Pathol 2020; 250:183-194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Wong KS, Lorch JH, Alexander EK, et al. Prognostic Significance of Extent of Invasion in Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2019; 29:1255-1261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  213. de Biase D, Torricelli F, Ragazzi M, et al. Not the same thing: metastatic PTCs have a different background than ATCs. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:1370-1379

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  214. Pozdeyev N, Gay LM, Sokol ES, et al. Genetic Analysis of 779 Advanced Differentiated and Anaplastic Thyroid Cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3059-3068

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  215. Kunstman JW, Juhlin CC, Goh G, et al. Characterization of the mutational landscape of anaplastic thyroid cancer via whole-exome sequencing. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2318-2329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  216. Wong KS, Lorch JH, Alexander EK, et al. Clinicopathologic Features of Mismatch Repair-Deficient Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinomas. Thyroid 2019; 29:666-673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Singarayer R, Mete O, Perrier L, et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Diagnostic Performance of BRAF V600E Immunohistochemistry in Thyroid Histopathology. Endocr Pathol 2019; 30:201-218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Oishi N, Kondo T, Vuong HG, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of NRAS(Q61R) protein in follicular-patterned thyroid tumors. Hum Pathol 2016; 53:51-57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Park G, Kim TH, Lee HO, et al. Standard immunohistochemistry efficiently screens for anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangements in differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:55-63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Nozaki Y, Yamamoto H, Iwasaki T, et al. Clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical utility of NTRK-, ALK-, and ROS1-rearranged papillary thyroid carcinomas and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2020; 106:82-92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Mete O, Asa SL, et al. Inherited Follicular Epithelial-Derived Thyroid Carcinomas: From Molecular Biology to Histological Correlates. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:77-101

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  222. Barletta JA, Bellizzi AM, Hornick JL. Immunohistochemical staining of thyroidectomy specimens for PTEN can aid in the identification of patients with Cowden syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 2011; 35:1505-1511

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Oishi N, Vuong HG, Mochizuki K, et al. Loss of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is an Epigenetic Hallmark of Thyroid Carcinomas with TERT Promoter Mutations. Endocr Pathol 2020; 31:359-366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Paulsson JO, Olander A, Haglund F, et al. TERT Immunohistochemistry Is a Poor Predictor of TERT Promoter Mutations and Gene Expression in Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma. Endocr Pathol 2018; 29:380-383

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  225. Hazard JB, Hawk WA, Crile G, Jr. Medullary (solid) carcinoma of the thyroid; a clinicopathologic entity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1959; 19:152-161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Najdawi F, Ahmadi S, Capelletti M, et al. Evaluation of grade in a genotyped cohort of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas. Histopathology 2021; 79:427-436

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Saliba M, Mohanty AS, Ho AL, et al. Secretory Carcinoma of the Thyroid in a 49-Year-Old Man Treated with Larotrectinib: Protracted Clinical Course of Disease Despite the High-Grade Histologic Features. Head Neck Pathol 2021;

  228. Chambers M, Nose V, Sadow PM, et al. Salivary-Like Tumors of the Thyroid: A Comprehensive Review of Three Rare Carcinomas. Head Neck Pathol 2021; 15:212-224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Wang J, Guli QR, Ming XC, et al. Primary mucinous carcinoma of thyroid gland with prominent signet-ring-cell differentiation: a case report and review of the literature. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:1521-1528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  230. Farhat NA, Faquin WC, Sadow PM. Primary mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid gland: a report of three cases and review of the literature. Endocr Pathol 2013; 24:229-233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Wenig BM, Adair CF, Heffess CS. Primary mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid gland: a report of six cases and a review of the literature of a follicular epithelial-derived tumor. Hum Pathol 1995; 26:1099-1108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Baloch ZW, Solomon AC, LiVolsi VA. Primary mucoepidermoid carcinoma and sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia of the thyroid gland: a report of nine cases. Mod Pathol 2000; 13:802-807

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Vazquez Ramirez F, Otal Salaverri C, Argueta Manzano O, et al. Fine needle aspiration cytology of high grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid. A case report. Acta Cytol 2000; 44:259-264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Franssila KO, Harach HR, Wasenius VM. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid. Histopathology 1984; 8:847-860

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Shin HC. High-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma in the thyroid gland with poor prognosis. Yeungnam Univ J Med 2021; 38:169-174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  236. Lee K, Mirza O, Dobbs S, et al. Poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13

  237. Wu EY, Lebastchi J, Marqusee E, et al. A case of primary secretory carcinoma of the thyroid with high-grade features. Histopathology 2017; 71:665-669

