Abstract
Baculoviruses are insect-specific viruses. These large DNA viruses encode many genes in addition to those required to replicate and build new virions. These auxiliary genes provide selective advantages to the virus for invading and infecting host insects. Eight of these genes, which help the virus overcome insect defenses against invasion, are discussed. These include genes whose products help the virus traverse physical or physiological barriers and those that overcome host immune defenses.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Afonso C. L.; Tulman E. R.; Lu Z.; Balinsky C. A.; Moser B. A.; Becnel J. J.; Rock D. L.; Kutish G. F. Genome sequence of a baculovirus pathogenic for Culex nigripalpus. J. Virol. 75: 11157–11165; 2001. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.22.11157-11165.2001.
Barber G. N. Host defense, viruses and apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 8: 113–126; 2001. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400823.
Bergan V.; Jagus R.; Lauksund S.; Kileng O.; Robertsen B. The Atlantic salmon Z-DNA binding protein kinase phosphorylates translation initiation factor 2 alpha and constitutes a unique orthologue to the mammalian dsRNA-activated protein kinase R. FEBS Journal 275: 184–197; 2008.
Bertin J.; Mendrysa S. M.; LaCount D. J.; Gaur S.; Krebs J. F.; Armstrong R. C.; Tomaselli K. J.; Friesen P. D. Apoptotic suppression by baculovirus P35 involves cleavage by and inhibition of a virus-induced CED-3/ICE-like protease. J. Virol. 70: 6251–6259; 1996.
Birnbaum M. J.; Clem R. J.; Miller L. K. An Apoptosis-Inhibiting Gene from a Nuclear Polyhedrosis-virus encoding a polypeptide with Cys/His sequence motif. J. Virol. 68: 2521–2528; 1994.
Bischoff D. S.; Slavicek J. M. Molecular analysis of an enhancin gene in the Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Virol. 71: 8133–8140; 1997.
Blair J. E.; Hedges S. B. Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of deuterostome animals. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22: 2275–2284; 2005. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi225.
Bump N. J.; Hackett M.; Hugunin M.; Seshagiri S.; Brady K.; Chen P.; Ferenz C.; Franklin S.; Ghayur T.; Li P.; Licari P.; Mankovich J.; Shi L. F.; Greenberg A. H.; Miller L. K.; Wong W. W. Inhibition of ICE family proteases by baculovirus antiapoptotic protein P35. Science 269: 1885–1888; 1995. doi:10.1126/science.7569933.
Campbell, C. L.; Keene, K. M.; Brackney, D. E.; Olson, K. E.; Blair, C. D.; Wilusz, J.; Foy, B. D. Aedes aegypti uses RNA interference in defense against Sindbis virus infection. BMC Microbiol. 8: 47; 2008.
Chen C. J.; Quentin M. E.; Brennan L. A.; Kukel C.; Thiem S. M. Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus hrf-1 expands the larval host range of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus. J. Virol. 72: 2526–2531; 1998.
Chen J.-Y.; Bottjer D. J.; Oliveri P.; Dornbos S. Q.; Gao F.; Ruffins S.; Chi H.; Li C.-W.; Davidson E. H. Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian. Science 305: 218–222; 2004. doi:10.1126/science.1099213.
Chen Y.-R.; Wu C.-Y.; Lee S.-T.; Wu Y.-J.; Lo C.-F.; Tsai M.-F.; Wang C.-H. Genomic and host range studies of Maruca vitrata nucleopolyhedrovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 89: 2315–2330; 2008. doi:10.1099/vir.0.2008/001412-0.
Cheng G. F.; Feng Z. D.; Bin H. Herpes simplex virus 1 infection activates the endoplasmic reticulum resident kinase PERK and mediates eIF-2 alpha dephosphorylation by the gamma(1)34.5 protein. J. Virol. 79: 1379–1388; 2005. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.3.1379-1388.2005.
Clem R. J. Baculoviruses and apoptosis: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Cell Death Differ. 8: 137–143; 2001. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400821.
