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Toll-like receptors and innate immunity

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Abstract

The innate immune system is an evolutionally conserved host defense mechanism against pathogens. Innate immune responses are initiated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize specific structures of microorganisms. Among them, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are capable of sensing organisms ranging from bacteria to fungi, protozoa, and viruses, and play a major role in innate immunity. However, TLRs recognize pathogens either on the cell surface or in the lysosome/endosome compartment. Recently, cytoplasmic PRRs have been identified to detect pathogens that have invaded cytosols. In this review, we focus on the functions of PRRs in innate immunity and their downstream signaling cascades.

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Acknowledgements

We thank M. Hashimoto for secretarial assistance. This work was supported by grants from Special Coordination Funds, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and the Japan Research Foundation for Clinical Pharmacology.

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  1. Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0851, Japan

    Satoshi Uematsu & Shizuo Akira

  2. ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

    Shizuo Akira

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  1. Satoshi Uematsu
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Correspondence to Shizuo Akira.

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Uematsu, S., Akira, S. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. J Mol Med 84, 712–725 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-006-0084-y

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