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  238. Huang NS, Cao YM, Lu ZW, et al. Mammary analog secretory carcinoma of the thyroid gland: A rare cancer harboring TRK fusion. Oral Oncol 2021; 115:105092

  239. Dogan S, Wang L, Ptashkin RN, et al. Mammary analog secretory carcinoma of the thyroid gland: A primary thyroid adenocarcinoma harboring ETV6-NTRK3 fusion. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:985-995

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  240. Skalova A, Baneckova M, Thompson LDR, et al. Expanding the Molecular Spectrum of Secretory Carcinoma of Salivary Glands With a Novel VIM-RET Fusion. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 44:1295-1307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Desai MA, Mehrad M, Ely KA, et al. Secretory Carcinoma of the Thyroid Gland: Report of a Highly Aggressive Case Clinically Mimicking Undifferentiated Carcinoma and Review of the Literature. Head Neck Pathol 2019; 13:562-572

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Taweevisit M, Sampatanukul P, Thorner PS. Ectopic thymoma can mimic benign and malignant thyroid lesions on fine needle aspiration cytology: a case report and literature review. Acta Cytol 2013; 57:213-220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Thakur A, Sebag F, Micco CD, et al. Ectopic cervical thymoma mimicking as papillary thyroid carcinoma: a diagnostic dilemma. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2010; 53:305-307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Gerhard R, Kanashiro EH, Kliemann CM, et al. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of ectopic cervical spindle-cell thymoma: a case report. Diagn Cytopathol 2005; 32:358-362

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Wiles AB, Kraft AO, Mueller SM, et al. Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia of the thyroid: Case report of a rare lesion with novel genetic mutation. Diagn Cytopathol 2019; 47:589-593

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Lee YY, Wang WC, Li CF. Aspiration cytology of an ectopic cervical thymoma misinterpreted as a lymphoproliferative lesion of the thyroid: A case report. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1255-1258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  247. Noh JM, Ha SY, Ahn YC, et al. Potential Role of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in Cervical Thymic Neoplasm Involving Thyroid Gland or Neck. Cancer Res Treat 2015; 47:436-440

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Manukyan I, DeBrito P, Rossi CT, et al. Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation in fine needle aspiration of thyroid gland: Report of two cases. Diagn Cytopathol 2021;

  249. Kimura E, Enomoto K, Kono M, et al. A Rare Case of Thyroid Carcinoma Showing Thymus-Like Differentiation in a Young Adult. Case Rep Oncol 2021; 14:671-675

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  250. Karaisli S, Haciyanli M, Gucek Haciyanli S, et al. Spindle epithelial tumour with thymus-like differentiation: report of two cases. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2020; 102:e33-e35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Folpe AL, Lloyd RV, Bacchi CE, et al. Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation: a morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 11 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33:1179-1186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Chetty R, Goetsch S, Nayler S, et al. Spindle epithelial tumour with thymus-like element (SETTLE): the predominantly monophasic variant. Histopathology 1998; 33:71-74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. Chan JK, Rosai J. Tumors of the neck showing thymic or related branchial pouch differentiation: a unifying concept. Hum Pathol 1991; 22:349-367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Abrosimov AY, LiVolsi VA. Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation (SETTLE) of the thyroid with neck lymph node metastasis: a case report. Endocr Pathol 2005; 16:139-143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Stevens TM, Morlote D, Swensen J, et al. Spindle Epithelial Tumor with Thymus-Like Differentiation (SETTLE): A Next-Generation Sequencing Study. Head Neck Pathol 2019; 13:162-168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Ippolito S, Bellevicine C, Arpaia D, et al. Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation (SETTLE): clinical-pathological features, differential pathological diagnosis and therapy. Endocrine 2016; 51:402-412

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Recondo G, Jr., Busaidy N, Erasmus J, et al. Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation: A case report and comprehensive review of the literature and treatment options. Head Neck 2015; 37:746-754

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Zheng ZG, Sun WY. Clinicopathological Features of Intrathyroid Thymic Carcinoma. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2021; 43:42-46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  259. Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Nakamura Y, et al. Clinicopathologic significance of intrathyroidal epithelial thymoma/carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation: a collaborative study with Member Institutes of The Japanese Society of Thyroid Surgery. Am J Clin Pathol 2007; 127:230-236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Reimann JD, Dorfman DM, Nose V. Carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation of the thyroid (CASTLE): a comparative study: evidence of thymic differentiation and solid cell nest origin. Am J Surg Pathol 2006; 30:994-1001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Miyauchi A, Kuma K, Matsuzuka F, et al. Intrathyroidal epithelial thymoma: an entity distinct from squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg 1985; 9:128-135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Gurizzan C, Zamparini M, Volante M, et al. Outcome of patients with intrathyroidal thymic carcinoma: a pooled analysis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021; 28:593-604