Clem, R. J. The role of apoptosis in defense against baculovirus infection in insects. In: Griffin, D. (ed) Role of apoptosis in infection. Springer, Berlin, pp 113–129; 2005.
Clem R. J. Baculoviruses and apoptosis: a diversity of genes and responses. Curr. Drug Targets 8: 1069–1074; 2007. doi:10.2174/138945007782151405.
Clem R. J.; Fechheimer M.; Miller L. K. Prevention of apoptosis by a baculovirus gene during infection of insect cells. Science 254: 1388–1390; 1991. doi:10.1126/science.1962198.
Crook N. E.; Clem R. J.; Miller L. K. An apoptosis-inhibiting baculovirus gene with a zinc finger-like motif. J. Virol. 67: 2168–2174; 1993.
Detvisitsakun C.; Berretta M. F.; Lehiy C.; Passarelli A. L. Stimulation of cell motility by a viral fibroblast growth factor homolog: proposal for a role in viral pathogenesis. Virology 336: 308–317; 2005. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.013.
Detvisitsakun C.; Hutfless E. L.; Berretta M. F.; Passarelli A. L. Analysis of a baculovirus lacking a functional viral fibroblast growth factor homolog. Virology 346: 258–265; 2006. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.01.016.
Dever T. E.; Sripriya R.; McLachlin J. R.; Lu J. F.; Fabian J. R.; Kimball S. R.; Miller L. K. Disruption of cellular translational control by a viral truncated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase homolog. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95: 4164–4169; 1998. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.8.4164.
Dickson J. A.; Friesen P. D. Identification of upstream promoter elements mediating early transcription from the 35,000-molecular-weight protein gene of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Virol. 65: 4006–4016; 1991.
Dimarcq J. L.; Imler J. L.; Lanot R.; Ezekowitz R. A. B.; Hoffmann J. A.; Janeway C. A.; Lagueux M. Treatment of l(2)mbn Drosophila tumorous blood cells with the steroid hormone ecdysone amplifies the inducibility of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 27: 877–886; 1997. doi:10.1016/S0965-1748(97)00072-6.
Dostert C.; Jouanguy E.; Irving P.; Troxler L.; Galiana-Arnoux D.; Hetru C.; Hoffmann J. A.; Imler J. L. The Jak-STAT signaling pathway is required but not sufficient for the antiviral response of Drosophila. Nat. Immunol. 6: 946–953; 2005. doi:10.1038/ni1237.
Douzery E. J. P.; Snell E. A.; Bapteste E.; Delsuc F. D. R.; Philippe H. The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101: 15386–15391; 2004. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403984101.
Du Q. S.; Lehavi D.; Faktor O.; Qi Y. P.; Chejanovsky N. Isolation of an apoptosis suppressor gene of the Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus. J. Virol. 73: 1278–1285; 1999.
Du X. L.; Thiem S. M. Responses of insect cells to baculovirus infection: protein synthesis shutdown and apoptosis. J. Virol. 71: 7866–7872; 1997.
Duckett C. S.; Nava V. E.; Gedrich R. W.; Clem R. J.; VanDongen J. L.; Gilfillan M. C.; Shiels H.; Hardwick J. M.; Thompson C. B. A conserved family of cellular genes related to the baculovirus iap gene and encoding apoptosis inhibitors. Embo J. 15: 2685–2694; 1996.
Engelhard E. K.; Kammorgan L. N. W.; Washburn J. O.; Volkman L. E. The insect tracheal system—a conduit for the systemic spread of Autographa californica M nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91: 3224–3227; 1994. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.8.3224.
Escasa S. R.; Lauzon H. A. M.; Mathur A. C.; Krell P. J.; Arif B. M. Sequence analysis of the Choristoneura occidentalis granulovirus genome. J. Gen. Virol. 87: 1917–1933; 2006. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81792-0.
Federici B. A. Baculovirus pathogenesis. In: Miller L. K. (ed) The baculoviruses. Plenum, New York, pp 33–59; 1997.
