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Unleashing the Potential of Biostimulants in Stimulating Pollen Germination and Tube Growth

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Abstract

The complex processes of pollen germination and pollen tube elongation are important events in the sexual reproduction of flowering plants and are essential to the success of seed formation. However, unfavourable environmental and climatic conditions affect pollen performance negatively. Integrating the application of various biostimulants represents one of the most innovative and promising strategies to improve crop productivity. Biostimulants are known to sustainably improve pollen viability, germination and elongation. However, there is limited information on the effects of biostimulants on pollen grains. The present review investigates the potential of biostimulants (such as seaweed extracts, smoke–water, polyamines, amino acids, melatonin, carbohydrate-based biostimulants and inorganic biostimulants) as signaling molecules that can improve crucial stages of pollen growth in a range of crops, both in optimal and suboptimal environments. Furthermore, this review investigates the stages of pollen development, including uninucleate microspores and different stages of mature pollen, following various biostimulant treatment during the flowering period. Regulation of biostimulant-induced pollen germination and elongation has also been discussed along with recent developments regarding the mechanism of action of biostimulants in various growth aspects of pollen. This review not only summarizes what is known currently, but it also lays the groundwork for future investigations to clarify the complex physiological and molecular processes involved in pollen performance as well as the regulatory systems that are impacted by biostimulants.

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Abbreviations

(NH4)5[Fe(C6H4O7)2]:

Ammonium ferric citrate

ABA:

Abscisic acid

Al:

Aluminum

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

ATG:

Autophagy-related genes

Bas:

Brassinosteroids

BASE:

Bielefeld academic search engine

BWK:

Brewbaker and Kwack’s medium

C12H22O11 :

Sucrose

C18H32O16 :

Raffinose

C5H11NO2Se:

Selenium methionine

C6H12O6 :

Myo-inositol

Ca(NO3)⋅4H2O:

Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate

Ca(NO3)2 :

Calcium nitrate

Ca2 :

Calcium

CaCl2 :

Calcium chloride

CAT:

Catalase

CKs:

Cytokinins

Co:

Cobalt

CORE:

Connecting repositories

DFMA:

α-Difluoromethylarginine

DFMO:

α-Difluoromethylornithine

DHAR:

Dehydroascorbate reductase

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Fe-SOD:

Iron superoxide dismutase

GAs:

Gibberellic acids

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

H2PO2 − :

Phosphite

Na2SeO4 :

Sodium selenate

Na2O3Se :

Sodium selenite

H3BO3 :

Boric acid

HSPs:

Heat shock proteins

IKI:

Iodine potassium iodide

IPCC:

Intergovernmental panel on climate change

K+ :

Potassium

KAR1 :

Karrikinolide 1

KCL:

Potassium chloride

KNO3 :

Potassium nitrate

LEA:

Late embryogenesis abundant proteins

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MgSO4⋅7H2O:

Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate

MGBG:

Methylglyoxal-bis(guanyl-hydrazone)

MgSO4 :

Magnesium sulphate

Na:

Sodium

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

1O2 :

Singlet oxygen

O2⋅ − :

Superoxide anions

OH⋅ :

Hydroxyl radicals

PCD:

Programmed cell death

Put:

Putrescine

qRT-PCR:

Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

Rboh:

Respiratory burst oxidase homologs genes

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SB:

Sucrose and boric acid medium

Se:

Selenium

Si:

Silicon

Spd:

Spermidine

Spm:

Spermine

TTC:

2,3,5-Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride

VCL:

Vermicompost leachate

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Acknowledgements

The Technology Agency of the Czech Republic via the project “Biorefining and circular economy for sustainability” (TN02000044) are thanked for financial support. This work was also supported by project MZE-RO0423 funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Czech Republic; University of KwaZulu-Natal and National Research Foundation, South Africa (Grant No. CSRP2204041882).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, V.V.I, Šlechtitelů 11, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Shubhpriya Gupta, Ondřej Novák, Ivana Doležalova & Karel Doležal

  2. Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa

    Shubhpriya Gupta, Manoj G. Kulkarni & Johannes Van Staden

  3. Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Ivana Doležalova

  4. Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Karel Doležal

Authors
  1. Shubhpriya Gupta
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  2. Ondřej Novák
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  3. Manoj G. Kulkarni
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  4. Ivana Doležalova
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  5. Johannes Van Staden
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  6. Karel Doležal
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Contributions

Gupta S: conceptualization, data curation, investigation, writing—original draft, illustration, and editing; visualization and funding acquisition. Kulkarni MG and Doležalova I: Review, editing and helpful discussions; Novak O: supervision and funding acquisition; Doležal K and Van Staden J: supervision, project administration, review and editing and funding acquisition.

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Correspondence to Shubhpriya Gupta.

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Gupta, S., Novák, O., Kulkarni, M.G. et al. Unleashing the Potential of Biostimulants in Stimulating Pollen Germination and Tube Growth. J Plant Growth Regul 43, 3392–3423 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-024-11346-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-024-11346-3

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