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Blood–brain Barrier: Structural Components and Function Under Physiologic and Pathologic Conditions

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Abstract

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is the specialized system of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) that shields the brain from toxic substances in the blood, supplies brain tissues with nutrients, and filters harmful compounds from the brain back to the bloodstream. The close interaction between BMVEC and other components of the neurovascular unit (astrocytes, pericytes, neurons, and basement membrane) ensures proper function of the central nervous system (CNS). Transport across the BBB is strictly limited through both physical (tight junctions) and metabolic barriers (enzymes, diverse transport systems). A functional polarity exists between the luminal and abluminal membrane surfaces of the BMVEC. As a result of restricted permeability, the BBB is a limiting factor for the delivery of therapeutic agents into the CNS. BBB breakdown or alterations in transport systems play an important role in the pathogenesis of many CNS diseases (HIV-1 encephalitis, Alzheimer's disease, ischemia, tumors, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease). Proinflammatory substances and specific disease-associated proteins often mediate such BBB dysfunction. Despite seemingly diverse underlying causes of BBB dysfunction, common intracellular pathways emerge for the regulation of the BBB structural and functional integrity. Better understanding of tight junction regulation and factors affecting transport systems will allow the development of therapeutics to improve the BBB function in health and disease.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Ms. Robin Taylor and Ms. Debra Baer for excellent administrative support. The NIH National NeuroAIDS Consortium and the CNND brain bank are acknowledged for brain tissue specimens used in this study. This work was supported in part by research grants by the National Institutes of Health: PO1 NS043985, RO1 AA015913, and RO1 MH65151 (Y.P.).

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  1. Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5215, USA

    Yuri Persidsky, Servio H. Ramirez, James Haorah & Georgette D. Kanmogne

  2. Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5215, USA

    Yuri Persidsky, Servio H. Ramirez, James Haorah & Georgette D. Kanmogne

  3. Department of Pathology and Microbiology, 985215, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5215, USA

    Yuri Persidsky

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Correspondence to Yuri Persidsky.

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Persidsky, Y., Ramirez, S.H., Haorah, J. et al. Blood–brain Barrier: Structural Components and Function Under Physiologic and Pathologic Conditions. Jrnl Neuroimmune Pharm 1, 223–236 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-006-9025-3

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