Federici B. A.; Stern V. M. Replication and occlusion of a granulosis virus in larval and adult midgut epithelium of the Western grapeleaf skeletonizer, Harrisina brillians. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 56: 401–414; 1990. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(90)90128-S.
Fisher A. J.; dela Cruz W.; Zoog S. J.; Schneider C. L.; Friesen P. D. Crystal structure of baculovirus P35: role of a novel reactive site loop in apoptotic caspase inhibition. EMBO J. 18: 2031–2039; 1999. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.8.2031.
Flatt T.; Heyland A.; Rus F.; Porpiglia E.; Sherlock C.; Yamamoto R.; Garbuzov A.; Palli S. R.; Tatar M.; Silverman N. Hormonal regulation of the humoral innate immune response in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Exp. Biol. 211: 2712–2724; 2008. doi:10.1242/jeb.014878.
Flipsen J. T. M.; Martens J. W. M.; Vanoers M. M.; Vlak J. M.; Vanlent J. W. M. Passage of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus through the midgut epithelium of Spodoptera exigua larvae. Virology 208: 328–335; 1995. doi:10.1006/viro.1995.1156.
Friesen P. D. Insect viruses. In: Knipe D. M.; Howley P. M. (eds) Fields virology. 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 707–736; 2007.
Friesen P. D.; Miller L. K. Divergent transcription of early 35-kilodalton and 94-kilodalton protein genes encoded by the Hindiii K genome fragment of the Bbaculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J. Virol. 61: 2264–2272; 1987.
Galiana-Arnoux D.; Dostert C.; Schneemann A.; Hoffmann J. A.; Imler J. L. Essential function in vivo for Dicer-2 in host defense against RNA viruses in Drosophila. Nat. Immunol. 7: 590–597; 2006. doi:10.1038/ni1335.
Galloway C. S.; Wang P.; Winstanley D.; Jones I. M. Comparison of the bacterial Enhancin-like proteins from Yersinia and Bacillus spp. with a baculovirus Enhancin. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 90: 134–137; 2005. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2005.06.008.
Garcia M. A.; Meurs E. F.; Esteban M. The dsRNA protein kinase PKR: virus and cell control. Biochimie 89: 799–811; 2007. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2007.03.001.
Garcia-Maruniak A.; Maruniak J. E.; Zanotto P. M. A.; Doumbouya A. E.; Liu J. C.; Merritt T. A.; Lanoie J. S. Sequence analysis of the genome of the Neodiprion sertifer nucleopolyhedrovirus. J. Virol. 78: 7036–7051; 2004. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.13.7036-7051.2004.
Gillespie J. P.; Kanost M. R.; Trenczek T. Biological mediators of insect immunity. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 42: 611–643; 1997. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.611.
Goodwin R. H.; Tompkins G. J.; McCawley P. Gypsy moth cell lines divergent in viral susceptibility. 1. Culture and identification. In Vitro 14: 485–494; 1978.
Granados R. R. Early events in infection of Heliothis zea midgut cells by a baculovirus. Virology 90: 170–174; 1978. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(78)90347-1.
Granados R. R. Infectivity and mode of action of baculoviruses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 22: 1377–1405; 1980. doi:10.1002/bit.260220707.
Green M. C.; Monser K. P.; Clem R. J. Ubiquitin protein ligase activity of the anti-apoptotic baculovirus protein Op-IAP3. Virus Res. 105: 89–96; 2004. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2004.04.017.
Gröner A. Specificity and safety of baculoviruses. In: Granados R. R.; Federici B. A. (eds) The biology of baculoviruses, vol. 1: biological properties and molecular biology. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 177–202; 1986.
Guy M. P.; Friesen P. D. Reactive-site cleavage residues confer target specificity to baculovirus P49, a dimeric member of the P35 family of caspase inhibitors. J. Virol. 82: 7504–7514; 2008. doi:10.1128/JVI.00231-08.
Guzo D.; Rathburn H.; Guthrie K.; Dougherty E. Viral and host cellular transcription in Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected gypsy moth cell lines. J. Virol. 66: 2966–2972; 1992.
Harrison R. L.; Puttler B.; Popham H. J. R. Genomic sequence analysis of a fast-killing isolate of Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 89: 775–790; 2008. doi:10.1099/vir.0.83566-0.
Hashimoto Y.; Corsaro B. G.; Granados R. R. Location and nucleotide-sequence of the gene encoding the viral enhancing factor of the Trichoplusia ni granulosis virus. J. Gen. Virol. 72: 2645–2651; 1991. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-72-11-2645.
Hayakawa T.; Ko R.; Okano K.; Seong S. I.; Goto C.; Maeda S. Sequence analysis of the Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus genome. Virology 262: 277–297; 1999. doi:10.1006/viro.1999.9894.
Hedges L. M.; Johnson K. N. Induction of host defence responses by Drosophila C virus. J. Gen. Virol. 89: 1497–1501; 2008. doi:10.1099/vir.0.83684-0.
Herniou E. A.; Olszewski J. A.; Cory J. S.; O’Reilly D. R. The genome sequence and evolution of baculoviruses. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 48: 211–234; 2003. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112756.
Herniou E. A.; Olszewski J. A.; O’Reilly D. R.; Cory J. S. Ancient coevolution of baculoviruses and their insect hosts. J. Virol. 78: 3244–3251; 2004. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.7.3244-3251.2004.
Herniou E. A.; Jehle J. A. Baculovirus phylogeny and evolution. Curr. Drug Targets 8: 1043–1050; 2007. doi:10.2174/138945007782151306.
Hirai M.; Terenius O.; Li W.; Faye I. Baculovirus and dsRNA induce Hemolin, but no antibacterial activity, in Antheraea pernyi. Insect Mol. Biol. 13: 399–405; 2004. doi:10.1111/j.0962-1075.2004.00497.x.
Hu C. Y.; Zhang Y. B.; Huang G. P.; Zhang Q. Y.; Gui H. F. Molecular cloning and characterisation of a fish PKR-like gene from cultured CAB cells induced by UV-inactivated virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 17: 353–366; 2004. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2004.04.009.
Ikeda M.; Reimbold E. A.; Thiem S. M. Functional analysis of the baculovirus host range gene, hrf-1. Virology 332: 602–613; 2005. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.12.001.
Ikeda M.; Shikata M.; Shirata N.; Chaeychomsri S.; Kobayashi M. Gene organization and complete sequence of the Hyphantria cunea nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. J. Gen. Virol. 87: 2549–2562; 2006. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81930-0.
Ikeda M.; Yanagimoto K.; Kobayashi M. Identification and functional analysis of Hyphantria cunea nucleopolyhedrovirus iap genes. Virology 321: 359–371; 2004. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.01.002.
Ishikawa H.; Ikeda M.; Alves C. A. F.; Thiem S. M.; Kobayashi M. Host range factor 1 from Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) is an essential viral factor required for productive infection of NPVs in IPLB-Ld652Y cells derived from L-dispar. J. Virol. 78: 12703–12708; 2004. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.22.12703-12708.2004.
Ishikawa H.; Ikeda M.; Yanagimoto K.; Alves C. A. F.; Katou Y.; Lavina-Caoili B. A.; Kobayashi M. Induction of apoptosis in an insect cell line, IPLB-Ld652Y, infected with nucleopolyhedroviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 84: 705–714; 2003. doi:10.1099/vir.0.18815-0.
Isler J. A.; Skalet A. H.; Alwine J. C. Human cytomegalovirus infection activates and regulates the unfolded protein response. J. Virol. 79: 6890–6899; 2005. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.11.6890-6899.2005.
Jehle J. A.; Blissard G. W.; Bonning B. C.; Cory J. S.; Herniou E. A.; Rohrmann G. F.; Theilmann D. A.; Thiem S. M.; Vlak J. M. On the classification and nomenclature of baculoviruses: a proposal for revision. Arch. Virol. 151: 1257–1266; 2006. doi:10.1007/s00705-006-0763-6.
Kanost M. R.; Jiang H. B.; Yu X. Q. Innate immune responses of a lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta. Immunol. Rev. 198: 97–105; 2004. doi:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0121.x.
Katsuma S.; Daimon T.; Mita K.; Shimada T. Lepidopteran ortholog of Drosophila breathless is a receptor for the baculovirus fibroblast growth factor. J. Virol. 80: 5474–5481; 2006a. doi:10.1128/JVI.00248-06.
Katsuma S.; Horie S.; Daimon T.; Iwanaga M.; Shimada T. In vivo and in vitro analyses of a Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus mutant lacking functional vfgf. Virology 355: 62–70; 2006b. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.07.008.
Katsuma S.; Shimada T.; Kobayashi M. Characterization of the baculovirus Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus gene homologous to the mammalian FGF gene family. Virus Genes 29: 211–217; 2004. doi:10.1023/B:VIRU.0000036381.11779.dd.
Keene K. M.; Foy B. D.; Sanchez-Vargas I.; Beaty B. J.; Blair C. D.; Olson K. E. RNA interference acts as a natural antiviral response to O’nyong-nyong virus (Alphavirus; Togaviridae) infection of Anopheles gambiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101: 17240–17245; 2004. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406983101.
Ko J. H.; Asano A.; Kon Y.; Watanabe T.; Agui T. Characterization of the chicken PKR: Polymorphism of the gene and antiviral activity against vesicular stomatitis virus. Jpn J Vet Res 51: 123–133; 2004.
Kumar M.; Shanker S.; Rawat V. P. S.; Das R. H. Characterization of the antiapoptotic (p35) gene homologue of Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrosis virus (SlNPV). Mol. Biol. Rep. 28: 167–173; 2001. doi:10.1023/A:1015240518798.
LaCount D. J.; Friesen P. D. Role of early and late replication events in induction of apoptosis by baculoviruses. J. Virol. 71: 1530–1537; 1997.
Langland J. O.; Cameron J. M.; Heck M. C.; Jancovich J. K.; Jacobs B. L. Inhibition of PKR by RNA and DNA viruses. Virus Res. 119: 100–110; 2006. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.10.014.
Lannan E.; Vandergaast R.; Friesen P. D. Baculovirus caspase inhibitors P49 and P35 block virus-induced apoptosis downstream of effector caspase DrICE activation in Drosophila melanogaster cells. J. Virol. 81: 9319–9330; 2007. doi:10.1128/JVI.00247-07.
Lauzon H. A. M.; Garcia-Maruniak A.; Zanotto P.; Clemente J. C.; Herniou E. A.; Lucarotti C. J.; Arif B. M.; Maruniak J. E. Genomic comparison of Neodiprion sertifer and Neodiprion lecontei nucleopolyhedroviruses and identification of potential hymenopteran baculovirus-specific open reading frames. J. Gen. Virol. 87: 1477–1489; 2006. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81727-0.
Lauzon H. A. M.; Lucarotti C. J.; Krell P. J.; Feng Q. L.; Retnakaran A.; Arif B. M. Sequence and organization of the Neodiprion lecontei nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. J. Virol. 78: 7023–7035; 2004. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.13.7023-7035.2004.
Lemaitre B.; Hoffmann J. The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25: 697–743; 2007. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141615.
Lepore L. S.; Roelvink P. R.; Granados R. R. Enhancin, the granulosis virus protein that facilitates nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) infections, is a metalloprotease. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 68: 131–140; 1996. doi:10.1006/jipa.1996.0070.
Li Y. H.; Miller L. K. Expression and functional analysis of a baculovirus gene encoding a truncated protein kinase homolog. Virology 206: 314–323; 1995. doi:10.1016/S0042-6822(95)80047-6.
Lilley C. E.; Schwartz R. A.; Weitzman M. D. Using or abusing: viruses and the cellular DNA damage response. Trends Microbiol. 15: 119–126; 2007. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.01.003.
Lindbo J. A.; Dougherty W. G. Plant pathology and RNAi: a brief history. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 43: 191–204; 2005. doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140228.
Liu Q. Z.; Qi Y. P.; Chejanovsky N. Identification and classification of the Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus inhibitor of apoptosis gene. Virus Genes 26: 143–149; 2003. doi:10.1023/A:1023483313003.
Luque T.; Finch R.; Crook N.; O’Reilly D. R.; Winstanley D. The complete sequence of the Cydia pomonella granulovirus genome. J. Gen. Virol. 82: 2531–2547; 2001.
Maguire T.; Harrison P.; Hyink O.; Kalmakoff J.; Ward V. K. The inhibitors of apoptosis of Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 81: 2803–2811; 2000.
Marques J. T.; Carthew R. W. A call to arms: coevolution of animal viruses and host innate immune responses. Trends Genet. 23: 359–364; 2007. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.04.004.
McClintock J. T.; Dougherty E. M. Superinfection of baculovirus-infected gypsy moth cells with the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of Autographa californica and Lymantria dispar. Virus Res. 7: 351–364; 1987. doi:10.1016/0168-1702(87)90048-7.
McClintock J. T.; Dougherty E. M.; Weiner R. M. Semipermissive replication of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica in a gypsy moth cell line. J. Virol. 57: 197–204; 1986.
Means J. C.; Penabaz T.; Clem R. J. Identification and functional characterization of AMVp33, a novel homolog of the baculovirus caspase inhibitor p35 found in Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. Virology 358: 436–447; 2007. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.043.
Miller L. K. The baculoviruses. Plenum, New York1997.
Mohr I. Neutralizing innate host defenses to control viral translation in HSV-1 infected cells. Int. Rev. Immunol. 23: 199–220; 2004. doi:10.1080/08830180490265600.
Moissiard G.; Voinnet O. Viral suppression of RNA silencing in plants. Mol. Plant Pathol. 5: 71–82; 2004. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00207.x.
Morris T. D.; Todd J. W.; Fisher B.; Miller L. K. Identification of Lef-7—a baculovirus gene affecting late gene-expression. Virology 200: 360–369; 1994. doi:10.1006/viro.1994.1200.
Moser B. A.; Becnel J. J.; White S. E.; Afonso C.; Kutish G.; Shanker S.; Almira E. Morphological and molecular evidence that Culex nigripalpus baculovirus is an unusual member of the family Baculoviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 82: 283–297; 2001.
Nissen M. S.; Friesen P. D. Molecular analysis of the transcriptional regulatory region of an early baculovirus gene. J. Virol. 63: 493–503; 1989.
O’Reilly D. R. Baculovirus-encoded ecdysteroid Udp-glucosyltransferases. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 25: 541–550; 1995. doi:10.1016/0965-1748(94)00105-Q.
O’Reilly D. R.; Miller L. K. A baculovirus blocks insect molting by producing ecdysteroid Udp-glucosyl transferase. Science 245: 1110–1112; 1989. doi:10.1126/science.2505387.
O’Reilly D. R.; Miller L. K. Improvement of a baculovirus pesticide by deletion of the EGT gene. Bio-Technology 9: 1086–1089; 1991.
Pang Y.; Yu J. X.; Wang L. H.; Hu X. H.; Bao W. D.; Li G.; Chen C.; Han H.; Hu S. N.; Yang H. M. Sequence analysis of the Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus genome. Virology 287: 391–404; 2001. doi:10.1006/viro.2001.1056.
Pavio N.; Romano P. R.; Graczyk T. M.; Feinstone S. M.; Taylor D. R. Protein synthesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress can be modulated by the hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 through the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha kinase PERK. J. Virol. 77: 3578–3585; 2003. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.6.3578-3585.2003.
Pearson M. N.; Rohrmann G. F. Transfer, incorporation, and substitution of envelope fusion proteins among members of the Baculoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, and Metaviridae (insect retrovirus) families. J. Virol. 76: 5301–5304; 2002. doi:10.1128/JVI.76.11.5301-5304.2002.
Peterson K. J.; Lyons J. B.; Nowak K. S.; Takacs C. M.; Wargo M. J.; McPeek M. A. Estimating metazoan divergence times with a molecular clock. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101: 6536–6541; 2004. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401670101.
Prasad M. D.; Han S. J.; Nagaraju J.; Lee W. J.; Brey P. T. Cloning and characterization of an eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha kinase from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Struct. Expr. 1628: 56–63; 2003.
Qi Y.; Liu Q.; Peng Y.; Li L.; Pei Z.; Liu Y. Identification of apoptosis-inhibiting gene in Leucania separata nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Arch. Virol. 146: 2149–2163; 2001. doi:10.1007/s007050170026.
Randall R. E.; Goodbourn S. Interferons and viruses: an interplay between induction, signalling, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures. J. Gen. Virol. 89: 1–47; 2008. doi:10.1099/vir.0.83391-0.
Rothenburg S.; Deigendesch N.; Dey M.; Dever T. E.; Tazi L. Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR of fishes and amphibians: varying the number of double-stranded RNA binding domains and lineage-specific duplications. BMC Biology 6: 12; 2008.
Rothenburg S.; Deigendesch N.; Dittmar K.; Koch-Nolte F.; Haag F.; Lowenhaupt K.; Rich A. A PKR-like eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha kinase from zebrafish contains Z-DNA binding domains instead of dsRNA binding domains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102: 1602–1607; 2005. doi:10.1073/pnas.0408714102.
Roulston A.; Marcellus R. C.; Branton P. E. Viruses and apoptosis. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 53: 577–628; 1999. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.53.1.577.
Salvesen G. S.; Duckett C. S. IAP proteins: Blocking the road to death’s door. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3: 401–410; 2002. doi:10.1038/nrm830.
Stanley D.; Shapiro M. Eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors increase the susceptibility of Lymantria dispar to nucleopolyhedrovirus LdMNPV. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 95: 119–124; 2007. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2007.02.002.
Sun S. C.; Lindstrom I.; Boman H. G.; Faye I.; Schmidt O. Hemolin—an insect-immune protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Science 250: 1729–1732; 1990. doi:10.1126/science.2270488.
Tanada Y.; Hukuhara T. Enhanced infection of a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus in larvae of armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta, by a factor in capsule of a granulosis virus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 17: 116–126; 1971.
Terenius O. Hemolin—a lepidopteran anti-viral defense factor? Dev. Comp. Immunol. 32: 311–316; 2008. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2007.09.006.
Terenius O.; Bettencourt R.; Lee S. Y.; Li W. L.; Soderhall K.; Faye I. RNA interference of Hemolin causes depletion of phenoloxidase activity in Hyalophora cecropia. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 31: 571–575; 2007. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2006.09.006.
Terra W. R. The origin and functions of the insect peritrophic membrane and peritrophic gel. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 47: 47–61; 2001. doi:10.1002/arch.1036.
Thiem S. M.; Chejanovsky N. The role of baculovirus apoptotic suppressors in AcMNPV-mediated translation arrest in Ld652Y cells. Virology 319: 292–305; 2004. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2003.11.003.
Thiem S. M.; Du X. L.; Quentin M. E.; Berner M. M. Identification of a baculovirus gene that promotes Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus replication in a nonpermissive insect cell line. J. Virol. 70: 2221–2229; 1996.
Trudeau D.; Washburn J. O.; Volkman L. E. Central role of hemocytes in Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus pathogenesis in Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea. J. Virol. 75: 996–1003; 2001. doi:10.1128/JVI.75.2.996-1003.2001.
van Rij R. P.; Saleh M. C.; Berry B.; Foo C.; Houk A.; Antoniewski C.; Andino R. The RNA silencing endonuclease Argonaute 2 mediates specific antiviral immunity in Drosophila melanogaster. Genes Dev. 20: 2985–2995; 2006. doi:10.1101/gad.1482006.
Vaux D. L.; Silke J. IAPs, RINGs and ubiquitylation. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6: 287–297; 2005. doi:10.1038/nrm1621.
Vucic D.; Kaiser W. J.; Miller L. K. A mutational analysis of the baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis Op-IAP. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 33915–33921; 1998. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.51.33915.
Wang L.; Salem T. Z.; Lynn D. E.; Cheng X.-W. Slow cell infection, inefficient primary infection and inability to replicate in the fat body determine the host range of Thysanoplusia orichalcea nucleopolyhedrovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 89: 1402–1410; 2008. doi:10.1099/vir.0.2008/000695-0.
Wang P.; Granados R. R. An intestinal mucin is the target substrate for a baculovirus enhancin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94: 6977–6982; 1997. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.13.6977.
Wang X. H.; Aliyari R.; Li W. X.; Li H. W.; Kim K.; Carthew R.; Atkinson P.; Ding S. W. RNA interference directs innate immunity against viruses in adult Drosophila. Science 312: 452–454; 2006. doi:10.1126/science.1125694.
Washburn J. O.; Haas-Stapleton E. J.; Tan F. F.; Beckage N. E.; Volkman L. E. Co-infection of Manduca sexta larvae with polydnavirus from Cotesia congregata increases susceptibility to fatal infection by Autographa californica M Nucleopolyhedrovirus. J. Insect Physiol. 46: 179–190; 2000. doi:10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00115-8.
Washburn J. O.; Kirkpatrick B. A.; Volkman L. E. Insect protection against viruses. Nature 383: 767–767; 1996. doi:10.1038/383767a0.
Waterhouse R. M.; Kriventseva E. V.; Meister S.; Xi Z. Y.; Alvarez K. S.; Bartholomay L. C.; Barillas-Mury C.; Bian G. W.; Blandin S.; Christensen B. M.; Dong Y. M.; Jiang H. B.; Kanost M. R.; Koutsos A. C.; Levashina E. A.; Li J. Y.; Ligoxygakis P.; MacCallum R. M.; Mayhew G. F.; Mendes A.; Michel K.; Osta M. A.; Paskewitz S.; Shin S. W.; Vlachou D.; Wang L. H.; Wei W. Q.; Zheng L. B.; Zou Z.; Severson D. W.; Raikhel A. S.; Kafatos F. C.; Dimopoulos G.; Zdobnov E. M.; Christophides G. K. Evolutionary dynamics of immune-related genes and pathways in disease-vector mosquitoes. Science 316: 1738–1743; 2007. doi:10.1126/science.1139862.
Wright C. W.; Means J. C.; Penabaz T.; Clem R. J. The baculovirus anti-apoptotic protein Op-IAP does not inhibit Drosophila caspases or apoptosis in Drosophila S2 cells and instead sensitizes S2 cells to virus-induced apoptosis. Virology 335: 61–71; 2005. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.02.007.
Xi Z.; Ramirez J. L.; Dimopoulos G. The Aedes aegypti Toll pathway controls dengue virus infection. PLoS Pathog. 4: e1000098; 2008. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000098.
Xiao H.; Qi Y. Genome sequence of Leucania seperata nucleopolyhedrovirus. Virus Genes 35: 845–856; 2007. doi:10.1007/s11262-007-0106-z.
Zambon R. A.; Nandakumar M.; Vakharia V. N.; Wu L. P. The Toll pathway is important for an antiviral response in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102: 7257–7262; 2005. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409181102.
Zambon R. A.; Vakharia V. N.; Wu L. P. RNAi is an antiviral immune response against a dsRNA virus in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Microbiol. 8: 880–889; 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00688.x.
Zoog S. J.; Schiller J. J.; Wetter J. A.; Chejanovsky N.; Friesen P. D. Baculovirus apoptotic suppressor P49 is a substrate inhibitor of initiator caspases resistant to P35 in vivo. EMBO J. 21: 5130–5140; 2002. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7594736.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Editor: J. Denry Sato
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Thiem, S.M. Baculovirus genes affecting host function. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Animal 45, 111–126 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11626-008-9170-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11626-008-9170-5