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Tahara I, Oishi N, Mochizuki K, et al. Identification of Recurrent TERT Promoter Mutations in Intrathyroid Thymic Carcinomas. Endocr Pathol 2020; 31:274-282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Tirado Y, Williams MD, Hanna EY, et al. CRTC1/MAML2 fusion transcript in high grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas of salivary and thyroid glands and Warthin’s tumors: implications for histogenesis and biologic behavior. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:708-715

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Boyraz B, Sadow PM, Asa SL, et al. Cribriform-Morular Thyroid Carcinoma Is a Distinct Thyroid Malignancy of Uncertain Cytogenesis. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:327-335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Giannelli SM, McPhaul L, Nakamoto J, et al. Familial adenomatous polyposis-associated, cribriform morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma harboring a K-RAS mutation: case presentation and review of molecular mechanisms. Thyroid 2014; 24:1184-1189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Kwon MJ, Rho YS, Jeong JC, et al. Cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a study of 3 cases featuring the PIK3CA mutation. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1180-1188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Schuetze D, Hoschar AP, Seethala RR, et al. The T1799A BRAF mutation is absent in cribriform-morular variant of papillary carcinoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009; 133:803-805

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Iftikhar H, Awan MS, Ghaloo SK, et al. Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia of thyroid. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12

  270. Shah AA, La Fortune K, Miller C, et al. Thyroid sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia: a clinicopathologic and molecular analysis of a distinct entity. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:329-339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Quiroga-Garza G, Lee JH, El-Naggar A, et al. Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia of the thyroid: more aggressive than previously reported. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:725-731

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Albores-Saavedra J, Gu X, Luna MA. Clear cells and thyroid transcription factor I reactivity in sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Ann Diagn Pathol 2003; 7:348-353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Hirokawa M, Takada N, Abe H, et al. Thyroid sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia distinct from the salivary type. Endocr J 2018; 65:427-436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Mao R, Shi L, Yan W, et al. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma combined with sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22783

  275. Agaimy A, Togel L, Stoehr R, et al. NSD3-NUTM1-rearranged carcinoma of the median neck/thyroid bed developing after recent thyroidectomy for sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia: report of an extraordinary case. Virchows Arch 2021;

  276. Sukumar JS, Sukumar S, Purohit D, et al. Activating BRAF mutation in sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia of the thyroid gland: two case reports and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2019; 13:385

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  277. Chan JK, Albores-Saavedra J, Battifora H, et al. Sclerosing mucoepidermoid thyroid carcinoma with eosinophilia. A distinctive low-grade malignancy arising from the metaplastic follicles of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Am J Surg Pathol 1991; 15:438–448

  278. Hunt JL, LiVolsi VA, Barnes EL. p63 expression in sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinomas with eosinophilia arising in the thyroid. Mod Pathol 2004; 17:526-529

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Hernandez-Prera JC, Machado RA, Asa SL, et al. Pathologic Reporting of Tall-Cell Variant of Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Have We Reached a Consensus? Thyroid 2017; 27:1498-1504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Zubair W. Baloch & Virginia A. LiVolsi

  2. Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Sylvia L. Asa

  3. Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Justine A. Barletta

  4. Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Ronald A. Ghossein

  5. Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    C. Christofer Juhlin

  6. Department of Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

    C. Christofer Juhlin

  7. Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Chan Kwon Jung

  8. Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy

    Mauro G. Papotti

  9. Department of Pathology, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, IPATIMUP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Manuel Sobrinho-Simões

  10. Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Giovanni Tallini

  11. IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Giovanni Tallini

  12. Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Ozgur Mete

Authors
  1. Zubair W. Baloch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sylvia L. Asa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Justine A. Barletta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ronald A. Ghossein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. C. Christofer Juhlin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Chan Kwon Jung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Virginia A. LiVolsi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mauro G. Papotti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Giovanni Tallini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Ozgur Mete
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conception and design: ZB, SLA, OM; data collection and analysis: all authors; manuscript preparation and editing: all authors; approval of final manuscript: all authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zubair W. Baloch.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval

Not applicable

Consent for Publication

All authors consent to publication.

Competing Interests

Dr. Ozgur Mete is the Editor-in-Chief of Endocrine Pathology. This article was handled by an independent senior editor and peer-reviewed as per the journal standards. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Baloch, Z.W., Asa, S.L., Barletta, J.A. et al. Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms. Endocr Pathol 33, 27–63 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-022-09707-3

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12022-022-09707-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation