Europe has ambitious laws and policies to protect air and water, to promote the circular economy, prevent waste generation, raise recycling rates, and safeguard nature. Implementation is key to achieving environmental objectives, and meeting obligations as defined by the EU environmental legislation. In 2016, the Commission undertook to report regularly on the state of the implementation of EU environmental legislation. It launched the Environmental Implementation Review (EIR), a tool that helps Member States address systemic obstacles to environmental integration by identifying the causes behind poor implementation and by sharing good practices through peer-to-peer support. This factsheet summarises the progress achieved and the remaining challenges identified for Italy in the third EIR package published in September 2022. Italy has a rich and diverse natural capital, as well as an unparalleled urban heritage. Its high population density, especially in the north, leads to environmental pressures, which have made environmental protection a matter of increasing public concern. On the other hand, the south suffers from deficits in environmental infrastructure. The success of the Italian public administration’s management of environmental challenges, and provision of adequate financing, varies significantly across regions.